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Body+Soul meets the antabuse dosage cast of ladies gracing our screens for The Bachelor 2021.Did you change your diet before buy generic antabuse going on The Bachelor?. Definitely not. I like to buy generic antabuse keep fit and generally eat well. But I certainly did not starve myself before entering the mansion.

I wanted The Bachelor to meet the real me, not an unsustainable, slightly skinnier version of me.What does a day on a plate look like to you?. Generally, I’m a pretty healthy person and like to know buy generic antabuse I’m giving my body what it needs to be healthy. But sometimes my body needs cheesecake and champagne too!. I like to start my day with lemon juice in hot water.

Breakfast is usually buy generic antabuse a smoothie or steel cut oats (peanut butter is not optional!. ). A latte buy generic antabuse mid-morning to kick start my afternoon. Lunch can be anything from leftovers, to a massive salad, a hearty soup or a salad sandwich.I love a sweet treat so 3:30-itis is fixed with a bliss ball.

Dinner is often salmon and greens, a stir fry or a healthy veg-packed pasta with a glass of wine. And dark chocolate and peppermint tea before bed.Like what buy generic antabuse you see?. Sign up to our bodyandsoul.com.au newsletter for more stories like this.What’s the most extravagant thing you’ve done for love?. I think this is a bit of an obvious one but applying for a television show is certainly the most extravagant thing I’ve ever done for love.

It’d be pretty hard buy generic antabuse to top that one!. What helps you get in the zone when you're really nervous before a date?. I am such a pop princess – I think it stems from buy generic antabuse being a dancer for the majority of my life - so, before a date, you will usually find me dancing around and getting ready to some boppy tunes.There’s nothing like a bit of Top 40 to make you feel happy and excited!. In all honesty, I don’t usually get too nervous before a date.

Dating is so much fun in my eyes – even if the person isn’t ‘my person’, I enjoy getting to know new people and learn new things.What's the worst date you've ever been on?. What buy generic antabuse happened?. I don't think I've ever had a bad date. I've certainly been on dates with people I haven't been romantically interested in, but I always try to make the most of the date and, at the very least, learn something new about a new person.What’s the most extreme thing you’ve done in the name of health and wellness?.

I think the word ‘extreme’ when it comes to health and wellness is a buy generic antabuse dangerous thing. There is a lot of pressure on young women to be the perfect version of themselves and I have definitely fallen victim to that in the past – who hasn’t!. ?. My health and wellness plan is all about feeling fit and strong both physically and mentally, and enjoying good food and wine so as to not suck out all the fun and joy.

Although… there was this one time where a friend and I tried different diet fads, choosing a new one each week. My favourite fad was the one we made up – going to local Melbourne cafes daily in search of the ultimate flourless orange cake!. Do you have any wellness rituals you swear by?. Smiling and laughing.

I’m a ‘glass half full’ kind of person (often to the annoyance of the other women in the Mansion haha) and try to focus on the positives in life. Where I can seek fun and laughter, I will – it keeps my heart happy and my eyes bright.What does a typical week of exercise look like to you?. What’s your approach to fitness?. I really enjoy exercising so I try and move my body every day.

I have a very active dog so, rain, hail or shine, you will find me walking her every single day. Outside of that, I like to exercise 4+ days a week, with Pilates, weights and HIIT being my go-tos.What are the simple things you do for self-care and to look after your mental health, why are these important to you?. My career can be incredibly busy and stressful, so prioritising self-care is a must for me. I’ll make sure I move my body each day as it always makes me feel happier.

At the very least, it’s a walk around the block or along the beach with my dog.I’m also an extrovert and gain my energy being around people so I make sure I see my family and friends a few times a week. And I always enjoy a DIY pampering session at home – face mask, nail polish and a glass of wine while watching RuPaul’s Drag Race!. Find out more about Carlie, 33 on her Instagram @carliehodgeshealth Warning signs of type 2 diabetes you should know Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness and amputation in high-income countries. Cassandra Green bodyandsoul.com.au August 4, 2021 11:54AM Last updated August 4, 2021 12:10PM AEST Tips to manage diabetes.

Image. IStock Dr Peter Brukner is on a mission to help the 1.3 million plus Aussies with diabetes manage it. We hear about diabetes all the time, however many people aren’t aware of the severe health impacts it poses for those who suffer it.In advanced stages that can mean blindness, lower limb amputation, cardiovascular disease, kidney failure and even dementia.Speaking on Body+Soul’s daily podcast Healthy-ish, world-renowned sports physician, Dr Peter Brukner says that 90% of diabetes cases in Australia come from Type 2 diabetes, which is largely preventable with the right lifestyle choices.Warning signs of type 2 diabetes you should knowLike what you see?. Sign up to our bodyandsoul.com.au newsletter to read more stories like this.“Type 2 diabetes, like Type 1, also results in high blood sugar levels, but the problem is that you have these high levels of circulating blood sugar, which damages the arteries and a whole lot of different structures is in the body,” he tells host Felicity Harley on the Healthy-ish episode Warning signs of Type 2 diabetes you should know.“With Type 2 diabetes you still produce insulin, but your body becomes resistant to the effect of insulin and you need to pump out more and more insulin and it doesn’t work as well.

So you still have these high blood sugars.”It used to be called mature onset diabetes but they had to change the same because more and more people were getting it at a younger age.This is a reflection of the increasingly poor diets and low exercise regimes in today’s busy world.“There is a slight genetic component to it, but it does seem to be a lot more what we call a lifestyle disease,” Dr Brukner explains. €œIt’s really those those two components – poor diet and lack of exercise – that are the two big risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and so many other chronic diseases that are so prevalent in our society at the moment.”Maintaining this delicate balance every few hours, just to survive, was “exhausting”. Image. IStockThe other difficult aspect to Type 2 diabetes is that often there aren’t obvious warning signs in the early stages.

€œOften [with Type 2] it’s non-specific things like, fatigue and generally feeling unwell.”“You might have some of the complications of Type 2 diabetes, which might mean that your eyesight might start to be affected or your kidney function or your heart, or you might start to develop poor circulation in the legs or ulcers on your legs – but that’s at an advanced stage of Type 2 diabetes,” Dr Brukner adds.“Early on, there’s not a lot of obvious signs.”That’s why testing is so important.“It’s important to have a blood test every year, once you’re over the age of 40. Include a fasting blood sugar level in that that blood test. That will pick up most of the people with Type 2 diabetes.”Dr Brukner has started a new program called Defeat Diabetes – an app-based diet – designed to manage diabetes with a low-carb diet, to stop overloading the body with glucose. Try cutting down on refined sugar and processed foods.

Image. IStock“There’s a lot of evidence now that restricting carbohydrate intake, can dramatically improve the way your body copes with Type 2 diabetes and even put your diabetes into remission,” he explains.“Sugar is one part of it, but then there’s also the starches. So things like rice and bread and potatoes and pasta and so on. What people don’t understand is that starch is really just a bunch of glucose molecules joined together.”“Glucose is glucose, whether it comes from sugar or from starch.

And we have to reduce both of those. And once you do that, you get your blood sugars under control.”Given the major issues diabetes is causing for Australians and the health system, it’s great to see accessible programs, such as Dr Brukner’s app popping up to help people manage their intake.“Type two diabetes, I believe, is the biggest single health problem in this country. It’s the most common cause of blindness. It’s most common cause of amputations, the most common cause of kidney disease.

It’s the most common risk factor for heart disease. It’s closely linked to dementia and Alzheimer’s,” Dr Brukner says.Find out more about Peter’s program, Defeat Diabetes, here. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share via Email Related topics Exercise Weight Loss.

Antabuse aversion therapy

Implementation of accountable care organizations (ACOs) has been occurring unevenly across the nation, with rural areas lagging behind their more urban counterparts in ACO establishment (for example, see here, here, antabuse aversion therapy and here). To help establish ACOs in more areas of the country, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) developed the ACO Investment Model (AIM) to provide participating ACOs with up-front and ongoing monthly payments over 24 months to fund ACO infrastructure investments and staffing. As part antabuse aversion therapy of the Medicare Shared Savings Program (SSP), the payments were to be recouped through any shared savings earned by the ACOs that sufficiently decreased costs relative to a financial benchmark, as specified by SSP regulations. Forty-one new SSP ACOs, primarily located in rural and underserved health care markets, joined AIM in 2016 (exhibit 1).In this blog post, we discuss several noteworthy observations from our evaluation of the AIM ACO implementation and impacts over the three performance years (2016 to 2018), pertaining to:AIM ACOs’ close partnerships with management companies;Strategies—beyond local care coordination—for reducing spending in dispersed markets.

AndThe extent to which single-sided financial risk may suffice to antabuse aversion therapy induce care transformations.The full report is available here.Exhibit 1. AIM accountable care organization geographic locations in 2018Source. Authors’ analysis of Centers antabuse aversion therapy for Medicare and Medicaid Services data. Notes.

Figure shows primary care service areas (PCSAs) in which antabuse aversion therapy AIM ACOs’ assigned beneficiaries resided. We included PCSAs for which at least 0.5 percent of an ACO’s attributed beneficiaries resided. There was one AIM ACO with providers and assigned beneficiaries located in Guam, which is not shown in the figure.Small, Rural ACOs Relied Heavily On Management CompaniesA majority of AIM ACOs (35 of 41, antabuse aversion therapy or 85 percent) used specialized consulting firms (or management companies) to assist with setting up and operating the ACO. Management companies typically coordinated reporting, conducted claims-based analytics, and served as the liaison between the ACO participants and CMS officials.

Caravan Health managed 21 of the AIM ACOs, providing a fairly standard set of shared services antabuse aversion therapy to all of its client ACOs. Services included training for care coordinators and patient navigators, population health coaching, learning networks and workshops, analytics support through a centralized health information technology platform, and financial reporting. By contrast, a study analyzing data from the National Survey of ACOs, which surveyed ACOs formed between 2012 and 2015, showed that around one-third of ACOs had a management partner.In interviews with leaders from all 41 AIM antabuse aversion therapy ACOs, many stated that management companies played an important role by supporting them in navigating ACO start-up, managing ongoing operations, and providing access to services shared with other ACOs. AIM ACO leadership expressed general satisfaction with management company services.

At the same time, some AIM ACOs emphasized the need for greater due diligence when making larger antabuse aversion therapy investments in management company offerings. For example, some AIM ACOs found elements of the health information technology system and services selected by their management companies too costly given the capabilities offered.We also found that some AIM ACOs had become less dependent on their management companies over time and had developed sufficient internal capacity and expertise to function more independently. However, for those ACOs still requiring management company services, it is unclear whether ACOs can continue to pay antabuse aversion therapy for them without ongoing AIM-type funding. Furthermore, while management companies may have provided important services in the initial years of AIM, 27 of the 35 (77 percent) AIM ACOs with management company affiliations exited SSP by 2020.

CMS and other researchers should continue to investigate the relationships among ACOs and management companies—and antabuse aversion therapy how they evolve.Dispersed, Rural ACOs Sought Alternatives To Local Care Coordination To Reduce SpendingThrough interviews with ACO leadership and staff, we determined that about 90 percent of the 41 AIM ACOs were collections of independent practices rather than large organizations owning many practices. Thus, one might expect these practices to have been centrally located. However, many ACOs were composed of practices that spanned multiple local markets, at least in antabuse aversion therapy part as a result of management company involvement. Management companies had the ability to—and did—bring together unrelated entities, sometimes across regions or states to meet the minimum SSP requirement of 5,000 attributed beneficiaries and spread financial risk.

Indeed, only around 30 percent of AIM ACOs were composed of participants that were located in geographically proximate counties. While a common perception has been that local coordination of care among providers within an ACO would be a major driver of ACO financial success, ACOs serving relatively small, dispersed, and rural populations may have needed to use other strategies to improve care antabuse aversion therapy and earn shared savings.Looking at different care settings helps to elucidate how AIM ACOs reduced spending. We found statistically significant reductions across a number of spending components (the following reflect results from the final performance year, 2018), including acute inpatient (-4 percent), hospital outpatient and ambulatory surgery centers (-4 percent), skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) (-8 percent), and home health (-8 percent). This breakdown is similar to that found for programwide savings in the first three years of the SSP among physician group ACOs, which similarly exhibited greater relative reductions in areas thought to be antabuse aversion therapy greater sources of wasteful care (for example, postacute facility care) and was not clearly attributable to prevention efforts.

Admissions for ambulatory care–sensitive conditions were not reduced, and spending reductions were not concentrated among high-risk patients targeted by case management programs. Our findings for AIM are similarly consistent with efforts to directly limit certain types of care use and the antabuse aversion therapy much stronger incentives physician practices have to do so. Physician practices do not incur offsetting losses in fee-for-service profits when reducing spending on care provided by hospitals, SNFs, or home health agencies. In short, the less of the care continuum provided by an ACO, the stronger its incentives to lower spending.Our evaluation thus highlights that, in spite of antabuse aversion therapy a lack of geographic proximity, AIM ACOs overall were able to significantly reduce costs.

Moreover, management company executives and ACO staff stated in interviews that they did not think proximity mattered for ACO success. In interviews, executives from two management companies, which collectively managed 25 of the 41 AIM ACOs, had similar responses when we asked them about the topic of geographic contiguity of providers within a given ACO antabuse aversion therapy. They stated that the geographic distribution of providers minimally influenced the ACOs’ abilities to reduce unnecessary care and, ultimately, costs. One management company reported that it implemented a standard set of practice management services, tools, and approaches to transforming clinic antabuse aversion therapy workflows, which would have been similar whether the ACO providers were located in the same city or more dispersed.The fact that ACOs may be successful without substantial collaboration in their localities may encourage rural providers that are considering value-based payment models but lack a concentrated local network of potential collaborators.

At the same time, management companies may play important roles in facilitating care transformations by pooling risk and overcoming fixed costs—for a price.Does One-Sided Risk Provide Sufficient Inducement For Rural Providers To Offer Quality Accountable Care?. When the Medicare Shared Savings Program was redesigned under Pathways to Success, it allowed for newly formed and small ACOs to still start in a one-sided (shared savings–only) risk track but required them to move to two-sided risk (both shared savings antabuse aversion therapy and losses) more quickly than under the prior program rules. Two-sided financial risk strengthens incentives for ACOs to lower spending. However, among smaller ACOs, uncertainty about spending is amplified and rural providers in particular may struggle to participate in antabuse aversion therapy voluntary models that come with a 10 percent chance of having to repay CMS millions of dollars each year.

As rural providers are not subject to Quality Payment Program adjustments, they face weaker incentives to participate in a risk track that qualifies as an Advanced Alternative Payment Model. That is, opting to decline participation in a two-sided risk model does not mean incurring the costs antabuse aversion therapy of complying with the complex Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS). It is possible that one-sided financial risk might suffice to spur development of ACOs that improve care efficiency in areas that previously had little accountable care activity. In fact, the added protection of one-sided antabuse aversion therapy financial risk might be necessary to induce ACOs to form in such areas.

Our multiyear, mixed-methods evaluation (reports can be found here), which integrated findings from ACO surveys and interviews, as well as claims data analyses, showed that rural providers are capable of reducing some wasteful spending when sufficient investments are made, thereby supporting delivery system improvements that are at least budget neutral. Specifically, AIM antabuse aversion therapy ACOs that took on only one-sided financial risk were consistently able to decrease spending and maintain quality for three straight years. We found that AIM resulted in net savings to CMS of $382 million through 2018 (that is, gross savings less earned shared savings and unrecouped payments from CMS)—an average annual reduction of 2.5 percent compared to baseline spending levels.Many of the ACOs we interviewed were hesitant to take on two-sided financial risk, even at the end of AIM. This is not surprising, given only 54 percent of AIM ACOs earned any shared savings.

ACOs rightly viewed one-sided risk-sharing contracts as carrying downside risk, particularly after AIM funding ceased—if they did not generate savings, they would not recoup the antabuse aversion therapy costs of trying. ACO leaders cited a host of concerns about. Size (in terms of attributed patients), their participant networks, operational capacities to handle the analytics they believed would be necessary to manage risk-taking, and antabuse aversion therapy other organizational factors. While management companies played key roles in helping new ACOs operate, only seven of the 41 AIM ACOs (17 percent) had accepted two-sided risk arrangements by the end of AIM in 2018.

This suggests that any mitigation of downside risk offered by management companies was prohibitively costly for AIM ACOs without continued investment funding.ConclusionThe ACO Investment Model demonstrated that underresourced providers antabuse aversion therapy can successfully reduce enough wasteful spending to offset the costs of delivery system investments, even under an upside-only financial risk model. Management companies played an important supportive role by providing services that individual ACOs lacked the necessary scale in which to invest. Looking forward, they may play additional roles in pooling risk to shield small providers with limited reserves from deleterious penalties, although doing so defeats the purpose of introducing downside risk at the provider level and could weaken incentives to participate if management companies must charge higher fees to cover potential losses.As ACO benchmarks increasingly reflect regional spending under “Pathways to Success,” management companies may be inclined to strategically include practices with low spending for antabuse aversion therapy their region. Thus, it will be important to track the implications of key features of ACO model design—such as benchmarking and risk adjustment—on ACO formation and evolution.

If geographic centralization is not integral antabuse aversion therapy to ACO success, it may open new doors in care delivery—an important finding in light of the ongoing antabuse and renewed focus on telehealth.Authors’ NoteThe authors acknowledge David Nyweide and Catherine Hersey.This work was supported by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) (contract number, HHSM50020140026I. Task order number, HHSM500T0004). The statements contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of CMS.Start Preamble Start Printed Page 71398 antabuse aversion therapy Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS), Health and Human Services (HHS).

Final rule antabuse aversion therapy. This final rule updates and makes revisions to the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) for calendar year (CY) 2021. This rule also updates the payment rate for renal dialysis services furnished by an antabuse aversion therapy ESRD facility to individuals with acute kidney injury (AKI). In addition, this rule updates requirements for the ESRD Quality Incentive Program (QIP).

These regulations are effective antabuse aversion therapy on January 1, 2021. Start Further Info ESRDPayment@cms.hhs.gov, for issues related to the ESRD PPS and coverage and payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI. Delia Houseal, (410) 786-2724, for issues related to the ESRD antabuse aversion therapy QIP. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information Table of Contents To assist readers in referencing sections contained in this preamble, we are providing a Table of Contents.

I. Executive Summary A. Purpose B. Summary of the Major Provisions C.

Summary of Cost and Benefits II. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) A. Background B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Calendar Year (CY) 2021 ESRD PPS C.

Transitional Add-On Payment Adjustment for New and Innovative Equipment and Supplies (TPNIES) for CY 2021 Payment III. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) A. Background B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 IV.

End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) A. Background B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, Responses to Comments, and Finalized Policies for the ESRD QIP C. Updates to Requirements Beginning With the PY 2023 ESRD QIP D.

Updates for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP V. Collection of Information Requirements A. Legislative Requirement for Solicitation of Comments Requirements in Regulation Text C. Additional Information Collection Requirements VI.

Economic Analyses A. Regulatory Impact Analysis B. Detailed Economic Analysis C. Accounting Statement D.

Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis (RFA) E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Analysis (UMRA) F. Federalism G. Regulatory Reform Under Executive Order 13771 H.

Congressional Review Act VII. Files Available to the Public via the Internet I. Executive Summary A. Purpose This final rule finalizes changes related to the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS), payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with acute kidney injury (AKI), and the ESRD Quality Incentive Program (QIP).

1. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) On January 1, 2011, we implemented the ESRD PPS, a case-mix adjusted, bundled PPS for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities as required by section 1881(b)(14) of the Social Security Act (the Act), as added by section 153(b) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) (Pub. L. 110-275).

Section 1881(b)(14)(F) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA, and amended by section 3401(h) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the Affordable Care Act) (Pub. L. 111-148), established that beginning calendar year (CY) 2012, and each subsequent year, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) shall annually increase payment amounts by an ESRD market basket increase factor, reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act. This rule updates and makes revisions to the ESRD PPS for CY 2021.

2. Coverage and Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) On June 29, 2015, the President signed the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (TPEA) (Pub. L. 114-27).

Section 808(a) of the TPEA amended section 1861(s)(2)(F) of the Act to provide coverage for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2017, by a renal dialysis facility or a provider of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to an individual with acute kidney injury (AKI). Section 808(b) of the TPEA amended section 1834 of the Act by adding a new subsection (r) that provides for payment for renal dialysis services furnished by renal dialysis facilities or providers of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to individuals with AKI at the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2017. This rule updates the AKI payment rate for CY 2021. 3.

End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) The End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) is authorized by section 1881(h) of the Act. The Program fosters improved patient outcomes by establishing incentives for dialysis facilities to meet or exceed performance standards established by the Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS). This final rule finalizes several updates for the payment year (PY) 2023.

Although no new requirements were proposed for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, this final rule includes policies continuing for PY 2024. B. Summary of the Major Provisions 1. ESRD PPS Update to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021.

The final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13. This amount reflects the application of the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor (.999485), the addition to the base rate of $9.93 to include calcimimetics, and a productivity-adjusted market basket increase as required by section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(I) of the Act (1.6 percent), equaling $253.13 (($239.33 × .999485) + $9.93) × 1.016 = $253.13). Annual update to the wage index. We adjust wage indices on an annual basis using the most current hospital wage data and the latest core-based statistical area (CBSA) delineations to account for differing wage levels in areas in which ESRD facilities are located.

For CY 2021, we are updating the wage index values based on the latest available data.Start Printed Page 71399 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations and 2-year transition policy. We are updating the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations as described in the September 14, 2018 OMB Bulletin No. 18-04, beginning with the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index. In addition, we are finalizing the application of a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior CY.

This transition will be phased in over 2 years, such that the reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index will be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021, and no cap will be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022. Update to the outlier policy. We are updating the outlier policy using the most current data, as well as updating the outlier services fixed-dollar loss (FDL) amounts for adult and pediatric patients and Medicare allowable payment (MAP) amounts for adult and pediatric patients for CY 2021 using CY 2019 claims data. Based on the use of the latest available data, the final FDL amount for pediatric beneficiaries will increase from $41.04 to $44.78, and the MAP amount will decrease from $32.32 to $30.88, as compared to CY 2020 values.

For adult beneficiaries, the final FDL amount will increase from $48.33 to $122.49, and the MAP amount will increase from $35.78 to $50.92. The 1.0 percent target for outlier payments was not achieved in CY 2019. Outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments rather than 1.0 percent. Inclusion of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate.

We are finalizing the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. Using the final methodology based on the latest available data, we are adding $9.93 to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate. Changes to the eligibility criteria for the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES). For CY 2021, we are finalizing the proposed changes to the TPNIES eligibility criteria in light of the changes implemented in CY 2020 to provide a biannual coding cycle for code applications for new Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes for durable medical equipment, orthotics, prosthetics and supplies (DMEPOS) items and services.

We are finalizing that for purposes of eligibility for the TPNIES, a complete HCPCS code application must be submitted by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website. In addition, a copy of the applicable Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing authorization must be submitted to CMS by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website in order for the equipment or supply to be eligible for the TPNIES the following year. We are also finalizing the proposed definition of “new” for purposes of the TPNIES policy as within 3 years beginning on the date of the FDA marketing authorization. Expansion of the TPNIES to include new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient.

We are expanding eligibility for the TPNIES to include certain capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. As with other renal dialysis equipment and supplies potentially eligible for the TPNIES, CMS will evaluate the application to determine whether the home dialysis machine represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries, and meets the other requirements under 42 CFR 413.236(b). We are finalizing the additional steps that the Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) must follow to establish the basis of payment of the TPNIES for these capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home, including an offset to the pre-adjusted per treatment amount to account for the cost of the home dialysis machine that is already in the ESRD PPS base rate. We will pay 65 percent of the MAC-determined pre-adjusted per treatment amount reduced by an offset for 2-calendar years.

We are finalizing that after the 2-year TPNIES period, the home dialysis machines will not become outlier services and that no change will be made to the ESRD PPS base rate. Low-Volume Payment Adjustment (LVPA). We are finalizing our proposal to hold harmless ESRD facilities that would otherwise qualify for the LVPA but for a temporary increase in dialysis treatments furnished in 2020 due to the Public Health Emergency (PHE) for the alcoholism disease 2019 (alcoholism treatment) antabuse. For purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, we will only consider total dialysis treatments furnished for any 6 months of a facility's cost-reporting period ending in 2020.

ESRD facilities will select those 6 months (consecutive or non-consecutive) during which treatments will be counted for purposes of the LVPA determination. We are finalizing that ESRD facilities will attest that their total dialysis treatments for those 6 months of their cost-reporting period ending in 2020 are less than 2,000 and that, although the total number of treatments furnished in the entire year otherwise exceeded the LVPA threshold, the excess treatments furnished were due to temporary patient shifting resulting from the alcoholism treatment PHE. MACs will annualize the total dialysis treatments for the total treatments reported in those 6 months by multiplying by 2. ESRD facilities will be expected to provide supporting documentation to the MACs upon request.

2. Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI We are updating the AKI payment rate for CY 2021. The final CY 2021 payment rate is $253.13, which is the same as the base rate finalized under the ESRD PPS for CY 2021. 3.

ESRD QIP We are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology used to calculate the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities are scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, instead of facility-months. We are also finalizing our proposal to reduce the number of records that facilities selected for National Health Safety Network (NHSN) validation are required to submit. This final rule also clarifies the timeline for facilities to make changes to their NHSN Bloodstream (BSI) clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure data for purposes of the ESRD QIP. This final rule also announces final performance standards and payment reductions that will apply for PY 2023.

This final rule describes several policies continuing for PY 2024, but does not include any new requirements beginning with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP. C. Summary of Costs and Benefits In section VI of this final rule, we set forth a detailed analysis of the impacts of the finalized changes for affected entities and beneficiaries. The impacts include the following:Start Printed Page 71400 1.

Impacts of the Final CY 2021 ESRD PPS The impact chart in section VI.B of this final rule displays the estimated change in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 compared to estimated payments in CY 2020. The overall impact of the CY 2021 changes is projected to be a 2.0 percent increase in payments. Hospital-based ESRD facilities have an estimated 0.2 percent decrease in payments compared with freestanding facilities with an estimated 2.0 percent increase. We estimate that the aggregate ESRD PPS expenditures will increase by approximately $250 million in CY 2021 compared to CY 2020.

This reflects a $210 million increase from the payment rate update, a $50 million increase due to the updates to the outlier threshold amounts, and an $10 million decrease from the finalized addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics and no longer provide the transitional drug add-on payment adjustment (TDAPA) for calcimimetics. As a result of the projected 2.0 percent overall payment increase, we estimate there will be an increase in beneficiary co-insurance payments of 2.0 percent in CY 2021, which translates to approximately $60 million. These figures do not reflect increases or decreases in expenditures based on expanding the TPNIES to include certain capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. The fiscal impact of this cannot be determined because these new and innovative home dialysis machines are not yet identified and would vary in uniqueness and costs.

2. Impacts of the Final CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI The impact chart in section VI.B of this final rule displays the estimated change in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 compared to estimated payments in CY 2020. The overall impact of the final CY 2021 changes is projected to be a 5.7 percent increase in payments for individuals with AKI. Hospital-based ESRD facilities have an estimated 5.8 percent increase in payments compared with freestanding ESRD facilities with an estimated 5.7 percent increase.

The overall impact reflects the effects of the updated wage index, the finalized addition to the ESRD PPS base rate of $9.93 to include calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, and the payment rate update. We estimate that the aggregate payments made to ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to AKI patients at the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate will increase by $4 million in CY 2021 compared to CY 2020. 3. Impacts of the Final ESRD QIP We estimate that the overall economic impact of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP would be approximately $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized and the proposals we are finalizing in this final rule.

The $224 million figure for PY 2023 includes costs associated with the collection of information requirements, which we estimate would be approximately $208 million, and $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities. We note that the total overall economic impact and the collection of information requirements have been updated from the estimates in the proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. We also estimate that the overall economic impact of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP would be approximately $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized. The $224 million figure for PY 2024 includes costs associated with the collection of information requirements, which we estimate would be approximately $208 million, and has been updated from the estimates in the proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients.

II. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) A. Background 1. Statutory Background On January 1, 2011, we implemented the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS), a case-mix adjusted bundled PPS for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities, as required by section 1881(b)(14) of the Social Security Act (the Act), as added by section 153(b) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA).

Section 1881(b)(14)(F) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA and amended by section 3401(h) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the Affordable Care Act), established that beginning with CY 2012, and each subsequent year, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) shall annually increase payment amounts by an ESRD market basket increase factor, reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act. Section 632 of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) (Pub. L. 112-240) included several provisions that apply to the ESRD PPS.

Section 632(a) of ATRA added section 1881(b)(14)(I) to the Act, which required the Secretary, by comparing per patient utilization data from 2007 with such data from 2012, to reduce the single payment for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2014 to reflect the Secretary's estimate of the change in the utilization of ESRD-related drugs and biologicals (excluding oral-only ESRD-related drugs). Consistent with this requirement, in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule we finalized $29.93 as the total drug utilization reduction and finalized a policy to implement the amount over a 3- to 4-year transition period (78 FR 72161 through 72170). Section 632(b) of ATRA prohibited the Secretary from paying for oral-only ESRD-related drugs and biologicals under the ESRD PPS prior to January 1, 2016. And section 632(c) of ATRA required the Secretary, by no later than January 1, 2016, to analyze the case-mix payment adjustments under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(i) of the Act and make appropriate revisions to those adjustments.

On April 1, 2014, the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA) (Pub. L. 113-93) was enacted. Section 217 of PAMA included several provisions that apply to the ESRD PPS.

Specifically, sections 217(b)(1) and (2) of PAMA amended sections 1881(b)(14)(F) and (I) of the Act and replaced the drug utilization adjustment that was finalized in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72161 through 72170) with specific provisions that dictated the market basket update for CY 2015 (0.0 percent) and how the market basket should be reduced in CY 2016 through CY 2018. Section 217(a)(1) of PAMA amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA to provide that the Secretary may not pay for oral-only ESRD-related drugs under the ESRD PPS prior to January 1, 2024. Section 217(a)(2) of PAMA further amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA by requiring that in establishing payment for oral-only drugs under the ESRD PPS, the Secretary must use data from the most recent year available. Section 217(c) of PAMA provided that as part of the CY 2016 ESRD PPS rulemaking, the Secretary shall establish a process for (1) determining when a product is no longer an oral-only drug.

And (2) including new injectable and intravenous products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment.Start Printed Page 71401 Finally, on December 19, 2014, the President signed the Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience Act of 2014 (ABLE) (Pub. L. 113-295). Section 204 of ABLE amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA, as amended by section 217(a)(1) of PAMA, to provide that payment for oral-only renal dialysis services cannot be made under the ESRD PPS bundled payment prior to January 1, 2025.

2. System for Payment of Renal Dialysis Services Under the ESRD PPS, a single, per-treatment payment is made to an ESRD facility for all of the renal dialysis services defined in section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act and furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD in the ESRD facility or in a patient's home. We have codified our definitions of renal dialysis services at § 413.171, which is in 42 CFR part 413, subpart H, along with other ESRD PPS payment policies. The ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted for characteristics of both adult and pediatric patients and accounts for patient case-mix variability.

The adult case-mix adjusters include five categories of age, body surface area, low body mass index, onset of dialysis, four comorbidity categories, and pediatric patient-level adjusters consisting of two age categories and two dialysis modalities (§ 413.235(a) and (b)). The ESRD PPS provides for three facility-level adjustments. The first payment adjustment accounts for ESRD facilities furnishing a low volume of dialysis treatments (§ 413.232). The second adjustment reflects differences in area wage levels developed from core based statistical areas (CBSAs) (§ 413.231).

The third payment adjustment accounts for ESRD facilities furnishing renal dialysis services in a rural area (§ 413.233). The ESRD PPS provides a training add-on for home and self-dialysis modalities (§ 413.235(c)) and an additional payment for high cost outliers due to unusual variations in the type or amount of medically necessary care when applicable (§ 413.237). The ESRD PPS provides for a transitional drug add-on payment adjustment (TDAPA) for certain new renal dialysis drugs and biological products (§ 413.234(c)). The ESRD PPS also provides for a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES) for certain qualifying, new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies (§ 413.236(d)).

3. Updates to the ESRD PPS Policy changes to the ESRD PPS are proposed and finalized annually in the Federal Register. The CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule was published on August 12, 2010 in the Federal Register (75 FR 49030 through 49214). That rule implemented the ESRD PPS beginning on January 1, 2011 in accordance with section 1881(b)(14) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA, over a 4-year transition period.

Since the implementation of the ESRD PPS, we have published annual rules to make routine updates, policy changes, and clarifications. On November 8, 2019, we published a final rule in the Federal Register titled, “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program, Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics and Supplies (DMEPOS) Fee Schedule Amounts, DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program (CBP) Amendments, Standard Elements for a DMEPOS Order, and Master List of DMEPOS Items Potentially Subject to a Face-to-Face Encounter and Written Order Prior to Delivery and/or Prior Authorization Requirements,” referred to as the “CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule”. In that rule, we updated the ESRD PPS base rate, wage index, and outlier policy, for CY 2020.

We also finalized revisions to the eligibility criteria for the TDAPA for certain new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing ESRD PPS functional category, modified the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics, established a new policy to condition the TDAPA payment on our receipt of average sales price (ASP) data, established the TPNIES to support ESRD facilities in their uptake of certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies, and discontinued the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) monitoring policy under the ESRD PPS. For further detailed information regarding these updates, see 84 FR 60648. B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Calendar Year (CY) 2021 ESRD PPS The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program.

End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020. In that proposed rule, we proposed to make a number of annual updates for CY 2021, including updates to the ESRD PPS base rate, wage index, and outlier policy. We also proposed to modify the ESRD PPS base rate to incorporate calcimimetics, revise the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES, and expand the TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home by a single patient. We also proposed revisions to the low-volume payment adjustment (LVPA) regulations in response to the Public Health Emergency (PHE) for the alcoholism disease 2019 (alcoholism treatment) antabuse.

We received 114 public comments on our proposals, including comments from. ESRD facilities. National renal groups, nephrologists and patient organizations. Patients and care partners.

Manufacturers. Health care systems. And nurses. We also received many comments related to issues that we either did not discuss in the proposed rule or that we discussed for the purpose of background or context, but for which we did not propose changes.

These include, for example, refinements to modeling payment and accounting for new and innovative items and services under the ESRD PPS, incentives for home dialysis, reporting furnished services on the ESRD claim, network fee, and issues related to the alcoholism treatment antabuse. While we are not addressing those comments in this final rule because they are either out of scope of the proposed rule or concern topics for which we did not propose changes, we thank the commenters for their input and will consider the recommendations in future rulemaking. In this final rule, we provide a summary of each proposed provision, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS. 1.

Inclusion of Calcimimetics Into the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment a. Background on Oral-Only Renal Dialysis Drugs Section 1881(b)(14)(A)(i) of the Act requires the Secretary to implement a payment system under which a single payment is made to a provider of services or a renal dialysis facility for renal dialysis services in lieu of any other payment. Section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act defines renal dialysis services, Start Printed Page 71402and clause (iii) of such section states that these services include other drugs and biologicals that are furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD and for which payment was made separately under this title, and any oral equivalent form of such drug or biological. We interpreted this provision as including not only injectable drugs and biological products used for the treatment of ESRD (other than ESAs and any oral form of ESAs, which are included under clause (ii) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act), but also all oral drugs and biological products used for the treatment of ESRD and furnished under Title XVIII of the Act.

We also concluded that, to the extent oral-only drugs or biological products used for the treatment of ESRD do not fall within clause (iii) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act, such drugs or biological products would fall under clause (iv) of such section, and constitute other items and services used for the treatment of ESRD that are not described in clause (i) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act. We finalized and promulgated the payment policies for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49038 through 49053), where we defined renal dialysis services at § 413.171 as including other drugs and biological products that are furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD and for which payment was made separately prior to January 1, 2011 under Title XVIII of the Act, including drugs and biological products with only an oral form. We further described oral-only drugs as those that have no injectable equivalent or other form of administration (75 FR 49038 through 49039). Although we included oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products in the definition of renal dialysis services in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49044), we also finalized a policy to delay payment for these drugs under the PPS until January 1, 2014.

In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed and final rules (74 FR 49929 and 75 FR 49038, respectively), we noted that the only oral-only drugs and biological products that we identified were phosphate binders and calcimimetics, which fall into the bone and mineral metabolism ESRD PPS functional category. We stated that there were certain advantages to delaying the implementation of payment for oral-only drugs and biological products, including allowing ESRD facilities additional time to make operational changes and logistical arrangements in order to furnish oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products to their patients. Accordingly, we codified the delay in payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products at § 413.174(f)(6), and provided that payment to an ESRD facility for renal dialysis service drugs and biological products with only an oral form is incorporated into the PPS payment rates effective January 1, 2014. Since oral-only drugs are generally not a covered service under Medicare Part B, this delay of payment under the ESRD PPS also allowed the coverage under Medicare to continue under Part D.

On January 3, 2013, ATRA was enacted. Section 632(b) of ATRA precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.176(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2016. Accordingly, in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72185 through 72186), we delayed payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS until January 1, 2016. We implemented this delay by revising the effective date at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2016.

In addition, we changed the date when oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products would be eligible for outlier services under the outlier policy described in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2016. On April 1, 2014, PAMA was enacted. Section 217(a)(1) of PAMA amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA and precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.174(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2024. We implemented this delay in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66262) by modifying the effective date for providing payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024.

We also changed the date in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) regarding outlier payments for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs made under the ESRD PPS from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024. Section 217(a)(2) of PAMA further amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA by requiring that in establishing payment for oral-only drugs under the ESRD PPS, the Secretary must use data from the most recent year available. On December 19, 2014, ABLE was enacted. Section 204 of ABLE amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA, as amended by section 217(a)(1) of PAMA, and precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.174(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2025.

We implemented this delay in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69027 through 69028) by modifying the effective date for providing payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025. We also changed the date in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) regarding outlier payments for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs made under the ESRD PPS from January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025. B. ESRD PPS Drug Designation Process and Calcimimetics In addition to delaying implementation of the policy for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS, discussed previously in this final rule, PAMA included section 217(c), which provided that as part of the CY 2016 ESRD PPS rulemaking, the Secretary shall establish a process for (1) determining when a product is no longer an oral-only drug.

And (2) including new injectable and intravenous products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment. Therefore, in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69013 through 69027), we finalized a process that allows us to recognize when an oral-only renal dialysis service drug or biological product is no longer oral-only, and a process to include new injectable and intravenous (IV) products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment, and when appropriate, modify the ESRD PPS payment amount to reflect the costs of furnishing that product. In accordance with section 217(c)(1) of PAMA, we established § 413.234(d), which provides that an oral-only drug is no longer considered oral-only if an injectable or other form of administration of the oral-only drug is approved by FDA. We defined an oral-only drug at § 413.234(a) to mean a drug or biological with no injectable equivalent or other form of administration other than an oral form.

Additionally, in accordance with section 217(c)(2) of PAMA, we codified the drug designation process at § 413.234(b). In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69024), we finalized that the drug designation process is dependent upon the ESRD PPS functional categories, consistent with our policy since the implementation of the PPS in 2011. We provided a detailed discussion on how we accounted for renal dialysis drugs and biological products in the ESRD PPS base rate Start Printed Page 71403since its implementation on January 1, 2011 (80 FR 69013 through 69015). We explained that, in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49044 through 49053), in order to identify drugs and biological products that are used for the treatment of ESRD and therefore meet the definition of renal dialysis services (defined at § 413.171) that would be included in the ESRD PPS base rate, we performed an extensive analysis of Medicare payments for Part B drugs and biological products billed on ESRD claims and evaluated each drug and biological product to identify its category by indication or mode of action.

We stated in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule that categorizing drugs and biological products on the basis of drug action allows us to determine which categories (and therefore, the drugs and biological products within the categories) would be considered used for the treatment of ESRD (75 FR 49047). In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we also explained that, in CY 2011 ESRD PPS rulemaking, we grouped the injectable and IV drugs and biological products into ESRD PPS functional categories based on their action (80 FR 69014). This was done for the purpose of adding new drugs or biological products with the same functions to the ESRD PPS bundled payment as expeditiously as possible after the drugs become commercially available so that beneficiaries have access to them. In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the definition of an ESRD PPS functional category in § 413.234(a) as a distinct grouping of drugs or biologicals, as determined by CMS, whose end action effect is the treatment or management of a condition or conditions associated with ESRD (80 FR 69077).

We finalized a policy in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69017 through 69022) that, effective January 1, 2016, if a new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage a condition for which there is an ESRD PPS functional category, the new injectable or IV product is considered included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and no separate payment is available. The new injectable or IV product qualifies as an outlier service. The ESRD bundled market basket updates the PPS base rate annually and accounts for price changes of the drugs and biological products reflected in the base rate. We established in § 413.234(b)(2) that, if the new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage a condition for which there is not an ESRD PPS functional category, the new injectable or IV product is not considered included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and the following steps occur.

First, an existing ESRD PPS functional category is revised or a new ESRD PPS functional category is added for the condition that the new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage. Next, the new injectable or IV product is paid for using the TDAPA described in § 413.234(c). Finally, the new injectable or IV product is added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment following payment of the TDAPA. In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy in § 413.234(c) to base the TDAPA on pricing methodologies under section 1847A of the Act and pay the TDAPA until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis for the new injectable or IV product are available, but not for less than 2 years.

During the time a new injectable or IV product is eligible for the TDAPA, it is not eligible as an outlier service. We established that, following payment of the TDAPA, the ESRD PPS base rate will be modified, if appropriate, to account for the new injectable or IV product in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. We also established, in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69024 through 69027), an exception to the drug designation process for calcimimetics. We noted that in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed and final rules (74 FR 49929 and 75 FR 49038, respectively), the only oral-only drugs and biological products we identified were phosphate binders and calcimimetics, which fall into the bone and mineral metabolism ESRD PPS functional category.

We stated that we defined these oral-only drugs as renal dialysis services in our regulations at § 413.171 (75 FR 49044), delayed the Medicare Part B payment for these oral-only drugs until CY 2014 at § 413.174(f)(6), and continued to pay for them under Medicare Part D. We explained in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that, under § 413.234(b)(1), if injectable or IV forms of phosphate binders or calcimimetics are approved by FDA, these drugs would be considered reflected in the ESRD PPS bundled payment because these drugs are included in an existing functional category, so no additional payment would be available for inclusion of these drugs. However, we recognized the uniqueness of these drugs and stated that we will not apply this process to injectable or IV forms of phosphate binders and calcimimetics when they are approved because payment for the oral forms of these drugs was delayed and dollars were never included in the ESRD PPS base rate to account for these drugs. Instead, we finalized a policy that once the injectable or IV phosphate binder or calcimimetic is FDA approved and has a Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code, we will issue a change request to pay for all forms of the phosphate binder or calcimimetic using the TDAPA based on the payment methodologies under section 1847A of the Act, which could include ASP + 6 percent, for a period of at least 2 years.

We explained in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that this will allow us to collect data reflecting current utilization of both the oral and injectable or IV forms of the drugs, as well as payment patterns and beneficiary co-pays, before we add these drugs to the ESRD PPS bundled payment. We stated that during this period we will not pay outlier payments for these drugs. We further stated that at the end of the 2 or more years, we will adopt the methodology for including the phosphate binders and calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS bundled payment through notice-and-comment rulemaking. In 2017, FDA approved an injectable calcimimetic.

In accordance with the policy finalized in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we issued a change request to implement payment under the ESRD PPS for both the oral and injectable forms of calcimimetics using the TDAPA. Change Request 10065, Transmittal 1889, issued August 4, 2017, replaced by Transmittal 1999, issued January 10, 2018, and implemented the TDAPA for calcimimetics effective January 1, 2018. In CYs 2019 and 2020 ESRD PPS final rules (83 FR 56927 through 56949 and 84 FR 60653 through 60677, respectively), we made several revisions to the drug designation process regulations at § 413.234. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, for example, we revised regulations at § 413.234(a), (b), and (c) to reflect that the process applies for all new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that are FDA approved regardless of the form or route of administration, that is, new injectable, IV, oral, or other form or route of administration (83 FR 56932).

In addition, we revised § 413.234(b) and (c) to expand the TDAPA to all new renal dialysis drugs and biological products, not just those in new ESRD PPS functional categories (83 FR 56942 through 56943). We also revised § 413.234(c) to reflect that we base the TDAPA on 100 percent of ASP (ASP + 0) instead of the pricing methodologies available under section 1847A of the Act (which includes ASP + 6). We explained that the 6 percent add-on to Start Printed Page 71404ASP has been used to cover administrative and overhead costs, however, the ESRD PPS base rate includes dollars for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products, so we believe ASP + 0 is a reasonable basis for the TDAPA under the ESRD PPS (83 FR 56943 through 56944). For circumstances when ASP data is not available, we finalized that the TDAPA is based on wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) + 0 and, when WAC is not available, the TDAPA is based on the drug manufacturer's invoice (83 FR 56948).

We also finalized a revision to § 413.234(c) to reflect that the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics would continue to be based on the pricing methodologies available under section 1847A of the Act, which includes ASP + 6 (83 FR 56948). These provisions all had an effective date of January 1, 2020. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we made several additional revisions to the ESRD PPS drug designation process regulations at § 413.234. For example, we revised § 413.234(b) and added paragraph (e) to codify certain eligibility criteria changes for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing ESRD PPS functional category.

That is, we excluded certain drugs from being eligible for the TDAPA, effective January 1, 2020 (84 FR 60672). Specifically, as detailed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (85 FR 60565 through 60673), we excluded generic drugs approved by FDA under section 505(j) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and drugs for which the new drug application (NDA) is classified by FDA as Type 3, 5, 7 or 8, Type 3 in combination with Type 2 or Type 4, or Type 5 in combination with Type 2, or Type 9 when the “parent NDA” is a Type 3, 5, 7 or 8—from being eligible for the TDAPA. We also established at § 413.234(c) a policy to condition application of the TDAPA on our receipt of ASP data (84 FR 60681). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60673), we also discussed the duration of payment of the TDAPA for calcimimetics and changed the basis of the TDAPA for such products.

We stated that in accordance with our policy for calcimimetics under the drug designation process, we would pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA for a minimum of 2 years until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis is available for these products. We noted that at the time of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule we were still in the process of collecting utilization claims data for both the oral and injectable form of calcimimetics. Therefore, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that we would continue to pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA in CY 2020 (84 FR 38347). However, we also noted in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we had provided the TDAPA for calcimimetics at ASP + 6 percent for 2-full years (that is, January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019), and we believed that was sufficient time for ESRD facilities to address any administrative complexities and overhead costs that may have arisen with regard to furnishing the calcimimetics.

We noted that it was clear that ESRD facilities were furnishing calcimimetics because payment for them using the TDAPA had increased Medicare expenditures by $1.2 billion in CY 2018 (84 FR 60673). We explained that one of the rationales for the 6 percent add-on to ASP was to cover administrative and overhead costs, however, the ESRD PPS base rate has dollars included for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products. Therefore, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a revision to § 413.234(c) to reflect that the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics, beginning in CY 2020, would be 100 percent of ASP (84 FR 60676). We explained this policy change provided a balance between supporting ESRD facilities in their uptake of these products and limiting the financial burden that increased payments place on beneficiaries and Medicare expenditures.

We also noted that this policy is consistent with the policy finalized for all other new renal dialysis drugs and biological products in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56948). C. Methodology for Modifying the ESRD PPS Base Rate to Account for Calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42138), under § 413.234(d), calcimimetics were no longer considered to be an oral-only drug once FDA approved an injectable calcimimetic in 2017. We explained that we have paid for calcimimetics under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA since January 1, 2018.

We stated in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that for calcimimetics—for which there is an ESRD PPS functional category, but no money in the base rate—we would utilize the TDAPA to collect utilization data before adding this drug to the ESRD PPS base rate. This would allow us to collect data reflecting current utilization of both the oral and injectable or IV forms of the drug, as well as payment patterns and beneficiary co-pays. The collection of this data for 2 or more years would allow us, with sufficient data, to incorporate these drugs into the ESRD PPS bundled payment through notice-and-comment rulemaking. As we stated in the proposed rule, we believe we have collected sufficient claims data for a rate setting analysis for calcimimetics.

Specifically, we have collected robust claims data for 2 full years and analyzed the utilization of every generic and brand name oral calcimimetic, along with the utilization of the injectable calcimimetic. We also monitored the ASP data for the calcimimetics coinciding with the specific utilization periods. Our overall analysis of ESRD claims data for CYs 2018 and 2019 indicated an increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs and a steep decline in the utilization of brand-name oral calcimimetic. Weighting the ASP price data based on the utilization data resulted in an overall lower ASP because the generic calcimimetic drugs are less expensive than the brand calcimimetics.

Since beneficiaries have a 20 percent co-pay under the ESRD PPS, a decrease in the payment for calcimimetics results in a decrease in the beneficiary co-pay. Therefore, as we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42138), we believed that we were at the step of the ESRD PPS drug designation process where we should propose to adopt the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, which we did in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. In this final rule, we are adding a per treatment amount to the ESRD PPS base rate to include the calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment amount. In developing the methodology for including calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS base rate, we considered the methodology that we used when we included Part B drugs and biological products in the ESRD PPS base rate as part of our implementation of the ESRD PPS.

In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49074 through 49079), we discussed how we established which renal dialysis drugs and biological products would be reflected in the ESRD PPS base rate. We used the utilization of those drugs and biological products from Medicare claims data and applied ASP + 6 percent to establish the price for each drug. Then we inflated each drug's price to 2011 using the Producer Price Index (PPI) for prescription drugs.Start Printed Page 71405 In addition, as discussed in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49064), we established a dialysis treatment as the unit of payment. Consistent with the approach we used initially to include drugs and biological products into the ESRD PPS base rate and the ESRD PPS unit of payment, we proposed a similar methodology to calculate a one-time modification to the ESRD PPS base rate on a per-treatment basis to account for calcimimetics.

We stated that the methodology is similar to the CY 2011 approach because we would determine utilization of the drug, in this case, calcimimetics, along with the payment amounts associated with each oral and injectable form based on the ASP + 0 instead of ASP + 6, as discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule. The following sections discuss each element of our proposed methodology in detail. As an overview, we proposed to calculate a per-treatment amount for calcimimetics that would be added to the ESRD PPS base rate. We proposed to apply the value from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations at 100 percent of ASP (that is, ASP + 0) available to the public for calcimimetics to the utilization data for calcimimetics from CYs 2018 and 2019 Medicare ESRD claims data to provide the calcimimetic expenditure amount.

We proposed to divide the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of hemodialysis (HD)-equivalent dialysis treatments paid in CYs 2018 and 2019 under the ESRD PPS. We proposed to reduce this average per treatment amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy, since calcimimetics would be ESRD outlier services eligible for outlier payments beginning January 1, 2021. We proposed to add the resulting amount to the ESRD PPS base rate. We noted that this amount would be permanently included in the ESRD PPS base rate and be subject to the annual ESRD PPS payment updates (that is, the productivity-adjusted market basket increase and wage index budget neutrality adjustment factor).

Under the proposal, CMS would stop paying for these drugs using the TDAPA for dates of service on or after January 1, 2021. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42141), we proposed to revise our drug designation regulation at § 413.234, by adding paragraph (f), to describe the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for the costs of calcimimetics, including the data sources and the steps we would take to calculate a per treatment amount. We proposed, for dates of service on or after January 1, 2021, calcimimetics would no longer be paid for under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA (§ 413.234(c)) and would be paid for through the ESRD PPS base rate and eligible for outlier payments as ESRD outlier services under § 413.237. We noted that the proposed methodology would only modify the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetic drugs.

As stated in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69022), the TDAPA would be paid for a minimum of 2 years, during which time we would collect and analyze utilization data. At the end of that time, the drug would be included within its new functional category and the base rate would potentially be modified to account for the cost of the drug, depending upon what the utilization data show. Accordingly, we explained, our policy is to propose and adopt this methodology when including any future eligible new renal dialysis drugs and biological products into the ESRD PPS base rate through notice-and-comment rulemaking. (1) Determining Utilization of Calcimimetics For use in the proposed calculation, we analyzed the utilization of both the oral and injectable forms of calcimimetics reported on the ESRD facility claims for CYs 2018 and 2019.

ESRD facilities report this information to CMS on Medicare ESRD facility claims, that is, the 837-institutional form with bill type 072X. The oral calcimimetic is reported as HCPCS J0604 (Cinacalcet, oral, 1 mg, (for ESRD on dialysis)) and the injectable calcimimetic is reported as HCPCS J0606 (Injection, etelcalcetide, 0.1 mg), that is, one unit of J0604 is 1 mg, and one unit of J0606 is 0.1 mg. For purposes of this rate setting analysis, we considered utilization of calcimimetics as the units of the product furnished to an ESRD beneficiary. For the CY 2018 utilization data for calcimimetics, we proposed to use the latest available claims data based on the CY 2018 ESRD facility claims updated through June 30, 2019 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2018, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the National Claims History (NCH) File as of June 30, 2019) to calculate 2018 utilization.

Claims that are received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file are considered to be “complete” because they have been adjudicated. For the CY 2019 utilization data for calcimimetics, we proposed to use the latest available claims data based on the CY 2019 ESRD facility claims updated through January 31, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH File as of January 31, 2020). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42139), we stated that for the final rule, the latest available CY 2019 ESRD facility claims are those updated through June 30, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH File as of June 30, 2020). We explained that while we have continued to pay the TDAPA for calcimimetics for dates of service in CY 2020, we did not propose to use utilization data from this period because practice patterns in CY 2020 have been altered due to the alcoholism treatment antabuse and the resulting impact on data was unknown at that time.

However, we noted that our policy to continue paying for calcimimetics using the TDAPA in CY 2020 allowed us to analyze 2 full years of adjudicated Medicare claims since CY 2019 claims include those claims from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019. We solicited comments on the proposed use of CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data to determine the utilization of calcimimetics for purposes of calculating the proposed addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics at proposed § 413.234(f). We stated that we believed using claims data from CYs 2018 and 2019 is appropriate because those years provide us with not only the most complete data set, but also the most accurate data set reflecting paid claims. We also solicited comments as to whether we should instead use a single year (CY 2018 or CY 2019) rather than both CYs 2018 and 2019 in our methodology.

(2) Pricing of Calcimimetics—Methodology We proposed to set the price for calcimimetics using values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public, at 100 percent of ASP (ASP + 0). As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the ASP-based value is a CMS-derived weighted average of all of the National Drug Code (NDC) sales prices submitted by drug manufacturers and assigned by CMS to the two existing HCPCS codes for calcimimetics. For each billing code, CMS calculates a weighted average sales price using data submitted by manufacturers, which includes the following. ASP data at the 11-digit NDC level, the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold and the ASP for those units.

Next, the number of billing units in an NDC is determined by the Start Printed Page 71406amount of drug in the package. CMS uses the following weighting methodology to determine the payment limit. (1) Sums the product of the manufacturer's ASP and the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold for each NDC assigned to the billing and payment code. (2) divides this total by the sum of the product of the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold and the number of billing units in that NDC for each NDC assigned to the billing and payment code, and (3) weights the ASP for an NDC by the number of billing units sold for that NDC.

This calculation methodology is discussed in the CY 2009 Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) final rule (73 FR 69752). The general methodology for determining ASP-based payments for the PFS is authorized in section 1847A of the Act. We noted that ASP-based payment limits published in the quarterly ASP Drug Pricing files include a 6 percent add-on as required in section 1847A of the Act. However, consistent with the TDAPA basis of payment for CY 2020, we proposed to use 100 percent of the weighted ASP value, in other words, ASP + 0.

In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we noted that the ESRD PPS accounts for storage and administration costs and that ESRD facilities do not have acquisition price variation issues when compared to physicians. We explained that we believed ASP + 0 is reasonable for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing functional category because there are already dollars in the per treatment base rate for a new drug's respective category. We also explained that we believed ASP + 0 is a reasonable basis for payment for the TDAPA for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that do not fall within the existing functional category because the ESRD PPS base rate has dollars built in for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products (83 FR 56946). As stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe using a value based on the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for both oral and injectable versions of the calcimimetics provides an accurate representation of the price of calcimimetics for ESRD facilities because it uses manufacturer sales information that includes discounts (that is, rebates, volume discounts, prompt payment, cash payment specified in section 1847A of the Act).

Every calendar quarter, CMS publishes ASP-based payment limits for certain Part B drugs and biological products that are used for payment of such Part B covered drugs and biological products for a specific quarter. The amount that we proposed to use for the base rate modifications associated with the oral and injectable versions of the calcimimetics is based on the most recent information on average sales prices net of discounts specified in section 1847A submitted by the manufacturers of each of the drugs. For the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public was the second quarter of 2020,[] and as a result of the two-quarter data lag this reflects manufacturer sales data submitted into CMS for the fourth quarter of 2019. We stated that for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public would be the fourth quarter of 2020, which reflects manufacturer sales data submitted into CMS for the second quarter of 2020, and we would use that value for purposes of our final calculation.

We proposed to update these prices by the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate update to reflect the estimated costs in CY 2021. That is, we would first add the calculated per treatment payment amount to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and then we would apply the annual payment rate update. The proposed calculation for the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate is discussed in the following section. Therefore, we proposed to add § 413.234(f) to specify that CMS would use 100 percent of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for the oral and injectable calcimimetic to calculate a price for each form of the drug.

We solicited comments on the proposed use of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics for setting the price and the proposed language at § 413.234(f). (3) Calculation of the Addition to the ESRD PPS Base Rate To Include Calcimimetics To calculate the proposed amount for calcimimetics that would be added to the ESRD PPS base rate, we applied the values from the most recent calendar quarter 2020 ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics to CYs 2018 and 2019 calcimimetic utilization data to calculate the calcimimetic expenditure amount for both years. As stated in the proposed rule and section II.B.1.c.(1) of this final rule, one unit of J0604 (oral calcimimetic, cinacalcet) is 1 mg and one unit of J0606 (injectable calcimimetic etelcalcetide) is 0.1 mg. That is, we determined that 1,824,370,957 total units (mg) of oral calcimimetics were used in CYs 2018 and 2019.

With regard to injectable calcimimetics, we determined that 306,714,207 total units (0.1 mg) were used in CYs 2018 and 2019. This use indicates that 33.9 percent of ESRD beneficiaries received calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019. For the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we used the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public, which at the time of rulemaking was the second quarter of 2020. This information can be found on the ESRD Payment website.

Https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​ESRD-Transitional-Drug. We used $0.231 per mg for the oral calcimimetic and $2.20 per 0.1 mg for the injectable calcimimetic. The prices per unit correspond to 1 mg and 0.1 mg for cinacalcet and etelcalcetide respectively. (We noted that, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, we would update the ASP + 0 based value on the most recent calendar quarter calculations available to the public.) Multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective ASP and then adding the expenditure amount for both forms of calcimimetics together would be the total 2-year (CYs 2018 and 2019) calculated calcimimetic expenditure amount.

That is, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we calculated the total calcimimetic expenditure amount of $1,096,200,947. The total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished to Medicare ESRD beneficiaries in CYs 2018 and 2019 was 90,014,098. This total number of paid treatments reflects all paid dialysis treatments regardless of whether a calcimimetic was furnished. Dividing the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments provides an average per treatment payment amount of $12.18.

We then reduced this amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 to get a total of $12.06 ($12.18 × .99 = $12.06). Under our proposal, we would apply this 1 percent reduction before increasing the base rate to account for outlier payments that would be paid beginning January 1, 2021 for calcimimetics since they would become ESRD outlier services eligible Start Printed Page 71407for outlier payments under § 413.237. As we discussed in the proposed rule and section II.B.1.c of this final rule, in developing the proposed methodology for including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate, we considered the methodology applied when we developed the ESRD PPS base rate. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49074 through 49075), we explained the budget neutrality adjustments applied to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for statutorily mandated reductions.

Because calcimimetics would become ESRD outlier services beginning January 1, 2021, we focused on the outlier adjustment. That is, in CY 2011 we applied a 1 percent reduction to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for outlier payments. In order for the application of the 1 percent outlier to be maintained, we stated that we believe the 1 percent must be excluded from the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics. Then, to determine the estimated costs in CY 2021 we proposed to inflate the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics ($12.06) to 2021 using the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate update.

As discussed in section II.B.4.d of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42164), the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate was $255.59. This amount reflected a proposed CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .998652, a proposed base rate addition of $12.06 to include calcimimetics, and the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update of 1.8 percent. We stated that using the annual payment rate update effectively updates the prices set for calcimimetics from CY 2020 to CY 2021 because this is consistent with how the other components of the base rate are updated for inflation each year, which includes drugs. We noted, that the inflation factor used for drugs and biological products for the ESRD bundled market basket is the Producer Price Index as discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56958 through 56959).

Therefore, we proposed to add § 413.234(f) to specify that CMS would multiply the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective prices and add the expenditure amount for both forms together to calculate the total calcimimetic expenditure amount. Then, CMS would divide the total calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments in CYs 2018 and 2019, to calculate the average per-treatment payment amount. CMS would reduce the average per-treatment payment amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 in order to determine the amount added to the ESRD PPS base rate. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that, in keeping with the principles of a PPS, which include motivating healthcare providers to structure cost-effective, efficient patient care that avoids unnecessary services, thereby reining in costs, we believe the cost of the calcimimetics should be spread across all the dialysis treatments, rather than be directed only to the patients receiving the calcimimetics.

We solicited comments on the proposed revisions to § 413.234 to add paragraph (f) to § 413.234 to establish the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. As an alternative methodology, we considered dividing the total Medicare expenditures for all calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019 (approximately $2.3 billion) by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished during that same time period. However, we noted that this approach would not factor in the impact of oral generic calcimimetics, which entered the market from late December 2018 through early January 2019. For example, under the proposed methodology, the ASP calculations incorporate the more recent pricing of the oral generic calcimimetics into the weighting which has resulted in a significant decline in the ASP-based value.

In addition, this alternative methodology would not reflect our current policy to base the TDAPA on ASP + 0, since in CYs 2018 and 2019 we paid for calcimimetics using the TDAPA at ASP + 6. We stated that we believe it is more appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect the values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available since that aligns with how ESRD facilities would be purchasing and furnishing the oral calcimimetics rather than using expenditure data from previous periods. We further stated that we believe that ESRD facilities would want to support CMS's goal of lower drug and biological products prices for its beneficiaries. In addition, we noted, this alternative methodology would have a more significant impact on beneficiary cost sharing in terms of a higher 20 percent co-pay than the methodology in the proposed rule.

We solicited comment on this alternative methodology, which would entail dividing the total Medicare expenditures (that is, actual spend) for all calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019 by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished during that same time period. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed methodology for including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate are set forth below. Comment. The majority of commenters recommended that CMS trim the analysis data set to exclude data that is not representative of steady utilization trends.

The commenters were supportive of CMS collecting 2 full years of data for rate-setting purposes, but disagreed with the methodology to incorporate the full data set into the analysis. Specifically, the commenters recommended CMS remove CY 2018 claims utilization from the analysis because it includes early utilization data from CY 2018, the first year that CMS began paying for calcimimetics under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA. Commenters described various changes occurring with regard to calcimimetics, including changes in prescriber behavior, facility operational systems, and the use of oral and IV calcimimetic products. The commenters asserted that the following factors make utilization data from 2018 inaccurate because the data fails to account for.

(1) Slow adoption of the intravenous form of calcimimetics due to the change in payment for the drugs under Part D to Part B. (2) the time it takes for ESRD facilities to adopt new treatment methods. And (3) a recent steady increase in clinical utilization. The commenters stated that the first quarter of 2018 is not an accurate depiction of utilization because many beneficiaries had a supply of oral calcimimetics that was paid under the Part D benefit from 2017, being used at the start of 2018, which reduced utilization under Part B.

The commenters also stated that moving the payment from Medicare Part D to Part B disrupted business and billing practices for ESRD facilities. The commenters maintained that small and independent ESRD facilities had a difficult time incorporating calcimimetics into clinical practice compared to larger and hospital-based facilities. The commenters explained that ESRD facilities usually need a longer time to institute system modifications and adjust business practices when new treatment methods become available. The commenters stated that in the beginning of 2018 the new intravenous form of calcimimetics was approved for treatment, and clinical adoption has been gradual because it was a new form of treatment, which is evidenced by Start Printed Page 71408very low utilization in the early part of CY 2018 followed by steady growth throughout the year, as shown in the Part B claims data.

The commenters stated that, while use of the intravenous drug increased each quarter in 2018, the pace of that increase flattened out during CY 2019. The commenters stated that due to these challenges and shifts in utilization, they believed that claims data from CY 2018 reflected lower units of calcimimetics being reported. A few commenters who disagreed with including CY 2018 claims in the analysis, suggested CMS trim the first and second quarter of 2018 utilization data from the data set. However, another subset of commenters recommended CMS remove the entire year of 2018 data and use CY 2019 data only, since their analysis shows that year of data to be stable.

The majority of the commenters who disagreed with including the CY 2018 data recommended that CMS use the most recent 12 months for which complete claims data are available for rate-setting purposes. In addition, the commenters asserted that using the most recent utilization data would align with the proposed approach to use the most recent ASP. MedPAC supported increasing the ESRD PPS base rate to include the costs of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. However, MedPAC recommended refinements to CMS's proposed methodology to use units reported on claims from both CYs 2018 and 2019 to determine utilization for calcimimetics.

MedPAC recommended that CMS use only the single year of claims data that would result in the lowest add-on payment amount for these products. MedPAC stated that this approach would be consistent with the methodology used to establish the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2011, as required under MIPPA, which provided that the estimated amount of total payments under the ESRD PPS for 2011 must be made based on the lowest per patient utilization data from 2007, 2008, or 2009. (Based on CMS's analysis in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule, claims data from CY 2007 reflected the lowest utilization of ESRD services.) MedPAC noted the increase of utilization in ESAs prior to the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule and recommended that our methodology to include calcimimetics in the base rate be consistent with the lowest per patient utilization methodology. Therefore, MedPAC recommended that CMS use the year that would result in the lowest average payment amount per treatment for calcimimetics.

Response. We appreciate the feedback on our proposal and the viewpoints expressed by the commenters. Based on the recommendations we received to use a single year or the most recent 12 months of claims data, we re-examined the most recently available data. First, an approach that uses the most recent 12 months of claims data would result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both 2018 and 2019 data are used.

Second, using the most recent 12 months of claims data would not sufficiently capture the developments with calcimimetics that took place at the end of 2018. For these reasons, we believe this is not the better approach. Next, using only 2019 claims data would diminish the impact of the entry of oral generic calcimimetics into the market in mid-2018. In examining the 2 full years of data, we see a continued increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs, a steep decline in the brand-name oral calcimimetic, and a slow increase in the brand-name injectable version.

Using only CY 2019 claims data would also result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both CYs 2018 and 2019 data are used. We recognize the 2018 claims data may have demonstrated low uptake for the injectable calcimimetic, but it also may reflect that the significant upswings in utilization of the injectable calcimimetic in 2019 were from ESRD facilities anticipating CMS ending the TDAPA for calcimimetics beginning January 2020. As MedPAC noted, when the ESRD PPS was implemented in 2011, there had been a pattern of ESA overutilization before the ESRD PPS bundled payment was implemented and a decline in utilization of ESAs post-implementation of the ESRD PPS that required a rebasing of the amount included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment for ESAs. We believe it is appropriate to consider both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics, following the loss of the exclusivity of the brand name product in addition to the anticipation of the TDAPA ending in 2019.

If we used only CY 2019 data, we believe that we would be overestimating the use of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. For these reasons, we also believe using only 2019 claims data for rate setting is not the better approach. Lastly, we examined an approach that would take into account some commenters' request for the lowest add-on payment amount, other commenters' request to focus on more recent data, and CMS's goal to use a robust data set that accounts for the different types of medication and innovation. For this approach, we examined 18 months of claims data starting with the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019.

In reviewing the 18 months of data, we continue to capture the increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs and the decline in the brand-name oral calcimimetic, which, as we noted above, was apparent to us when we examined the full 2 years of data. Using the 18 months of data from the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 would result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both CYs 2018 and 2019 data are used, but smaller than when only CY 2019 is used. We believe the data set should reflect both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics. We also believe that the commenters are reasonable in wanting to incorporate more recent data in the utilization, and view the use of 18 months of data as a mid-point between the proposal and what commenters suggested is appropriate.

Accordingly, we have concluded that using 18 months of claims data is the most appropriate approach. We also agree with commenters that there have been shifts in the utilization of calcimimetics. We believe that the shifts in utilization reveal a rapidly changing market. We plan to revisit the calcimimetic Medicare expenditures in the future, such as when a generic injectable comes on the market.

We believe using 18 months of claims data provides us with the most accurate data set reflecting paid claims for generic and brand-name oral calcimimetic, along with the injectable calcimimetic. Therefore, for this final rule, we used adjudicated claims from the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 in the final calculation of the modification to the base rate. For the CY 2018 utilization data for calcimimetics, we used the latest available claims data based on the third and fourth quarters of CY 2018 ESRD facility claims, updated through June 30, 2019 (that is, claims with dates of service from July 1 through December 31, 2018, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file as of June 30, 2019). For CY 2019 utilization data, we used the latest available CY 2019 ESRD facility claims, updated through June 30, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file as of June 30, 2020).

Comment. MedPAC recommended that we set the price for calcimimetics Start Printed Page 71409using values from the calendar quarter of ASP data that would result in the lowest total expenditures for these drugs, at ASP+0. MedPAC also stated that using the most recent calendar quarter of 2020 ASP data would best reflect the increasing use of oral generic calcimimetics, which entered the market in late December 2018, and how ESRD facilities are likely to purchase and furnish the oral calcimimetics in the future. MedPAC recommended this methodology because it is consistent with how CMS bases the price for calcimimetics under current regulations.

MedPAC strongly supported pricing for calcimimetics under the proposed methodology at ASP+0. The majority of the commenters recommended that CMS calculate the price using the most recent quarter ASP data available at ASP+6 because they believed this would more accurately reflect the cost ESRD facilities incur when purchasing and administering these drugs. Commenters stated that most small and independent providers experience less favorable acquisition costs for calcimimetics than other provider types, with costs that exceed 100 percent of ASP. The commenters stated that CMS's methodology should account for actual acquisition costs incurred by providers, especially small and independent providers with limited resources, and for these reasons, recommended that the methodology be refined to add the price for calcimimetics at ASP+6 rather than ASP+0.

Response. We appreciate the feedback we received from the commenters with regard to our proposal to base pricing for calcimimetics at ASP+0. We agree with MedPAC that ASP+0 is appropriate as the basis for calcimimetics. Although some commenters suggested that the base pricing for calcimimetics should be ASP + 6, we believe this would be a duplicative payment because the 6 percent accounts for storage and administration of drugs and drug products, along with routine administrative costs, and these costs are already included in the ESRD PPS base rate.

We understand the concerns expressed by the commenters about ASP, and the difficulties that small ESRD facilities may encounter if they are unable to negotiate the lower drug prices attributed to volume, and inaccessibility to supply chain discounts. However, we do not think this overrides the concern about providing duplicative payment. As we discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56945), the intent of the TDAPA is to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of the drugs and biological products that are eligible for the add-on payment adjustment. In addition to the reasons discussed previously, and since our payment policy for the TDAPA is based on ASP+0, we believe basing the price for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate on ASP+0 is appropriate and consistent with our policy.

Therefore we are finalizing as proposed. Comment. A few commenters recommended CMS create a methodology for a beneficiary-targeted add-on payment to the ESRD PPS base rate. The commenters recommended a targeted adjustment for the oral calcimimetic and a separate adjustment for the intravenous calcimimetic, given that only a subset of beneficiaries receive calcimimetics and the costs of calcimimetics would be targeted to only beneficiaries receiving the drug.

MedPAC agreed with our proposal to spread the cost of calcimimetics across all dialysis treatments, rather than just for the treatments of beneficiaries receiving the drugs. Response. The ESRD PPS is a payment system based on the “average patient,” which means it is based on the costs of the average patient. Currently, payment under the ESRD PPS is not targeted towards patients who utilize specific drugs, items, or services.

Our proposed methodology would result in a flat increase to the base rate for all treatments and would not vary when facilities use more or less than the average amount. We believe the proposed methodology aligns with how other services are paid under the bundled payment system and reflects the average cost for furnishing renal dialysis services to patients. Therefore, we are finalizing this aspect of our proposal as proposed. Comment.

A few commenters disagreed with the proposed methodology to reduce the average per-treatment payment amount by 1 percent. The commenters stated that it would be harder for ESRD facilities to meet the eligibility requirements for outlier payments in CY 2021 and beyond. Response. Beginning January 1, 2021, calcimimetics are eligible for outlier payments.

In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule, we applied a 1 percent reduction to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for outlier payments. An ESRD facility that treats beneficiaries with unusually high resource requirements, as measured by their use of identified services beyond a specified threshold, is entitled to outlier payments. In order for the application of the 1 percent outlier to be maintained, we believe 1 percent must be excluded from the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics. We continue to believe that a 1 percent outlier payment adjustment balances the need to pay for unusually costly resource-intensive cases, while also ensuring an adequate add-on to the base rate for beneficiaries who do not qualify for outlier payments.

Therefore, we are finalizing this aspect of our proposal as proposed. Comment. Some commenters stated that CMS should not use the alternative method discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, under which total calcimimetic expenditures would be divided by the total number of HD-equivalent dialysis treatments in 2018 and 2019. The commenters stated that the alternative method expenditures for calcimimetics is based upon the previous policy of paying ASP+6 percent and does not reflect ASP+0.

The commenters stated that the alternative method would likely result in a much higher increase to the base rate, which in turn would result in higher cost-sharing for beneficiaries. The commenters agreed that the alternative method does not factor in the impact of the oral generic calcimimetics, whereas the proposed methodology incorporates the recent pricing of oral generic calcimimetics into the weighting. Response. We agree with the commenters' assessment of the alternative methodology, that it does not factor in the impact of oral generic calcimimetics and does not reflect ASP+0, and we are not adopting it in this final rule.

We continue to believe that it is more appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect the values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available, since that aligns with how ESRD facilities would be purchasing and furnishing the oral calcimimetics, rather than using expenditure data from previous periods. Further, including the higher payment for oral calcimimetics that have lower priced generic equivalents is not in keeping with the agency's overall goals of lowering drug prices. Comment. We received several comments that were beyond the scope of the proposed rule.

Some commenters stated that CMS should apply the 3-year data collection policy to all TDAPA-eligible therapies in the future because it is critical for CMS to have 2-full calendar years of claims data (which requires 3 years of payment of the TDAPA to address data lags) to enable an appropriate understanding of actual product utilization in clinical care. Response. Currently, the TDAPA payment is applicable for a minimum period of 2 years. For new drugs and biological products that are eligible for the TDAPA in the future and are not considered included in the ESRD PPS Start Printed Page 71410base rate, CMS will continue to require that the TDAPA is paid until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis is available, as required by the regulations.

When a new renal dialysis drug or biological product is already included in a functional category, then the purpose of the TDAPA is to facilitate uptake of the new product into the business process of the ESRD facility. Although we would collect the data for purposes of analyzing utilization, we would not collect it for purposes of a potential modification to the base rate. Therefore we would not need 3 years of data for those drugs. Comment.

Some commenters stated concerns with the payment increase to the patient's out-of-pocket cost due to the proposed increase to the ESRD PPS bundled payment for calcimimetics, and recommended CMS keep the financial burden to the beneficiary population in consideration. Response. We understand that beneficiary coinsurance is a concern. When evaluating the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics, we were cognizant of the burden of beneficiary co-insurance and worked to strike a balance with beneficiary need for access at a reasonable price, and supporting a new therapy for a significant portion of the dialysis population.

We believe the final policy for the inclusion of dollars in the base rate strikes the balance we are seeking. Final Rule Action. After consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing § 413.234 to add paragraph (f), which establishes the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, as proposed, with one modification. We are using claims data from the third quarter of CY 2018 through the fourth quarter of CY 2019, instead of CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data, to determine the utilization of calcimimetics for purposes of our methodology.

Specifically, to calculate the final amount for calcimimetics to be added to the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2021, we applied the values from the most recent calendar quarter 2020 ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics to the utilization period of third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 to calculate the calcimimetic expenditure amount for 18 months. We determined that 1,350,414,515 total units (mg) of oral calcimimetics were used from Q3 2018 through Q4 2019. With regard to injectable calcimimetics, we determined that 280,998,916 total units (0.1 mg) were used from Q3 2018 through Q4 2019. We used the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public, which is the fourth quarter of 2020.

We used $0.085 per mg for the oral calcimimetic and $2.023 per 0.1 mg for the injectable calcimimetic. The prices per unit correspond to 1 mg and 0.1 mg for cinacalcet and etelcalcetide, respectively. Multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective ASP and then adding the expenditure amount for both forms of calcimimetics together results in the total 18-months (Q3 2018 through Q4 2019) calculated calcimimetic expenditure amount. That is, for this final rule, we calculated the total calcimimetic expenditure amount to be $683,246,041.

The total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished to Medicare ESRD beneficiaries from the third quarter of CY 2018 through the fourth quarter of CY 2019 was 68,148,651. This total number of paid treatments reflects all paid dialysis treatments regardless of whether a calcimimetic was furnished. Dividing the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments provides an average per treatment payment amount of $10.03. We then reduced this amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 to get a total of $9.93 ($10.03 × .99 = $9.93).

Due to the effect of generic calcimimetics in lowering the drug prices for calcimimetics, $9.93 is the final amount added to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. 2. Changes to the TPNIES Eligibility Criteria a. Background In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60681 through 60698), CMS established a transitional add-on payment adjustment for certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS, under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv) of the Act, in order to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to these new technologies.

We established this payment adjustment to help address the unique circumstances experienced by ESRD facilities when incorporating new and innovative equipment and supplies into their businesses and to support ESRD facilities transitioning or testing these products during the period when they are new to market. We added § 413.236 to establish the eligibility criteria and payment policies for the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies, which we call the TPNIES. We established in § 413.236(b) that for dates of service occurring on or after January 1, 2020, CMS will provide the TPNIES to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. (1) Has been designated by CMS as a renal dialysis service under § 413.171, (2) is new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, (3) is commercially available by January 1 of the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect, (4) has a HCPCS application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year, (5) is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) and related guidance, and (6) is not a capital-related asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired).

Regarding the innovation requirement in § 413.236(b)(5), in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60690), we stated that CMS will use the following criteria to evaluate substantial clinical improvement (SCI) for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS, based on the inpatient hospital prospective payment system (IPPS) SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1) and related guidance. Section 412.87(b)(1) includes the criteria used under the IPPS new technology add-on payment (NTAP) to determine whether a new technology represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. The totality of the circumstances is considered when making a determination that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. A determination that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries means one of the following.

The new renal dialysis equipment or supply offers a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments. OrStart Printed Page 71411 The new renal dialysis equipment or supply offers the ability to diagnose a medical condition in a patient population where that medical condition is currently undetectable, or offers the ability to diagnose a medical condition earlier in a patient population than allowed by currently available methods, and there must also be evidence that use of the new renal dialysis service to make a diagnosis affects the management of the patient. Or The use of the new renal dialysis equipment or supply significantly improves clinical outcomes relative to renal dialysis services previously available as demonstrated by one or more of the following. (1) A reduction in at least one clinically significant adverse event, including a reduction in mortality or a clinically significant complication.

(2) a decreased rate of at least one subsequent diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. (3) a decreased number of future hospitalizations or physician visits. (4) a more rapid beneficial resolution of the disease process treatment including, but not limited to, a reduced length of stay or recovery time. (5) an improvement in one or more activities of daily living.

(6) an improved quality of life. Or (7) a demonstrated greater medication adherence or compliance. Or, The totality of the circumstances otherwise demonstrates that the new renal dialysis equipment or supply substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Evidence from the following published or unpublished information sources from within the United States (U.S.) or elsewhere may be sufficient to establish that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries.

Clinical trials, peer reviewed journal articles. Study results. Meta-analyses. Consensus statements.

White papers. Patient surveys. Case studies. Reports.

Systematic literature reviews. Letters from major healthcare associations. Editorials and letters to the editor. And public comments.

Other appropriate information sources may be considered. The medical condition diagnosed or treated by the new renal dialysis equipment or supply may have a low prevalence among Medicare beneficiaries. The new renal dialysis equipment or supply may represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of a subpopulation of patients with the medical condition diagnosed or treated by the new renal dialysis equipment or supply. We also established a process modeled after IPPS's process of determining if a new medical service or technology meets the SCI criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1).

Specifically, similar to the IPPS NTAP, we wanted to align our goals with the agency's efforts to transform the healthcare delivery system for the ESRD beneficiary through competition and innovation to provide patients with better value and results. As we discuss in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60682), we believe it is appropriate to facilitate access to new and innovative equipment and supplies through add-on payments similar to the IPPS NTAP program and to provide innovators with standard criteria for both inpatient and outpatient settings. In § 413.236(c), we established a process for our announcement of TPNIES determinations and a deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications under the ESRD PPS. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b) and summarize the applications received in the annual ESRD PPS proposed rules.

Then, after consideration of public comments, we will announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual updates and changes to the ESRD PPS in the ESRD PPS final rule. The TPNIES applications for CY 2021 were discussed in section II.C.2 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as well as section II.C.2 of this final rule. CMS will only consider a complete application received by CMS by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect, and FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year. We stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 60690) that we would establish a workgroup of CMS medical and other staff to review the studies and papers submitted as part of the TPNIES application, the public comments we receive, and the FDA marketing authorization and HCPCS application information and assess the extent to which the product provides SCI over current technologies.

We established § 413.236(d) to provide a payment adjustment for a new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply. Section 413.236(d)(1) states that the TPNIES is paid for 2-calendar years. Section 413.236(d)(2) provides that, following payment of the TPNIES, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will become an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237. Under § 413.236(e)(1), the Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs), on behalf of CMS, will establish prices for the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that meet the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b) using verifiable information from the following sources of information, if available.

(1) The invoice amount, facility charges for the item, discounts, allowances, and rebates. (2) the price established for the item by other MACs and the sources of information used to establish that price. (3) payment amounts determined by other payers and the information used to establish those payment amounts. And (4) charges and payment amounts required for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant.

B. Changes to Eligibility for the TPNIES Currently, in § 413.236(b)(2), one eligibility requirement for the TPNIES is that an equipment or supply must be new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020. In establishing this requirement, we tied what is considered new to January 1, 2020, the effective date of the TPNIES policy. We explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60685) that by including FDA marketing authorizations on or after January 1, 2020, we intended to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to renal dialysis equipment and supplies.

As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, while we continue to believe it is appropriate to tie the newness requirement to the date of the FDA marketing authorization for the reasons discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we do not believe newness should be tied to the effective date of the TPNIES policy going forward, for the reasons discussed below. In addition, we believe this eligibility criterion should address when an equipment or supply is no longer considered new. Under the current requirement at § 413.236(b)(2), we could receive an application for the TPNIES for equipment and supplies many years after FDA marketing authorization, when the equipment is no longer new. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38353), while we proposed to define new renal dialysis equipment Start Printed Page 71412and supplies as those that are granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, we also solicited comment on whether a different FDA marketing authorization date, for example, on or after January 1, 2019, might be appropriate.

We explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60688 through 60689) that while some commenters expressed support for the proposed definition, most of the comments were focused on the merits of establishing a date for newness that precedes the effective date of the TPNIES policy and whether all renal dialysis equipment and supplies must seek FDA marketing authorization. None of the comments addressed whether tying TPNIES eligibility to the TPNIES policy effective date or any fixed date would limit the TPNIES to new and innovative equipment and supplies. After careful consideration of these comments, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the proposed definition of new to mean the renal dialysis equipment or supply was granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020. We stated that while we appreciated that manufacturers of renal dialysis equipment and supplies that were granted FDA marketing authorization in prior years would want these products to be eligible for the TPNIES, our goal is not to provide a payment adjustment for all the products that have received FDA marketing authorization or for products that have had limited market uptake, but rather to establish an add-on payment adjustment for certain new and innovative products in order to support uptake by ESRD facilities of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies.

In addition, we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule that we appreciated the complex issues the commenters raised if we were to select an earlier FDA marketing authorization date, and believed our approach will avoid the need to address those issues. We noted that the ESRD PPS is a prospective payment system, in which changes are generally made prospectively, including eligibility requirements for add-on payment adjustments. In addition, we noted that this FDA marketing authorization date of January 1, 2020 or later is consistent with the TDAPA's definition of a new renal dialysis drug or biological product. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42142 through 42143), we no longer believe an item should be considered new, based on the TPNIES policy effective date of January 1, 2020.

Rather, we believe that it is important for the TPNIES policy to provide a window of time when a new renal dialysis equipment or supply is considered new to provide transparency to potential applicants. We noted that, under the proposal, the TPNIES policy would still be effective as of January 1, 2020 and therefore no equipment or supply receiving FDA marketing authorization before January 1, 2020 would be eligible for the TPNIES. However, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(2) to remove “on or after January 1, 2020” and to reflect the definition of new to mean, within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization. By defining new in this manner, we would be giving entities wishing to apply for the TPNIES for their equipment or supply 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in which to submit their applications, while still limiting eligibility for the TPNIES to new technologies.

We proposed a 3-year newness window to be consistent with the timeframes under the IPPS NTAP requirements in § 412.87(b)(2). Under the NTAP, new technologies are considered to be new for 2 to 3 years after the point at which data begin to become available reflecting the inpatient hospital code assigned to the new service or technology. We noted that under the hospital outpatient PPS the pass-through payment application for a medical device must also be submitted within 3 years from the date of the initial FDA approval or clearance, if required, unless there is a documented, verifiable delay in U.S. Market availability after FDA approval or clearance is granted, in which case CMS will consider the pass-through payment application if it is submitted within 3 years from the date of market availability.

In addition, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b) to remove “For dates of service occurring on or after January 1, 2020” and to revise § 413.236(a) to reflect the January 1, 2020 effective date of the TPNIES policy finalized in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule. We also proposed other revisions to this paragraph, which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(1) of this final rule. We sought comment on our proposal to define new for purposes of the TPNIES eligibility as within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization. In addition, we stated that we understood there may be situations in which a manufacturer has FDA marketing authorization for an item, but the process of manufacturing the item has been delayed, for example, by a PHE, such as the current alcoholism treatment antabuse.

Therefore, we also sought comment on the number of years for an item to be considered new, or if newness should be based on different criteria such as the later of marketing availability or the date of FDA marketing authorization. Currently, § 413.236(b)(4) requires applicants for the TPNIES to have a HCPCS application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year. Section 413.236(c) currently requires applicants for TPNIES to have the FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year. After publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, CMS updated its HCPCS Level II coding procedures to enable shorter and more frequent HCPCS code application cycles.

Beginning in January 2020, CMS implemented quarterly HCPCS code application opportunities for drugs and biological products, and biannual application opportunities for durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies (DMEPOS) and other non-drug, non-biological items and services. As the Administrator of CMS announced [] in May 2019, this change is part of CMS' broader, comprehensive initiative to foster innovation and expedite adoption of and patient access to new medical technologies. CMS' delivery on this important goal necessitated procedural changes that balance the need to code more frequently with the amount of time necessary to accurately process applications. CMS has released two documents with detailed information on the updated HCPCS Level II coding procedures, application instructions, and deadlines for 2020.

Both documents, HCPCS Level II Coding Procedures [] , and HCPCS Level II Code Modification Application Instructions for the 2020 Coding Cycle [] are available on the CMS website. Under the new guidance, coding cycles for DMEPOS items and services will occur no less frequently than biannually. For 2020, the deadline for HCPCS Level II code applications for biannual Coding Cycle 1 for DMEPOS items and services was January 6, 2020 with issuance of final code decisions occurring July 2020. Start Printed Page 71413These final code decisions are effective October 1, 2020.

For biannual Coding Cycle 2, the code application deadline for DMEPOS items and services is June 29, 2020 with issuance of final code decisions occurring January 2021 or earlier. These final code decisions are effective April 1, 2021. These dates are specific for 2020 and may change annually. Specific dates for biannual Coding Cycles 1 and 2 for future years will be published on the HCPCS website annually.

Under the new biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services, in order to obtain a final HCPCS Level II code decision by January 1, 2021, the applicant must have submitted a complete HCPCS Level II code application along with the FDA marketing authorization documentation to CMS by June 29, 2020. In light of the change to biannual coding cycles, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we reassessed the TPNIES eligibility criterion in § 413.236(b)(4), which is related to submission of the HCPCS Level II code application as well as § 413.236(c), which discusses the deadlines for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications and found that they conflict with the current HCPCS Level II coding guidelines. Because our HCPCS Level II coding guidelines require that applicants submit complete code applications for DMEPOS items and services to CMS by the deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website in order for a final HCPCS Level II code decision to be made by the following January 1 and require that documentation of FDA marketing authorization be submitted by the applicant to CMS by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline, we proposed to align the TPNIES regulation at § 413.236(b)(4) and (c) with these guidelines. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42144) that we believe this alignment would provide consistency across CMS processes and transparency on deadlines for applicants for the TPNIES.

We further stated that in the event of a delay in the final HCPCS Level II coding decision, a miscellaneous code will be used in the interim until a final coding decision is made. We also proposed to correct a technical error in § 413.236(b)(4), which requires the HCPCS application to be submitted by September 1 “of” the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect. As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42144), in accordance with the TPNIES policy, we would need to have the HCPCS application submitted “prior to” the particular calendar year to be able to make a determination of TPNIES eligibility for payment to occur in the particular calendar year. Therefore, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) to add the word “complete” and to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website,” and replace the word “of” with “prior to” to reflect that the HCPCS code application for biannual Coding Cycle 2 must be complete and submitted as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year.

We explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that this HCPCS application submission deadline for a HCPCS Level II code application may result in a final HCPCS code determination by January 1, when the TPNIES payment would begin. We noted that, for 2020 biannual Coding Cycle 2, final decisions on HCPCS Level II codes issued by January 1, 2021 are not effective until April 1, 2021. For this reason, during this interim period, we proposed to use a miscellaneous HCPCS code to provide the TPNIES payment. We stated that in the event of a delay in the final HCPCS Level II coding decision, a miscellaneous code will be used in the interim until the later effective date.

In addition, we proposed a technical change to § 413.236(b)(4) to be consistent with how CMS references the HCPCS Level II coding procedures. That is, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) from “official Level II HCPCS coding procedures” to “HCPCS Level II coding procedures on the CMS website”. In addition, we proposed to revise § 413.236(c) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website” to reflect that FDA marketing authorization for the new and innovative equipment or supply must accompany the HCPCS application prior to the particular calendar year in order for the item to qualify for the TPNIES in the next calendar year. Although applicants for the TPNIES may submit a TPNIES application while the equipment or supply is undergoing the FDA marketing authorization process (since the deadline for the TPNIES application is February 1), under our proposal, FDA marketing authorization of the equipment or supply must be granted prior to the HCPCS Level II code application deadline.

If FDA marketing authorization is not granted prior to the HCPCS Level II code application deadline, the TPNIES application would be denied and the applicant would need to reapply and submit an updated application by February 1 of the following year or within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization, in accordance with the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b)(2) discussed previously in this final rule. Currently, § 413.236(b)(5) requires that the new equipment or supply be innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter and related guidance. As discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this final rule, § 412.87(b)(1) includes the criteria used under the IPPS NTAP to determine whether a new technology represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to technologies previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. In § 413.236(b)(5) we adopted the same SCI criteria to determine if a new renal dialysis equipment or supply is innovative for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS.

We also stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60690) our intention to adopt any future modifications to the IPPS SCI criteria so that innovators would have standard criteria to meet for both settings. While we adopted the IPPS SCI criteria under § 412.87(b)(1), we did not adopt the alternative pathway for breakthrough devices (84 FR 42296) under the ESRD PPS. In the fiscal year (FY) 2020 IPPS final rule (84 FR 42180 through 42181), CMS codified additional SCI criteria that had been included in manuals and other sub-regulatory guidance. In accordance with the reference to § 412.87(b)(1), we adopted the FY 2020 IPPS changes to the SCI criteria, and any future changes to the SCI criteria, by reference, unless and until we make any changes to the criteria through notice-and-comment rulemaking.

Although the codification of the related guidance for the IPPS SCI occurred prior to the publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we inadvertently included a reference to related guidance in § 413.236(b)(5). Therefore, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has now been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1). The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed changes Start Printed Page 71414to the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES are set forth below. Comment.

Several national associations of dialysis stakeholders, including organizations representing large dialysis organizations (LDO) and non-profit facilities, expressed support for the proposal to change the current definition of “new” to give entities wishing to apply for the TPNIES 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in which to submit their applications. An LDO requested that CMS monitor this window to ensure that 3 years is sufficient to allow manufacturers time to gather high-quality evidence of SCI for their technologies. However, a software company that developed a renal product that has demonstrated SCI, but was approved by the FDA almost 7 years ago, commented that 3 years is not long enough for its product to qualify for TPNIES consideration. The software company asked CMS to consider a longer period of eligibility for the TPNIES primarily because the dialysis industry is slow to uptake innovations.

The company suggested that CMS could extend the window selectively if the applicant can show that an innovative technology has no other FDA-authorized counterpart with similar technology. The software company asserted that by lengthening the period of eligibility for the TPNIES program, with added criteria to maintain a high level of selectivity, CMS would allow that company and other worthy innovators to receive the TPNIES. The company asked that CMS consider making changes to the eligibility criteria for TPNIES that will open up the potential for providers to receive reimbursement for the use of technologies that can still be proven to be innovative and demonstrate SCI even though their FDA authorization is beyond the 3-year period. Response.

We appreciate the commenters' support for the proposal and want to point out that TPNIES applicants may submit an application while the equipment or supply is pending marketing authorization by the FDA, however, FDA marketing authorization must be submitted with the HCPCS application. We believe that 3 years is sufficient time for manufacturers to gather high-quality evidence of SCI for their product and establish their manufacturing, marketing, and distribution strategies. This is consistent with the period of time during which qualifying items and services under the Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System NTAP are considered new. We intend to monitor the process to ensure we provide the TPNIES to new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies.

Regarding the suggestion that CMS extend the window of TPNIES eligibility if the applicant can show an innovative technology has no other FDA-authorized counterpart with similar technology, we thank the commenter for this input. We did not propose this policy in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, but will take this into consideration for future rulemaking. Comment. Several national associations of dialysis stakeholders, including organizations representing LDOs and non-profit facilities, expressed support for the proposal to align the TPNIES with the new biannual Coding Cycle 2 application deadline as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website.

One commenter pointed out the alignment of the TPNIES and HCPCS processes can promote developer and manufacturer confidence by enabling them to better navigate multiple processes, specifically, marketing authorization at the FDA and HCPCS coding at CMS, both critical to bringing a product to market. Response. We appreciate the support for the proposal. Comment.

We did not receive comments on the proposed technical change to § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1). However, several commenters expressed their views about the SCI criteria. While most commenters expressed support for the use of the SCI criteria to target the increase in Medicare payments and beneficiary coinsurance to clinically meaningful and innovative items, others stated that the criteria are overly restrictive. One commenter stated that some of the SCI criteria do not seem relevant to home dialysis machines and suggested that the user-friendly nature of these devices should be considered in the SCI criteria.

Several commenters requested that CMS establish a two-way process for the review of evidence for TPNIES applicants that allows for rapid patient access to new and innovative products and that CMS provide reasonable and clear parameters in discussions with applicants on the types of evidence and studies technical expert panel reviewers want to see. Several organizations recommended that the TPNIES process follow the NTAP program and exempt home dialysis devices classified as “breakthrough” by the FDA from the SCI requirement for the two-year TPNIES period. One association asserted that requiring these devices to navigate approval processes in both the FDA and CMS creates another disincentive to parties entering the kidney care arena. Another commenter stated that evaluation of home dialysis machines is not the same as evaluation of medications by the FDA where the evidence of efficacy and safety can be readily attributed to medication exposure.

The commenter noted that, in evaluating home dialysis machines, clinical outcomes cannot be so readily attributed to the machine itself because the effect of a home dialysis prescription is a complex function of three factors. The technical specifications of the machine. The dialysis prescription. And how patients and care partners interact with the machine.

The commenter disagreed with an exclusive focus on clinical outcomes in evaluating TPNIES applications and suggested an approach that involves evaluation of whether the home dialysis machine improves access to home dialysis, the length of home dialysis, and clinical outcomes. Response. We note that the SCI criteria were put into regulation with the establishment of the TPNIES in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule. We did not propose changes to § 413.236(b)(5) beyond the technical change described previously or to the SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1).

We note that, as we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60691), since renal dialysis services are routinely furnished to hospital inpatients and outpatients, we believe the same SCI criteria should be used to assess whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply warrants additional payment under the ESRD PPS. However, we appreciate the information provided by the commenters and will take the comments regarding SCI criteria for the TPNIES into consideration in future rulemaking. Final Rule Action. After consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing the changes to § 413.236(b) introductory text, (b)(2) through (5), and (c), as proposed, with the following modification.

As we stated previously, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website.” However, we inadvertently omitted the word “items” from the proposed regulation text. In this final rule, we are adding the word “items” to § 413.236(b)(4) consistent with our proposal.Start Printed Page 71415 3. Expansion of the TPNIES for New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient a. Background In response to the proposed expansion of the TDAPA in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we received several comments regarding payment under the ESRD PPS for certain new, innovative equipment and supplies used in the treatment of ESRD.

For example, as we described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56972), a device manufacturer and device manufacturer association asked CMS to establish a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new FDA devices that have received FDA marketing authorization. They commented on the lack of new devices that have received FDA marketing authorization for use in an ESRD facility, highlighting the need to promote dialysis device innovation. Other commenters, including a professional association and a LDO urged CMS and other relevant policymakers to prioritize the development of a clear pathway to add new devices to the ESRD PPS bundled payment (83 FR 56973). A home dialysis patient group also expressed concern regarding the absence of a pathway for adding new devices to the ESRD PPS bundled payment, stating that it left investors and industry wary of investing in the development of new devices for patients.

In response, we expressed appreciation for the commenters' thoughts regarding payment for new and innovative devices, and stated that because we did not include any proposals regarding this issue in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we considered these suggestions to be beyond the scope of that rule. However, in response to this feedback, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38354 through 38355), we agreed that additional payment for certain renal dialysis equipment and supplies may be warranted under specific circumstances. We proposed to provide the TPNIES for certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies furnished by ESRD facilities, but excluded from eligibility capital-related assets, which are defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1) as assets that a provider has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which they were acquired). The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929.

Examples of capital-related assets for ESRD facilities are dialysis machines and water purification systems. As we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38354), we did not believe capital-related assets should be eligible for additional payment through the TPNIES because the cost of these items is captured in cost reports, they depreciate over time, and they are generally used for multiple patients. In addition, we noted that since the costs of these items are reported in the aggregate, there is considerable complexity in establishing a cost on a per treatment basis. For these reasons, we therefore believed capital-related assets should be excluded from eligibility for the TPNIES at that time, and we proposed an exclusion to the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b)(6).

However, we noted that CMS uses capital-related asset cost data from cost reports in regression analyses to refine the ESRD PPS so that the cost of any new capital-related assets is accounted for in the ESRD PPS payment. In response to the proposed exclusion of capital-related assets, we received comments from a device manufacturers' association, which stated that since most medical equipment is purchased as a capital-related asset, the TPNIES effectively would exclude the innovative equipment identified in the title of the adjustment. The association asserted that meaningful clinical improvements and patient experience improvements are arguably more likely to come from innovation outside single-use supplies. The association maintained that expanding the TPNIES to include medical equipment, regardless of how it is purchased by the provider, would stimulate greater investment in a broader array of new technologies for ESRD patients.

In response, we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60688) that we recognize that accounting for renal dialysis service equipment can vary depending on the individual ESRD facility's business model. For example, when the owner of the capital-related asset retains title, then the renal dialysis service equipment is a depreciable asset and depreciation expense could be itemized. When there is no ownership of the renal dialysis service equipment, then the item is recorded as an operating expense. In addition, in response to comments regarding capital leases, we noted that regulations at § 413.130(b)(1) specify that leases and rentals are includable in capital-related costs if they relate to the use of assets that would be depreciable if the provider owned them outright.

We stated that in the future, we will be closely examining the treatment of capital-related assets under Medicare, including our regulations at § 412.302 regarding capital costs in inpatient hospitals and § 413.130, as they relate to accounting for capital-related assets, including capital leases and the newly implemented guidance for finance lease arrangements, to determine if similar policies would be appropriate under the ESRD PPS. B. Additional Payment for New and Innovative Capital-related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient Following publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, in which we finalized the TPNIES policy, we continued to study the issue of payment for capital-related assets under the ESRD PPS, taking into account information from a wide variety of stakeholders and recent developments and initiatives regarding kidney care. For example, we received additional comments and information from dialysis equipment and supply manufacturers, and a Technical Expert Panel (TEP) meeting held in December 2019, regarding the need for additional payment for capital-related assets under the ESRD PPS.

We also took into account the President's Executive order, signed on July 10, 2019, aimed at transforming kidney care in America. The Executive order discussed many new initiatives, including the launch of a public awareness campaign to prevent patients from going into kidney failure and proposals for the Secretary to support research regarding preventing, treating, and slowing progression of kidney disease and encouraging the development of breakthrough technologies to provide patients suffering from kidney disease with better options for care than those that are currently available. Currently, most dialysis is furnished at ESRD facilities. In-center dialysis can be time-consuming and burdensome for patients.

In addition, the current system prioritizes payment to in-center dialysis and the goal of the agency is to incentivize in-home dialysis. A key focus of the Executive order is the effort to encourage in-home dialysis. The Executive order is available at. Https://www.whitehouse.gov/​presidential-actions/​executive-order-advancing-american-kidney-health/​.

In conjunction with the Executive order, HHS laid out three goals for improving kidney health (see https://www.hhs.gov/​about/​news/​2019/​07/​10/​hhs-launches-president-trump-Start Printed Page 71416advancing-american-kidney-health-initiative.html). Reducing the number of Americans developing ESRD by 25 percent by 2030. Having 80 percent of new ESRD patients in 2025 either receiving dialysis at home or receiving a transplant. And Doubling the number of kidneys available for transplant by 2030.

In addition, in connection with the President's Executive order, on July 10, 2019, CMS issued a proposed rule (84 FR 34478) to implement a new mandatory payment model, known as the ESRD Treatment Choices (ETC) Model, which would provide new incentives to encourage the provision of dialysis in the home. The ETC Model, which CMS finalized in a final rule published in the Federal Register on September 29, 2020 (85 FR 61114), is a mandatory payment model, focused on encouraging greater use of home dialysis and kidney transplants for ESRD beneficiaries among ESRD facilities and Managing Clinicians located in selected geographic areas. Lastly, as we noted in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, ESRD patients who receive in-center dialysis are particularly vulnerable during a PHE and other disasters, and greater use of home dialysis modalities may expose these patients to less risk. The U.S.

Is responding to an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) alcoholism that was first detected in China and which has now been detected in more than 215 countries internationally, and all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The antabuse has been named “severe acute respiratory syndrome alcoholism 2” (alcoholism) and the disease it causes has been named “alcoholism disease 2019” (`alcoholism treatment'). On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of international concern.” On January 31, 2020, the Secretary determined that a PHE exists for the U.S. To aid the nation's healthcare community in responding to alcoholism treatment and on April 21, 2020, the Secretary renewed, effective April 26, 2020, the determination that a PHE exists.

On March 11, 2020, the WHO publicly declared alcoholism treatment a antabuse. On March 13, 2020, the President of the U.S. Declared the alcoholism treatment antabuse a national emergency. As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the experience of multiple countries across the globe has demonstrated that older patients and patients with multiple comorbidities and underlying health conditions are patients who are more susceptible to the antabuse and have a higher risk of morbidity than younger patients without underlying health conditions.

Per the CDC, the risk factors for alcoholism treatment include older adults and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. Medicare's ESRD population aligns with the profile of patients who are more susceptible to alcoholism treatment. Therefore, it is important to reduce the risk of and this can be done through isolating patients from in-center exposure by encouraging home dialysis. We also noted that home dialysis would mitigate the risks associated with dialysis for these patients if the antabuse lasts longer than expected or is refractory in some way.

(1) Expansion of the TPNIES to Certain New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient In response to the President's Executive order, the various HHS home dialysis initiatives, and the particular benefits of home dialysis for ESRD beneficiaries during PHEs like the current alcoholism treatment antabuse, which we discussed in the previous section, and in consideration of the feedback we have received from stakeholders, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we agree that additional payment through the TPNIES for certain capital-related assets may be warranted under specific circumstances outlined in the proposed rule. We noted that in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60607), we specifically excluded capital-related assets from the TPNIES. In commenting on the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule, most stakeholders expressed concern that the TPNIES would exclude capital-related assets. In our response to commenters, we acknowledged that significant innovation and technology improvement is occurring with dialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis (PD) cyclers, as well as innovation in the efficiency and effectiveness of water systems.

However, at that time we did not have enough information regarding current usage of the various financial and leasing arrangements, such as those involving capital leases for depreciable assets versus operating leases recorded as operating expenses. In addition, we noted that we would need to assess methodological issues regarding depreciation to determine whether TPNIES eligibility for these items would be appropriate. We stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule that we needed to further study the specifics of the various business arrangements for equipment related to renal dialysis services. This would include items that are.

(1) Purchased in their entirety and owned as capital-related assets. (2) assets that are acquired through a capital lease arrangement. (3) equipment obtained through a finance lease and recorded as an asset per the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance on leases (Topic 842) effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018; [] or (4) equipment obtained through an operating lease and recorded as an operating expense. In addition to the variety of business arrangements, we noted, there are unknown issues relating to ownership of the item and who retains title, which may affect the equipment's maintenance expenses for capital-related assets.

Further, we noted the issue of single use versus multiple use for capital-related assets used for renal dialysis services. For example, some capital-related assets used in-center and in the home setting, such as skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and nursing facilities, may be used by multiple patients in a day, and by multiple patients over their useful lifetime. Specifically, equipment classified as capital-related assets may be refurbished and used by another patient. For example, capital-related assets used by multiple patients in a day could be Hoyer lifts to transfer patients and wheelchair scales.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we did not propose to include capital-related assets with multi-patient usage as being eligible for the TPNIES because we aimed to support the President's Executive order and HHS goals of promoting home dialysis, which involves a single machine for patient use. In addition, as we discussed earlier in this section, it is more complicated to develop a per treatment payment amount for those items. However, we sought comments on this aspect of our proposal, and stated our intention to gather additional information about how ESRD facilities obtain their capital-related assets that have multi-patient usage in future meetings with the TEP. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that as we further studied this issue, we determined that one business arrangement, that is, where the capital-related assets are purchased in their entirety and owned as capital-related assets, could be considered for Start Printed Page 71417TPNIES eligibility.

We noted that we continued to analyze other business arrangements, but we understood this arrangement is more straightforward due to ownership being clear, retained at the end of the TPNIES period, and on the facility's balance sheet. CMS' intent would be to pay for assets that are owned, whether purchased or attained through a capital lease. The entity who holds the title to the asset is the legal owner. At the end of the TPNIES period, the entity retains ownership of the asset.

We stated we would not pay the TPNIES for equipment that is leased, as the ESRD facility has no ownership rights. We stated that we believe this is an appropriate initial step to support home dialysis. In support of the HHS goals and initiatives to increase home dialysis following the President's Executive order, we proposed to provide the TPNIES for eligible new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home. We would limit the payment for new and innovative dialysis machines to those used for home dialysis in order to target the additional payment through the TPNIES to equipment that supports the various home dialysis initiatives currently underway, as discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this section of this final rule.

As more ESRD patients and their nephrologists and other clinicians opt for home dialysis modalities, we would seek to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to HD and PD home dialysis machines. As we explained in prior ESRD PPS rules establishing the TDAPA and TPNIES, ESRD facilities face unique challenges in incorporating new renal dialysis drugs, biological products, equipment and supplies into their businesses and these add-on payment adjustments are intended to support ESRD facilities' use of new technologies during the uptake period for these new products. To codify our proposals for expanding the TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we proposed further revisions to § 413.236, in addition to the revisions finalized earlier in section II.B.2 of this final rule. Specifically, we proposed to revise the heading at § 413.236(a) and add paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to distinguish this paragraph as both the “basis and definitions.” We proposed to define “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2) as an asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired) and is subject to depreciation.

Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets. This proposed definition was based on the definition of “depreciable assets” in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1). The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929. We proposed to define “home dialysis machines” at § 413.236(a)(2) as hemodialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis cyclers in their entirety, meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new, that receive FDA marketing authorization for home use and when used in the home for a single patient.

FDA provides a separate marketing authorization for equipment intended for home use, and our proposal was focused on supporting efforts to increase home dialysis. We proposed to define “particular calendar year” at § 413.236(a)(2) as the year in which the payment adjustment specified in paragraph (d) of § 413.236 would take effect. We also proposed to include definitions for the terms “depreciation,” “straight-line depreciation method,” and “useful life,” which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(2) of this final rule. We proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(6) to provide an exception to the general exclusion for capital-related assets from eligibility for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the other eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b).

We also proposed to remove “that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired)” in § 413.236(b)(6) since we proposed a separate definition for “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2). Under the proposal, we continued to exclude other capital-related assets from the TPNIES that are not home dialysis machines when used in the home because those items would not be advancing HHS's goal of increasing home dialysis. Examples of capital-related assets that would continue to be excluded from TPNIES are water purification systems and dialysis machines when they are used in-center. We stated that we continue to believe we should not provide additional payment for these capital-related assets because the cost of these items are captured in cost reports and reported in the aggregate, depreciate over time, are generally used for multiple patients and, most importantly, it would not support the goal of increasing use of home dialysis.

However, capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home are intended for use by a single patient and can be reported on a per treatment basis on the ESRD facility's claim. These characteristics provide for a simple methodology for aligning the use of the asset with the per treatment TPNIES payment. As we stated previously in this section, we did not propose to expand the TPNIES eligibility to in-center dialysis machines or home dialysis machines when they are used in-center. Currently, our focus is promoting the increase in home dialysis rather than in-center dialysis.

In addition, in-center dialysis machines are used by multiple patients each day and would require additional analysis, along with 72X claims and cost report modifications, in order to provide payment. For this same reason, we did not propose to provide the TPNIES for home dialysis machines when they are used in SNFs and nursing facilities that are used by multiple patients each day. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we believe the SCI criteria required under § 413.236(b)(5), with our proposed revisions, and the process used to evaluate SCI currently applicable to TPNIES equipment and supplies are also appropriate for identifying new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines that are worthy of temporary additional payment under the ESRD PPS. This approach would provide consistent criteria and evaluation for all equipment and supplies that are potentially eligible for the TPNIES.

In addition, we noted that we want to ensure we do not pay the TPNIES for new home dialysis machines that are substantially similar to existing machines and not truly innovative. We proposed to utilize the determination process we established in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule for the TPNIES and those requirements we proposed to revise in section II.B.2 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. That is, pursuant to § 413.236(c), interested parties would submit all information necessary for determining that the home dialysis machine meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria listed in § 413.236(b). This would include FDA marketing authorization information, the HCPCS application information, and studies submitted as part of these two standardized processes, an approximate date of commercial availability, and any information necessary for SCI criteria evaluation.

For example, clinical trials, Start Printed Page 71418peer reviewed journal articles, study results, meta-analyses, systematic literature reviews, and any other appropriate information sources can be considered. We noted, for purposes of determining whether the home dialysis machine is new under § 413.236(b)(2), we would look at the date the machine is granted marketing authorization by FDA for home use. We stated that, using our current process at § 413.236(c), we would provide a description of the new home dialysis machine and pertinent facts in the ESRD PPS proposed rule so the public may comment on them and then publish the results in this ESRD PPS final rule. We would consider whether the new home dialysis machine meets the eligibility criteria specified in the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b) and announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual updates and changes to the ESRD PPS.

Per § 413.236(c), we would only consider, for additional payment using the TPNIES for a particular calendar year, an application for a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine we receive by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year. If the application is not received by February 1, the application would be denied and the applicant would need to reapply within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in order to be considered for the TPNIES, in accordance with the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b)(2). We noted, applicants are expected to submit information on the price of their home dialysis machine as part of the TPNIES application. While we recognize this information is proprietary, CMS requests this information along with the equipment or supply's projected utilization.

For example, under our proposed revisions to § 413.236, in order for a particular home dialysis machine to be eligible for the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS beginning in CY 2022, CMS must receive a complete application meeting our requirements no later than February 1, 2021. FDA marketing authorization and submission of the HCPCS Level II code application for Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services must occur as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website. We would include a discussion of the new capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule and the CMS final determination would be announced in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS final rule. If the home dialysis machine qualifies for the TPNIES, the payment adjustment would begin January 1, 2022 with a miscellaneous code and the designated HCPCS code would be effective April 1, 2022.

In accordance with § 413.236(c), the CMS TPNIES final determinations for CY 2021 are presented in section II.C of this final rule. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed expansion of the TPNIES to include certain home dialysis machines are set forth below. Comment. Most commenters generally supported expanding the eligibility for TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines and provided suggestions on ways to improve the proposal.

However, MedPAC and LDOs did not support the proposal. MedPAC and other commenters stated that, instead of paying the TPNIES for new home dialysis machines, CMS should address the clinical and nonclinical factors known to affect home dialysis use. They stated that CMS's proposal to expand the TPNIES as proposed would undermine the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment and limit the competitive forces that generate price reductions. They stated that if CMS proceeds with the proposal, eligible equipment should be innovative and payment should not be duplicative.

They urged CMS to take more time and engage the industry to develop a comprehensive policy and indicated there were more meaningful ways to support the Executive order. One LDO commented that access to home dialysis machines is not currently a roadblock to home therapy, and proposed add-on payments to purchase home machines will not address any of the real barriers to home dialysis or further the goals of the Executive order. Another LDO expressed concerns about the proposed exclusion of dialysis machines used in-center and urged CMS to expand the capital-related assets policy before it is finalized. However, several device manufacturers and a home dialysis patient organization urged CMS to not make patients wait over a year to have access to the newest innovative home dialysis machines.

Instead, they proposed that CMS, in the final rule, allow a new application submission period to consider applicants under the capital-related home dialysis machines pathway for eligibility for payment beginning April 1, 2021, and provide for a 30-day comment period. They believe proceeding in such a way would satisfy the Administrative Procedure Act requirements for notice and comment and put CMS on a faster pathway to success in meeting the rapidly growing demand from patients for home dialysis, given the alcoholism treatment antabuse, by providing them with new options to perform treatments safely and easily in their homes. The patient organization noted that patients need choices and, currently, if a patient fails to thrive on a home dialysis machine, often the patient has no choice but to return to in-center dialysis. The patient organization stated that new home dialysis machines in the pipeline will be critical to achieving the Executive order goal of moving dialysis patients home.

Another commenter urged CMS to act boldly and without delay. Response. In order to support the goals of the Executive order, we believe that providing the TPNIES for new and innovative home dialysis machines is a good start because it will increase home dialysis by leading to technological change in those machines, which will make a difference in patient-related outcomes and long-term adherence to home dialysis. For example, beneficiary feedback reveals that one of the most significant drawbacks to home dialysis is fear of self-cannulation.

Despite training, this remains a significant drawback. A new and innovative home dialysis machine that is able to cannulate the dialysis recipient would substantially improve the treatment of ESRD beneficiaries and be a huge advancement toward increasing home dialysis. With regard to the suggestion that we issue the final rule with a comment period in order to accept new applications for capital-related home dialysis machines for payment eligibility beginning April 1, 2021, we note that our process of evaluating substantial clinical improvement is lengthy. An IFC published in November 2020, and accepting applications for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines used in the home by February 1, 2021, with a payment eligibility date of April 1, 2021 would not provide adequate time for review of SCI.

We note that a commenter indicated there at least 3 home dialysis machines currently under development. Providing eligibility for home dialysis machines earlier than our proposed effective date would give an unfair advantage to the current applicant that has already received FDA marketing authorization for home use. Had the other companies known about an earlier effective date, they may have altered their testing protocols and marketing plans. We thank MedPAC and the LDOs for their comments and share their concern about maintaining the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

We have tried to strike a balance between supporting the uptake of new and Start Printed Page 71419innovative home dialysis machines that demonstrate substantial clinical improvement, while maintaining the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment. As discussed later in this section, as part of our final methodology, we are offsetting the TPNIES payment for home dialysis machines used in the home by $9.32, the amount currently included in the base rate for the dialysis machine. Regarding the expansion of capital-related assets to include in-center dialysis machines, at this time we are striving to support the Executive order for payment incentives for greater use of home dialysis. Comment.

Several commenters, including both LDOs and small dialysis organizations, asked CMS to affirm in the final rule that the TPNIES will attach to the device and not to the initial patient utilizing the device. They acknowledged that CMS seeks to develop a policy for home dialysis machines that are used by a single patient, however, they pointed out that it is the current standard of care and practice that such home dialysis machines are repurposed during their lifetimes to serve successive patients who have the exclusive use of the machine while it is in the patient's custody. They asked CMS to affirm in the final rule that a facility may continue to claim the TPNIES for that specific device until the facility reaches the maximum allowable TPNIES amount pursuant to the adopted methodology. The organization of LDOs also recommended that CMS modify the policy to ensure that ESRD facilities are held harmless for missed treatments.

The commenter stated that the proposed methodology ties TPNIES to the per-treatment claim for a patient. If a patient misses a treatment, whether due to personal choice, hospitalization, travel, or otherwise, the facility will lose a portion of the TPNIES payment. They suggested that CMS consider an alternate methodology that would allow providers to continue to claim these TPNIES payments for missed treatments. For example, they suggested that CMS could allow each facility to continue to claim the TPNIES payment on an ongoing basis until the facility reaches the maximum allowable TPNIES amount pursuant to the adopted methodology.

Response. The TPNIES is paid based on the HCPCS code and as such is attached to the device, when the HCPCS code is billed. In addition, we are aware that patients may, for various reasons, no longer require the home dialysis machine, or may become unable to do home dialysis, and that, when a patient no longer uses the home dialysis machine, the machine may be refurbished and given to another home patient. With regard to the suggestion that facilities bill Medicare for the machine even though it wasn't used because the treatment was not furnished, it is not appropriate for payment purposes since payment is only made for services furnished and when the device is used.

Such an approach would not comport with the False Claims Act. We note that the calculated TPNIES amount based on the invoice, is not a guarantee for a maximum allowable reimbursement. Payment is tied to the dialysis treatment provided. If the machine is purchased and not used in a treatment, the TPNIES is not paid.

The TPNIES is a payment adjustment to the ESRD PPS base rate and is dependent on the ESRD facility providing the dialysis treatment. Comment. One commenter stated that although the phrase “in the home for a single patient” is clear, the phrase causes confusion about whether CMS is encouraging on-site dialysis in a SNF. The commenter noted that in the ESRD Treatment Choices payment model proposal, CMS included condition code 80 (home dialysis furnished in a SNF or nursing facility) in its definition of home dialysis, suggesting that CMS recognizes that dialysis in a SNF ought to be classified as home dialysis—on par with home dialysis in a private residence.

However, the commenter stated that CMS's proposal seems to take the position that the TPNIES expansion will not apply to on-site dialysis in the SNF, apparently because a single machine there may be used by multiple patients. The commenter recommended that, if the concern is that a single machine may be used by multiple patients, resulting in excess payment to the ESRD facility, then CMS could reduce the TPNIES amount by a factor commensurate with the average number of treated patients per machine. The commenter stated that it is in the interest of CMS and patients alike to promote on-site dialysis in the SNF and recommended using the TPNIES expansion to do so. Response.

It is our longstanding policy [] under the ESRD PPS (and the composite rate system that preceded it) that a skilled nursing facility (SNF) or a nursing facility (NF) can be considered a patient's home for dialysis. As a result, ESRD facilities may furnish home dialysis to individual patients who are residing in these facilities. Therefore, for purposes of the TPNIES, our longstanding policy holds. That is, ESRD facilities may furnish home dialysis to patients residing in SNFs and NFs, and we would provide the TPNIES for home dialysis machines when they are used in SNFs and NFs and are used by a single patient.

Per the 1981 Committee on United States Senate Finance Report,[] home dialysis machines were intended for single patient use. While we have provided additional flexibilities [] during the current PHE for ESRD facilities to furnish in-center dialysis to groups of ESRD patients residing in SNFs or NFs, we would not provide the TPNIES for the use of home dialysis machines for multiple patients. Comment. We received comments from stakeholders across the ESRD industry asking that CMS consider other factors that are critical to successful home dialysis as we assess innovative home dialysis machines for TPNIES eligibility.

For example, one commenter stated that some of these machines may require patients to have internet and broadband services so that data can easily transfer from the patient's home to the ESRD facility managing the home dialysis. The commenter stated that in rural areas particularly, access to internet and broadband services may be challenging and patients in rural areas in many ways could most benefit from new access to innovative home dialysis machines, which could help them avoid frequent extended travel times to and from ESRD facilities to receive in-center treatment. Another commenter recommended expansion of the TPNIES to include water and sewer systems, explaining that innovation in the efficiency and effectiveness of water systems would both improve patient quality of care, as well as reduce costs for facilities and reduce the amount of water that ESRD facilities currently waste, helping to preserve the nation's water supply. One organization expressed appreciation that CMS is refining TPNIES and considering ways to include some capital-related assets in the TPNIES policy, but stated the final rule should recognize the option for other capital-related assets to qualify for the TPNIES potentially in the future.

The organization asked that CMS gather Start Printed Page 71420additional information about home dialysis machines that may be eligible for the TPNIES, as well as other types of capital-related assets, and construct a policy that supports the TPNIES for more than one narrow type of product. The organization suggested that we seek additional information about how ESRD facilities obtain their capital-related assets that have multi-patient usage through a request for information, as well as convening a technical expert panel(s). An LDO and LDO organization stated that the TPNIES policy should be focused on transition payment for new equipment that represents SCI, and not skewed by site of service. They stated that to combine the requirement for SCI with an in-home only requirement would likely discourage investment in new technology, undercutting the entire TPNIES policy.

They also agreed, stating that the ESRD program's fundamental purpose is to service all patients. The LDO urged CMS not to establish a policy that benefits only those ESRD patients who are clinically suited for and have the social support structure necessary to elect home dialysis. Rather, CMS should adopt a comprehensive TPNIES capital-related expenses policy that supports technological advances across all treatment modalities and provides adequate and sustained payment upon a TPNIES's expiration. They encouraged CMS to establish a working group or a TEP to inform the development of a broader TPNIES eligibility to include in-center capital-related assets.

We received many comments from patient groups, device manufacturers, dialysis organizations, health plans and a pharmacy regarding the requirement that the home dialysis machine must be owned by the ESRD facility and not leased equipment. One commenter stated that financial incentives for acquiring breakthrough dialysis innovations should not be limited only to the facilities that have the financial reserves to outright purchase this equipment, that is, the larger dialysis providers in the marketplace. They stated that smaller and medium-size ESRD facilities may lack the capital to be able to purchase the latest home dialysis technologies, and thus may prefer to rely on operating leases to obtain it. A pharmacy stated that smaller and medium-size facilities and their patients must not be disadvantaged compared to larger facilities with regard to financial incentives to propel use of the latest, clinically optimal home dialysis equipment.

The pharmacy commented that facilities might choose to obtain the new home dialysis devices via operating leases because technical support services are available under that arrangement, which benefits both the facility and the patient. In addition, operating leases can provide clinics the ability to more quickly scale and increase the volume of available new devices, as more patients choose home therapies. They believe these business arrangements complement the accelerated trend toward home dialysis, and therefore should be supported under the TPNIES policy. Another commenter urged CMS to consider business arrangements other than outright purchase of home dialysis machines and equipment, stating that many facilities maintain subscriptions with manufacturers or lease equipment, and the commenter believes that these arrangements should be accounted for under TPNIES.

Response. We thank the commenters for their suggestions. We will take these suggestions under consideration for future rulemaking. We believe it is appropriate to implement a narrow capital-related asset eligibility under the TPNIES at this time to advance the goals of the Executive order.

We believe we will gain valuable information through implementation of the TPNIES for home dialysis machines that are owned in their entirety by the ESRD facility and used for a single patient. We are continuing to analyze and consider how to account for depreciation for multi-patient use machines and other capital-related assets, such as water and sewer systems. We will also consider the commenters' suggestion regarding a TEP or RFI to get information from ESRD facilities about the machines they use and how they acquire them. When there is no ownership of the renal dialysis service equipment, then the item is recorded as an operating expense.

Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets. The proposed definition of capital-related assets is based on the definition of “depreciable assets” in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1). The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929. We did not propose to make an add-on payment adjustment for operating expenses, but appreciate the suggestion and will consider it in future rulemaking.

We appreciate the suggestions that we consider other factors than SCI for TPNIES eligibility and allow the TPNIES for in-center treatments. While we considered other factors than SCI for TPNIES eligibility, our focus on the beneficiary and clinical improvement was a primary factor. As we stated previously in the background section of this final rule, at this point we believe it is important we use the same criteria used under the NTAP so there are consistent standards for manufacturers and CMS. At this time, our focus is on supporting the goals of the Executive order to increase home dialysis as opposed to in-center dialysis.

Comment. A health plan expressed appreciation for CMS's efforts to encourage innovation through new technology payments, and especially supported the proposed addition of in-home dialysis equipment to the TPNIES program, as there has been very little innovation in this arena in the past decade. However, the health plan expressed concern about the financial barriers to ESRD facilities adopting new technology. As an example, the commenter stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System described in section II.C of this final rule can cost approximately $40,000 which is twice the cost of alternative home dialysis systems.

The health plan explained that, although there may be benefits to the new Tablo® system, the cost is financially prohibitive to many small ESRD facilities. Even if the system (or components of the system) are approved for the new technology add-on payment adjustment, CMS will only pay for 65 percent of the cost, leaving the remainder to be covered by the dialysis provider. They stated that this arrangement will be cost-prohibitive for most small and rural dialysis providers and will discourage the use of new technology. The health plan is also concerned that providing new technology add-on payment adjustments will discourage other companies from developing similar, less expensive alternatives until the add-on period has ended.

They believe it is imperative for CMS to encourage both competition and innovation. Response. The intent of the TPNIES is to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of new and innovative equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS that provide substantial clinical improvements to patients, which will facilitate beneficiary access to those renal dialysis equipment and supplies. Additionally, consistent with CMS's longstanding goals, our goal with the TPNIES policy is to support better care at lower costs.

We expect ESRD facilities to be judicious in the selection of new machines, balancing the cost of the machine with the promised clinical Start Printed Page 71421improvement the machine would provide. We also expect increased competition for market share through both lower acquisition costs and TPNIES dollars will enhance access to machines providing clinical improvement for ESRD patients. We disagree that improvements would not occur when the TPNIES is being paid for a particular home dialysis machine. We anticipate that manufacturers will continue to develop equipment that can compete for market share.

While we do not control what manufacturers charge ESRD facilities, as new machines in the development pipeline come to market, there is likely to be significant competition among manufacturers which should lead to lower prices as the manufacturers compete for the home dialysis market. Comment. Another commenter strongly encouraged CMS to include the perspectives of current home dialysis patients in its evaluation of new home dialysis machines. The commenter stated that CMS staff, nephrologists, allied health care professionals, and epidemiologists cannot collectively evaluate whether machines are truly innovative and truly life-changing if patient perspectives are not solicited.

The commenter stated that, while patients are often invited to submit letters during a public comment period following a proposed rule at the behest of manufacturers, these letters often involve formulaic content, not personal perspectives. The commenter asserted that most patients are unaware of rulemaking and do not submit comments. The commenter advised CMS to convene a TEP that includes patients to evaluate each application and encouraged town hall forums for active patient input. Response.

We appreciate the commenter's input regarding patient perspective. The TPNIES payment was modeled after the IPPS NTAP system, which process includes a public meeting. We did not have a public meeting as part of the TPNIES this first year, but a public meeting for future TPNIES applications could draw the patient participation and perspective the commenter suggests and we will consider adding a patient representative to the workgroup that reviews TPNIES applications in future rulemaking. Final Rule Action.

After consideration of public comments, we are finalizing the revision to § 413.236(b)(6) to provide an exception to the general exclusion for capital-related assets from eligibility for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the other eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b), as proposed. We are also finalizing the revision to the heading at § 413.236(a) and the addition of the paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to distinguish this paragraph as both the “basis and definitions.” We are finalizing the definitions for “capital-related asset,” “depreciable assets,” “particular calendar year,” “depreciation,” “straight-line depreciation method,” and “useful life,” which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(2) of this final rule, as proposed. With regard to the definition of “home dialysis machines,” we are revising the proposed definition to include parentheses to make the sentence more readable in the preamble and the regulation text. We are also finalizing the removal of “that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired)” in § 413.236(b)(6), as proposed, since we are finalizing a separate definition for “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2) as discussed below.

(2) Pricing of New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home As we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692), we are not aware of pricing compendia currently available to price renal dialysis equipment and supplies for the TPNIES. We also noted that, unlike new renal dialysis drugs and biological products eligible for the TDAPA, ASP and WAC pricing do not exist for renal dialysis equipment and supplies, including capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines. In addition, as we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692), ESRD facility charges are gross values. That is, charges before the application of allowances and discounts deductions.

We believe the TPNIES payment amount should reflect the discounts, rebates and other allowances the ESRD facility (or its parent company) receives. These terms are defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 8).[] If the TPNIES payment amount does not reflect discounts, rebates and other allowances, the price would likely exceed the facility's cost for the item and result in higher co-insurance obligations for beneficiaries. For this reason, in § 413.236(e), we established an invoice-based approach for MACs to use on behalf of CMS to price new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that meet the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES. We require the MACs to establish a price, using verifiable information from the following sources of information, if available.

(1) The invoice amount, facility charges for the item, discounts, allowances, and rebates. (2) the price established for the item by other MACs and the sources of information used to establish that price. (3) payment amounts determined by other payers and the information used to establish those payment amounts. And (4) charges and payment amounts required for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant.

As discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692 through 60693), in order to maintain consistency with the IPPS NTAP payment policy and to mitigate the Medicare expenditures incurred as a result of the TPNIES, we finalized a policy at § 413.236(d) to base the TPNIES payment on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price. As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42148 through 42149), we believe that the invoice-based approach established for the TPNIES also should be applied to capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines, which are the focus of the TPNIES expansion. However, capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient are depreciable assets as defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104), which defines depreciation as “that amount which represents a portion of the depreciable asset's cost or other basis which is allocable to a period of operation.” The Provider Reimbursement Manual provides the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant's definition of depreciation as a process of cost allocation. €œDepreciation accounting is a system of accounting which aims to distribute the cost or other basic value of tangible capital assets, less salvage (if any), over the estimated useful life of the unit (which may be a group of assets) in a systematic and rational manner.

It is a process of allocation, not of valuation. Depreciation for the year is the portion of the total charge under such a system that is allocated to the year.” Because capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient are depreciable assets, we proposed to apply a 5-year straight-line depreciation method to determine the basis of the TPNIES for these items. The Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, Start Printed Page 71422section 116.1) discusses the straight-line depreciation method as a method where the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life. Section 104.17 of the Provider Reimbursement Manual discusses that the useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the provider, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life.

Further, the manual provides that under the Medicare program, only the American Hospital Association (AHA) guidelines may be used in selecting a proper useful life for computing depreciation. Using the Provider Reimbursement Manual definitions as the basis, we proposed to define the following terms at § 413.236(a)(2). €œdepreciation” as the amount that represents a portion of the capital-related asset's cost and that is allocable to a period of operation. €œstraight-line depreciation method” as a method in accounting in which the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life.

And “useful life” as the estimated useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the ESRD facility, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life. In keeping with the Medicare policy, we proposed to rely on the AHA guidelines to determine the useful life of a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine. That is, the useful life of a home dialysis machine is 5 years. Since we proposed a methodology using the Provider Reimbursement Manual's guidance, we believe these terms are appropriate to codify for purposes of calculating the price of a home dialysis machine that is a capital-related asset.

That is, under § 413.236(e), MACs, on behalf of CMS, would establish prices, using verifiable information as described above, for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient that meet the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b). This price would be the only element used to determine the total cost basis for applying the straight-line depreciation method. For example, we would exclude financing, sales tax, freight, installation and testing, excise taxes, legal or accounting fees, and maintenance. This specific price element would act as the proxy for the all-encompassing cost basis in other accounting methodologies.

Using the straight-line depreciation method, we would divide the MAC-determined price by the useful life of the capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine when used in the home for a single patient. The resulting number is the annual allowance. We considered other depreciation methods, such as units of production and accelerated depreciation methods such as double declining balance and sum-of-the-years-digits, but concluded that these methods would be more complex to implement and that the simpler method would be preferable for the calculation of an add-on payment adjustment. In addition, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that since we are not reimbursing the cost of the equipment, nor are we revising the ESRD PPS at the end of the two-year add-on payment period, based on the information gathered, we believe this policy is appropriate for encouraging and supporting the uptake of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies.

In order to determine the basis of payment for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we proposed certain additional steps that MACs would take after determining the price to develop the TPNIES per treatment payment amount. That is, we proposed to add paragraph (f) to § 413.236 to establish the pricing for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient that meet the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b). We proposed in § 413.236(f)(1) that, using the price determined under § 413.236(e), the MACs would follow a 2-step methodology for calculating a pre-adjusted per treatment amount. Under the first step, the MACs would determine the annual allowance that represents the amount of the MAC-determined price that is allocable to 1 year.

To calculate the annual allowance, we proposed that the MACs would use the straight-line depreciation method by dividing the MAC-determined price by the useful life of the home dialysis machine. In accordance with the straight-line depreciation method, the MAC would divide the MAC-determined price by 5 (the useful life for dialysis machines established by the AHA is 5 years). Under the second step, the MACs would calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance by the expected number of treatments to yield a pre-adjusted per treatment amount. That is, the MACs would establish a pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance by the number of treatments expected to be furnished in a year.

For home dialysis machines that are expected to be used 3 times per week, the annual number of treatments is 156 (3 treatments/week × 52 weeks = 156 treatments/year). We noted, for purposes of calculating this TPNIES add-on payment adjustment, MACs do not determine the number of expected treatments. This information will be provided by CMS through the Change Request. (a) Alternative To Offset the Pre-Adjusted Per Treatment Amount In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49075), we stated that when we computed the ESRD PPS base rate, we used the composite rate payments made under Part B in 2007 for dialysis in computing the ESRD PPS base rate.

These are identified in Table 19 of the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49075) as “composite rate services.” Sections 1881(b)(14)(A)(i) and 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act specify the renal dialysis services that must be included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, which includes items and services that were part of the composite rate for renal dialysis services as of December 31, 2010. As we indicated in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed rule (74 FR 49928), the case-mix adjusted composite payment system represents a limited PPS for a bundle of outpatient renal dialysis services that includes maintenance dialysis treatments and all associated services including historically defined dialysis-related drugs, laboratory tests, equipment, supplies and staff time (74 FR 49928). In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49062), we noted that total composite rate costs in the per treatment calculation included costs incurred for training expenses, as well as all home dialysis costs. In addition, as we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42150 through 42151), these composite rate payments, and consequently the ESRD PPS base rate, include an amount associated with the costs of capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines.

As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe that capital-related assets are distinguishable from drugs and biological products and supplies, which are single-use or disposable items, whereas ESRD facilities can continually use a home dialysis machine past its expected useful life and for multiple patients (consecutively). Therefore, we stated that an offset of the proposed TPNIES pre-adjusted per treatment amount may be warranted so that the TPNIES would cover the estimated marginal costs of new and innovative home dialysis machines. That is, ESRD facilities using the new and innovative Start Printed Page 71423home dialysis machine would receive a per treatment payment to cover some of the cost of the new machine per treatment minus a per treatment payment amount that we estimate to be included in the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that they already own. To account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own, we considered an alternative to our proposal that would include an additional step to calculating the TPNIES.

That is, we would apply an offset to the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. We noted in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that if we were to adopt an offset in the final rule, we would add language to the proposed § 413.236(f) specifying the methodology used to compute the offset and its place—the final step—in the computation of the TPNIES for new and innovative home dialysis machines that meet the eligibility criteria. (b) Methodology for Estimating Home Machine and Equipment Cost Per Home Treatment In order to establish the value of the offset, which would be an estimate of an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment to use as the offset amount, we proposed the following methodology. First, we would estimate annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost and treatment counts from cost reports for each ESRD facility for 2018.

Next, we would compute an HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage for each ESRD facility by dividing the annualized HD-equivalent home treatment counts by the annualized HD-equivalent treatment counts across all modalities. Then we would apply the home dialysis treatment percentage to the annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost to derive an estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost for each ESRD facility. Next, we would aggregate the home dialysis machine and equipment costs and the HD-equivalent home treatment counts to derive an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment across all ESRD facilities. Finally, we would inflate the 2018 average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home treatment to 2021 using the ESRDB market basket update less productivity for CY 2019, CY 2020, and CY 2021, and scale the costs to ESRD PPS payments using the ratio of total cost per treatment for CY 2021, which is obtained by scaling the CY 2018 cost per treatment to CY 2021 using the ESRDB market basket update less productivity for CY 2019, CY 2020, and CY 2021, to the total ESRD PPS payment per treatment projected for CY 2021.

We would obtain annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost and treatment counts from freestanding and hospital-based ESRD cost reports. For independent/freestanding ESRD facilities, we would use renal facility cost reports (CMS form 265-11). We would obtain dialysis machine and equipment cost [] from Worksheet B, Column 4, and sum up Lines 8.01 through 17.02. We would obtain dialysis treatment counts by modality from Worksheet D, Column 1, Lines 1 through 10.

Since home continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) treatment counts are reported in patient weeks, we would multiply them by 3 to get HD-equivalent counts. Finally, we would aggregate all home dialysis treatment counts to obtain each ESRD facility's HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts and we would aggregate the treatment counts to obtain each freestanding ESRD facility's HD-equivalent dialysis treatment counts for all modalities. For hospital-based ESRD facilities, we would use hospital cost reports (CMS form 2552-10). We would obtain dialysis machine and equipment cost from Worksheet I-2, Column 2, and then sum up Lines 2 through 11.

We would derive dialysis treatment counts by modality from Worksheet I-4, Column 1, Lines 1 through 10. Home Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis treatment counts are reported in patient weeks, so we would multiply them by 3 to get HD-equivalent counts. We would aggregate all home treatment counts to obtain each hospital-based ESRD facility's HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts. Then we would aggregate all treatment counts to obtain each hospital-based ESRD facility's HD-equivalent dialysis treatment counts for all modalities.

We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that using this methodology for both freestanding and hospital-based ESRD facilities would result in an offset of $9.23. We noted that if we were to adopt this approach, the MAC would apply this additional step in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. That is, the MAC would offset the pre-adjusted per treatment amount by deducting $9.23 to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own. We stated that we believe this methodology would provide an approximation of the cost of the home dialysis machine in the base rate.

Further, we noted that we believe deducting this amount from the calculated pre-adjusted per treatment amount would be reasonable because the beneficiary would not be using two home dialysis machines at the same time and at the end of the 2 years, the ESRD facility would retain ownership of the asset, specifically, the home dialysis machine. We solicited comments on this alternative approach to apply an offset to the proposed pre-adjusted per treatment amount and specifically solicited comments on the methodology we would use to compute the value of the offset. Finally, consistent with the policies finalized last year in § 413.236(d) for the TPNIES, we proposed to revise § 413.236(d) to reflect that we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. That is, as discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692 through 60693), we finalized a policy to base the TPNIES payment on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price in order to maintain consistency with the IPPS NTAP payment policy and to mitigate the Medicare expenditures incurred as a result of the TPNIES.

Therefore, we proposed to pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount for these machines. For example, for a home dialysis machine that has a MAC-determined price of $25,000 and a 5-year useful life, using the proposed straight-line depreciation method, the annual allowance would equate to $5,000 per year. At 156 treatments per year, the pre-adjusted per treatment amount is $32.05 ($5,000/156) and 65 percent of that amount equals a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $20.83 ($32.05 × .65). We noted that, currently, the useful life of 5 years and the expected number of treatments of 156 is fixed since these variables have been established by CMS.

That is, as we discussed previously in this section with regard to the use of the AHA Start Printed Page 71424guidance that dialysis machines have a 5-year useful life. With regard to the expected number of treatments, this is based on the current payment policy of 3 treatments per week. Under the alternative proposal, we would reduce the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount ($32.05) by $9.23 to offset the amount for a dialysis machine included in the base rate ($32.05−$9.23 = $22.82). Then 65 percent of that amount would equal a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $14.83 ($22.82 × .65).

We explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that in the future, if an innovative home dialysis machine is designed to require fewer treatments per week relative to existing machines, MACs, using the same methodology could account for fewer treatments in the denominator in the calculation of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. This change to the denominator would allow the total TPNIES amount paid at the end of the year to be equivalent to the annual allowance and we would then proceed with the calculation to achieve the targeted 65 percent of that annual allowance. For a PD cycler that is used 7 times per week, the annual allowance for TPNIES would remain at $5,000 per year. A daily modality, or 7 treatments per week, equals 364 treatments per year (7 treatments per week × 52 weeks = 364 treatments per year).

The annual allowance (numerator) would be divided by the number of treatments (denominator). At 364 treatments per year, the pre-adjusted per treatment amount would be $13.74 ($5,000/364 treatments = $13.74). And 65 percent of that amount would yield a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment of $8.93. Under the alternative proposal, we would reduce the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount ($13.74) by an offset to reflect the amount for a dialysis machine included in the base rate.

We would apply the HD-equivalency calculation, that is used to convert PD treatments for payment purposes, to the offset since the per treatment amount in this example is a daily modality. Therefore, the offset would be $3.96 ($9.23*(3/7) = $27.69/7 = $3.96). Then the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount would be $9.51 ($13.47−$3.96 = $9.51). Then 65 percent of that amount would equal a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $6.18 ($9.51 × .65 = $6.18).

The methodology is the same. The two variables, regardless of modality, are. (1) The cost of the machine used to calculate annual allowance (2) the number of treatments the machine is expected to deliver per year. We invited public comment on using the proposed and alternative method for determining the pricing of capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b), including the revisions discussed in section II.B.3.b.(1) of this final rule.

Consistent with the TPNIES policy and in accordance with § 413.236(d)(1), we proposed that we would apply the TPNIES for these home dialysis machines for 2-calendar years from the effective date of the change request, which would coincide with the effective date of a future CY ESRD PPS final rule. In the change request we would specify that the add-on payment adjustment would be applicable to home dialysis treatments and provide the billing guidance on how to report the miscellaneous code for the eligible item on the claim until a permanent HCPCS is available. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe the duration of the application of the TPNIES for all equipment and supplies determined eligible for this payment adjustment should be consistent, and that 2 years would be a sufficient timeframe for ESRD facilities to set up or adjust business practices so that there is seamless access to the new and innovative home dialysis machines. In addition, we noted that in light of the current alcoholism treatment antabuse, stakeholders are increasingly aware of the importance of having home dialysis readily available and in place to prevent ESRD patients from being exposed to asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic s that contribute to alcoholism treatment transmission by having to utilize in-center dialysis.

We further stated that we believe that providing the TPNIES for 2 years for these machines would address the stakeholders' concerns regarding additional payment to account for higher cost of more new and innovative home dialysis machines that they believe may not be adequately captured by the dollars allocated in the ESRD PPS base rate. That is, we believe that the TPNIES would help remove barriers to market penetration and foster competition with other dialysis machines that are already on the market. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we noted that this proposal would increase Medicare expenditures, which would result in increases to ESRD beneficiary co-insurance, since we have not previously provided a payment adjustment for any capital-related assets in the past. However, to support HHS's goals and initiatives to increase home dialysis and the President's Executive order of July 10, 2019, we stated that we believe that the proposed expansion of the TPNIES to capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient would be appropriate to support ESRD facility uptake in furnishing new and innovative renal dialysis equipment to ESRD patients.

We noted that the intent of the proposed TPNIES for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home would be to provide a transition period to support ESRD facility use of these machines when they are new and innovative to the market. We stated that, at this time, we do not believe that it would be appropriate to add dollars to the ESRD PPS base rate for new and innovative home dialysis machines because, as noted previously, the ESRD PPS base rate includes the cost of equipment and supplies used to furnish a dialysis treatment. While we would monitor renal dialysis service utilization trends during the TPNIES payment period, we proposed that these capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home would not be eligible outlier services as provided in § 413.237. As assets, capital-related home dialysis machines are distinct from operating expenses such as the disposable supplies and leased equipment with no conveyed ownership rights.

These expenses are generally accounted for on a per patient basis and therefore, when used in excess of the average constitute outlier use, which makes them eligible for outlier payments. Therefore, we proposed revisions at § 413.236(d)(2) to reflect that following payment of the TPNIES for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the equipment would not be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237. In addition, we proposed revisions at § 413.237(a)(1)(v) to exclude capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient from outlier eligibility after the TPNIES period ends. We also proposed minor editorial changes to paragraph (a)(1)(i) to remove the semicolon at the end of the sentence and add a period in its place.

And in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) to remove “. And” and add a period in its place. With regard to the TPNIES application, we would post any final Start Printed Page 71425changes to both the timing of the various eligibility criteria and the content of the TPNIES application to the TPNIES website, along with information about all renal dialysis equipment and supplies that CMS has determined are eligible for the TPNIES, consistent with the policies we finalize in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule. The TPNIES website is available at.

Https://www.cms.gov/​medicare/​esrd-pps/​esrd-pps-transitional-add-payment-adjustment-new-and-innovative-equipment-and-supplies-tpnies. The comments we received and our responses to the comments on our proposed and alternative pricing methodology are set forth below. Comment. A group of organizations, representing the kidney and medical technology communities recommended that CMS extend the TPNIES period from 2 years to at least 3 years.

They stated that 2 years is an inadequate amount of time after taking into account the scale of resources and time necessary to build a responsible support and distribution infrastructure nationwide. This is especially true for companies in their earlier stages, for example, small manufacturers that tend to lack the type of distribution and support infrastructure that their larger, more established counterparts may feature. Furthermore, staffing constraints could mean the technology would take too long to come to market, causing the ESRD facility to be unable to get the TPNIES for 2 years. Accordingly, the commenter stated that a 2-year TPNIES period creates a level of risk that would discourage smaller start-up companies from pursuing the development of new and innovative equipment and supplies.

These commenters stated that extending the TPNIES period would help level the playing field between small innovators and large, global manufacturers with an existing support and distribution footprint. They pointed out that the new technology add-on payment that applies under the hospital inpatient setting allows for technologies to qualify for the add-on payment up to three years to account for the lag time in data collection to be reflected in updated MS-DRGs. Given that it takes significantly longer for devices, particularly home dialysis machines, to achieve significant adoption, they stated that CMS should align with the hospital inpatient policy and allow for an additional year of TPNIES. Many commenters urged CMS to reconsider the proposed policy to limit the TPNIES to only 2 years and not adjust the base rate when truly innovative renal equipment and supplies are added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

They noted that, experience with the TDAPA for calcimimetics demonstrates that having a three-year transition period is important for data collection purposes, giving CMS adequate time to review claims and determine whether the base rate should be adjusted. Commenters reported that small, independent and low-volume ESRD facilities continue to experience low to negative Medicare margins and that, while TDAPA and TPNIES can provide helpful transitional add-on payment adjustments for limited periods of time, they do not account for incorporating innovative renal drugs, equipment and supplies into high-quality clinical care over the long term. Commenters suggested that CMS could increase the base rate by the difference between the cost of the TPNIES-eligible device and the amount to dollars already in the base rate for similar devices and that this methodology would recognize the dollars already in the base rate, but still establish a fair, yet competitive, playing field allowing for long-term stability. Other commenters pointed out that if a new home dialysis machine is eligible for the TPNIES in 2022 and 2023, only a machine that is used continuously between January 2022 and December 2023 will be reimbursed at an amount equivalent to 26 percent of the MAC-determined price.

In contrast, a machine that is used continuously between January 2023 and December 2023 will be reimbursed at an amount equivalent to only 13 percent of the MAC-determined price. The commenter encouraged CMS to consider the following adaptation. If a home dialysis machine is eligible for the TPNIES in 2022 and 2023, then an ESRD facility may collect TPNIES payments for two years after the first use of the machine among all patients in the facility. In other words, an ESRD facility that collects its first TPNIES payment for a home dialysis machine in October 2022 will be eligible for continued payments through September 2024.

Nevertheless, that ESRD facility must collect its first TPNIES payment no later than December 2023. The commenter stated that this adaptation would allow all ESRD facilities to have an opportunity to collect 26 percent of the MAC-determined price. Response. We believe the commenter is requesting that we pay the TPNIES for 3 years, similar to the length of time we paid the TDAPA for calcimimetics, and that like calcimimetics we then adjust the base rate to account for the cost of such products.

Since we are not adjusting the base rate for the equipment and supplies eligible for the TPNIES, the collection of data for a 3-year period of time is not necessary. We believe the payment of the TPNIES for 2 years is adequate time for ESRD facilities to incorporate new products into their business model. With regard to the commenters' concern with the duration of the TPNIES and when it would begin for ESRD facilities that are unable to obtain and report the equipment or supply on the claim beginning January 1, we understand the commenters' concern and will consider refinements to the TPNIES to address this issue in future rulemaking. We continue to believe that 2 years is adequate since the purpose of TPNIES is to support facility uptake of these items and that this policy strikes an appropriate balance between supporting ESRD facilities and limiting the financial burden that increased payments place on beneficiaries and Medicare expenditures.

In addition, we note that this is the first year of implementing the TPNIES for capital related assets that are home dialysis machines and we intend to monitor the use and payments for the TPNIES to assess whether new and innovative machines are adopted by the ESRD facilities. With regard to small manufacturers that may take longer to have their equipment or supply come to market, we note that the purpose of the TPNIES is to facilitate ESRD facility uptake of the new and innovative equipment and supplies. Unlike the IPPS NTAP that will end in an adjustment to the MS-DRG, there will be no change in the ESRD PPS base rate when TPNIES ends, therefore, the data collection needs are not the same. We believe providing 2 years of an add-on payment adjustment for supplies and equipment is sufficient time for market uptake if the manufacturers prepare in advance of the TPNIES application.

Doing so will allow ESRD facilities to align their business plan to obtain 2 full years of TPNIES payments. Comment. A commenter expressed concern that home dialysis machines were being defined as in their entirety, meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new. The commenter explained that PD patients often have issues related to handling and storage of PD solution and if an innovator develops a machine that generates PD solution that interfaces with an existing cycler, the machine could not be considered for TPNIES eligibility.

The commenter recommended that CMS finalize a TPNIES expansion that will offer a clear pathway to approval of machines that Start Printed Page 71426produce on-demand PD solution. The commenter also questioned the disqualification of water purification systems, but recognized that the application of such systems to the home setting is unclear. Response. The commenter is correct that a piece of equipment that is used along with a PD cycler or HD machine would not meet our definition of a home dialysis machine, however, such equipment could be considered for the TPNIES as renal dialysis equipment (which was finalized in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60691 through 60692) and implemented January 1, 2020).

We note that the exclusion of other capital-related assets, such as water purification systems, applies to the systems used in ESRD facilities for in-center dialysis and benefits all in-center patients. Our payment methodology for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines addresses individual patient use in the home and is not geared to assets that benefit all patients. Comment. A group of organizations representing the kidney and medical technology communities requested that CMS instruct MACs to provide public, timely, and consistent payment determinations.

They recommended that CMS exclude the language in the regulation that gives MACs flexibility to determine the pricing of any TPNIES supply, equipment or capital-related asset that meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria based on charges and payment amounts for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant. They stated that the regulatory language undermines CMS approvals for applicants of the TPNIES as, by definition, approved products have achieved SCI over existing products. They also recommended that CMS more clearly define the payment parameters and instruct the MACs to publish a database online that provides a discrete TPNIES payment amount no later than March 31 of the first year of TPNIES eligibility. MedPAC supported the proposal to base the TPNIES amount on the price established by the MACs (using information from invoices and other relevant sources of information) but only for the first two calendar quarters after CMS begins applying the TPNIES.

Thereafter, they recommended that CMS set the price of new equipment and supplies using a method based on pricing data collected directly from each manufacturer, similar to how the agency establishes the ASP for Part B drugs. They explained that the ASP for a Part B drug reflects the average price realized by the manufacturer for its sales broadly across different types of purchasers, for patients with different types of insurance coverage, and based on the manufacturer's sales to all purchasers (with certain exceptions) net of manufacturer rebates, discounts, and price concessions. They stated that an approach similar to how CMS collects ASP data would increase the consistency of pricing data and should lead to more accurate payment rates for items paid under the TPNIES. They further recommended that CMS link payment of the TPNIES to a requirement that equipment and supply manufacturers submit ASP-like data to the agency, similar to the TDAPA policy.

Response. We continue to believe that the payment amounts for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant, as described at § 413.236(e)(1)(iv) of this final rule, as an important consideration for the MACs to determine the price of any TPNIES supply, equipment or capital-related asset that meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria. While we recognize that TPNIES items will have demonstrated SCI over existing items, we seek to avoid Medicare paying 65 percent of an excessively inflated price, for example, a dialysis machine that is 3 times the cost of current machines. Since the manufacturer will determine the price to be paid by the provider, the MACs' consideration of charges and payment for comparable equipment and supplies serves as a guard rail for the use of invoice pricing.

With regard to the suggestion that we instruct the MACs to publish an online database with TPNIES payment amounts, we are working with MACs on mechanisms for pricing transparency. We will consider the suggestion for future rulemaking. With regard to the suggestion for an ASP-like reporting system, we think the idea has merit and will take it into consideration for future rulemaking. Comment.

An organization of LDOs stated they are supportive of CMS fixing the expected number of treatments at 156 for the purpose of calculating the TPNIES value, however, they expressed significant concerns about any policy changes that would undermine the ability of treating physicians to prescribe the frequency of dialysis that is clinically appropriate for their patients. They suggested that CMS may be interested in capping the TPNIES payment for a device. They proposed that CMS adopt a modification to the methodology that would respect both the TPNIES cap and the importance of physician prescribing with regard to frequency of dialysis. For example, CMS could cap total TPNIES payments for a specific device at the maximum allowable TPNIES payment pursuant to the adopted methodology, even if that amount is achieved prior to the end of the 2-year TPNIES period.

Response. The purpose of the 156 treatments is to compute a per treatment amount. An ESRD patient's nephrologist may order additional reasonable and necessary dialysis treatments beyond 3 per week. When a MAC has determined that the additional treatments are reasonable and necessary, we would pay the TPNIES on each covered treatment that is furnished.

At this time, we do not believe it is necessary to adopt the commenter's suggested modification to the proposed methodology that takes into account both the TPNIES cap and the prescribed frequency of dialysis. However, we will monitor use of the TPNIES and consider if such a policy is necessary for future rulemaking. Comment. A group of organizations, representing the kidney and medical technology communities recommended that we establish a formal appeals process for the manufacturers whose applications for the TPNIES are denied.

They expressed concern that, without an opportunity to review CMS' initial determination, situations may arise in which new technologies fail to obtain a favorable TPNIES determination due to technical errors or insufficient information necessary in the initial TPNIES application. They asserted that a formal appeals process would ensure that TPNIES applicants would have an opportunity to seek additional, independent review as necessary. They noted that the standard process for seeking review of Medicare Part A/B claims under 42 CFR part 405, subpart I, may not apply, and encouraged CMS to allow for administrative appeals of TPNIES determinations to be conducted within the Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (that is, a hearing before the Departmental Appeals Board). Response.

We did not propose a formal appeals process for the manufacturers whose applications for TPNIES are denied for CY 2021 and therefore we are not adopting the suggestion. However, we thank the commenters for this suggestion and will consider it for future rulemaking. We note that applicants may reapply for the TPNIES if their application is denied as long as they reapply within 3 years of the date of FDA marketing authorization or approval. Comment.

A commenter expressed confusion about the discussion in the proposed rule on treatment frequency insofar as it is determinative of TPNIES payment. The commenter stated that, while the discussion is easier to Start Printed Page 71427contemplate for PD, as most patients undergo treatment 6 or 7 days per week, it does not make sense for HD. The commenter noted that HD prescriptions can be written for as few as 2 days or as many as 7 days per week, and there is no concept of an “ordinary” treatment frequency for a HD machine, whether it is used in a facility or at home. The commenter recommended that CMS simply issue a TPNIES payment on a monthly basis according to whether the ESRD facility claim includes a condition code that indicates that a qualifying home dialysis machine has been used.

Response. We disagree with the commenter's assertion that there is no ordinary treatment frequency for HD machines. In-center HD machines are designed to be used 3 times per week to achieve adequate dialysis. Our intention of providing examples in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule using various annual treatments was to clarify that the methodology for calculating the TPNIES per treatment payment can also be used if a new home dialysis machine was designed to achieve adequate dialysis in fewer treatments per week.

We note that, when questioned specifically about frequency, a home dialysis machine manufacturer confirmed that adequate dialysis can be achieved in 3 treatments per week, however, the treatments may take longer to administer. Comment. An LDO recommended that we set the useful life for home dialysis machines at 7 years rather than the 5 years we proposed. The organization noted that standard accounting practice is to depreciate dialysis equipment, for the center or the home, over a period of at least 7 years.

Response. Medicare policies [] hold providers to strict AHA guidelines with respect to the useful life. Under AHA guidelines, useful life for dialysis machines is 5 years. ESRD facilities are allowed to use more or less than the AHA guidelines for business financial reporting but they must use the AHA guidelines for Medicare.

Comment. MedPAC did not support expanding the TPNIES to include home dialysis equipment, but stated that, if CMS finalizes its proposal, it should remove the portion of payment attributable to home dialysis machines from the base rate for those cases receiving the TPNIES because paying for new home dialysis machines under the TPNIES for two years is duplicative of payment for items with a similar purpose or use that are already paid under the ESRD PPS base rate. MedPAC stated that it supported the proposal if CMS subtracted the amount for capital-related machines already included in the ESRD PPS base rate for those cases receiving the TPNIES. While some commenters expressed support for the offset, an organization of renal professionals, providers and manufacturers, an organization of LDOs, and an individual objected to offsetting the TPNIES with the cost of the home dialysis machine already included in the base rate, stating that the purpose of a transitional add-on payment is to incentivize the adoption of innovative products.

These commenters stated that the purpose of the TPNIES is not to reimburse providers dollar for dollar for their costs. In their view, the government assumes the risk of making an additional payment during the TPNIES period with the presumed reward of beneficiaries experiencing clinical improvement, as claimed by the applicant. Following the end of the TPNIES period, the providers assume that risk. The commenters asserted that this is true of the inpatient and outpatient hospital payment systems, as well as the TPNIES.

They stated, given that the proposed TPNIES amount is only a portion of the cost providers incur when using the device, further reducing the TPNIES amount with the offset would only further reduce the likelihood of adoption of the machine. Response. We agree with MedPAC that the TPNIES payment is duplicative of payment for items with a similar purpose or use that are already paid under the ESRD PPS base rate. For this reason, we are finalizing an offset to the TPNIES payment, which we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS rule, to reflect the value of the dialysis machine included in the ESRD PPS base rate.

We disagree with the commenters who stated that applying an offset to reflect the amount for a dialysis machine in the base rate would reduce the likelihood the new machine will be purchased by ESRD facilities. We believe that ESRD facilities will need to buy additional dialysis machines to support the goals of the Executive order and the ETC model and that the TPNIES payment will help support ESRD facility uptake of new home dialysis machines. Final Rule Action. After careful consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing our proposed pricing methodology for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and the proposed changes to § 413.236(f) requiring MACs to calculate the annual allowance and the pre-adjusted per treatment amount with revisions.

Since we are finalizing an offset to the TPNIES payment to reflect the value of a dialysis machine in the ESRD PPS base rate, we revised the proposed changes to § 413.236(f) to reflect the additional step of calculating a per treatment amount for use in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. We also revised paragraph (f) to reflect that the pre-adjusted per treatment amount is reduced by an estimated average per treatment offset amount to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our intention to further amend § 413.236(f) if we finalized the offset. Since we are finalizing the offset, we are adding the data sources and methodological steps for computing the offset in paragraph (f).

In the proposed rule the $9.23 offset was based on the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket less the multifactor productivity adjustment. For this final rule, we have recomputed the offset to reflect the final CY 2021 payment rate update factor (1.6 percent). The final offset for CY 2021 is $9.32. We will continue to update the offset amount on an annual basis so that it is consistent with how the ESRD PPS base rate is updated.

We are also finalizing the revision to § 413.236(d) to reflect that we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount minus the offset for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. 4. CY 2021 ESRD PPS Update a. CY 2021 ESRD Bundled (ESRDB) Market Basket Update, Productivity Adjustment, and Labor-Related Share In accordance with section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA and amended by section 3401(h) of the Affordable Care Act, beginning in 2012, the ESRD PPS payment amounts are required to be annually increased by an ESRD market basket increase factor and reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act.

The application of the productivity adjustment may result in the increase factor being less than 0.0 for a year and may result in payment rates for a year being less than the payment rates for the preceding year. The statute also provides that the market basket increase factor should reflect the changes over time in the prices of an appropriate mix of goods and services used to furnish renal dialysis services. As required under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, CMS developed an all-inclusive ESRD Start Printed Page 71428Bundled (ESRDB) input price index (75 FR 49151 through 49162). In the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule we rebased and revised the ESRDB input price index to reflect a 2012 base year (79 FR 66129 through 66136).

Subsequently, in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a rebased ESRDB input price index to reflect a 2016 base year (83 FR 56951 through 56962). Although “market basket” technically describes the mix of goods and services used for ESRD treatment, this term is also commonly used to denote the input price index (that is, cost categories, their respective weights, and price proxies combined) derived from a market basket. Accordingly, the term “ESRDB market basket,” as used in this document, refers to the ESRDB input price index. We proposed to use the CY 2016-based ESRDB market basket as finalized and described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56951 through 56962) to compute the CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase factor based on the best available data.

Consistent with historical practice, we proposed to estimate the ESRDB market basket update based on IHS Global Inc.'s (IGI's), forecast using the most recently available data. IGI is a nationally recognized economic and financial forecasting firm that contracts with CMS to forecast the components of the market baskets. Using this methodology and IGI's first quarter 2020 forecast of the CY 2016-based ESRDB market basket (with historical data through the fourth quarter of 2019), the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase factor was 2.2 percent. Under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, for CY 2012 and each subsequent year, the ESRD market basket percentage increase factor shall be reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act.

The growth in multifactor productivity (MFP) is derived by subtracting the contribution of labor and capital input growth from output growth. We finalized the detailed methodology for deriving the MFP projection in the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 40503 through 40504). The most up-to-date MFP projection methodology is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/​Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/​MedicareProgramRatesStats/​Downloads/​MFPMethodology.pdf. Using this methodology and IGI's first quarter 2020 forecast, the proposed MFP adjustment for CY 2021 (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021) was projected to be 0.4 percent.

As a result of these provisions, the proposed CY 2021 ESRD market basket adjusted for MFP was 1.8 percent. The proposed market basket increase is calculated by starting with the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor of 2.2 percent and reducing it by the proposed MFP adjustment (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021) of 0.4 percentage point. We also proposed that if more recent data become available after the publication of this proposed rule and before the publication of the final rule (for example, a more recent estimate of the market basket update or MFP), we would use such data, if appropriate, to determine the final CY 2021 market basket update and/or MFP adjustment (85 FR 42152). The comments and our responses to the comments on the proposed ESRD market basket update and MFP adjustment for CY 2021 are set forth below.

Comment. Several commenters stated that with new drugs being added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment, it is more important than ever to use the most appropriate price proxies for determining the base rate and update each year. The commenters urged the adoption of a better price proxy for non-ESAs that are not over-the-counter (OTC) vitamins and recommended that CMS use the BLS Series ID. WPS063 Series Title.

PPI Commodity Data for Chemicals and Allied Products-Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, seasonally adjusted. One commenter stated that the timing of addressing the price proxy used for non-ESA drugs in the ESRD market basket is relevant since new drugs in the pipeline could be added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment during the next few years because of the TDAPA provisions. Response. We appreciate the commenters' suggestion that we use the most appropriate price proxy for non-ESA drugs in the ESRD market basket.

We did not propose changes to the price proxies in the ESRD market basket for CY 2021, so we will not be adopting such changes in this final rule. However, as described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56960 through 56961), we believe the PPI for Vitamins, Nutrients, and Hematinic Preparation (VNHP) is the most appropriate price proxy for non-ESA drugs and analysis of the ASP data for Non-ESA drugs in the bundle suggests the trends in the PPI VNHP trends are reasonable. We appreciate the commenters' concern for the potential shifts in the mix of drugs within the ESRD PPS bundled payment amount as a result of the TDAPA provisions. We will continue to monitor the impact that these changes have on the relative cost share weights and the mix of non-ESA drugs included in the bundled payment in the ESRDB market basket.

Comment. One commenter expressed support for the annual update to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021 and recognized that CMS does not have the authority to eliminate the productivity adjustment, but wanted to highlight their continued concern about the overall negative Medicare margins. The commenter stated that the experience of ESRD facilities disputes the idea that productivity in ESRD facilities can be improved year over year at the rate of economy-wide productivity. Response.

Section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act requires the application of the MFP adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act to the ESRD PPS market basket update for 2012 and subsequent years. We will continue to monitor the impact of the payment updates, including the effects of the MFP adjustment, on ESRD provider margins as well as beneficiary access to care as reported by MedPAC. However, any changes to the productivity adjustment would require a change to current law. In the March 2020 Report to Congress, MedPAC found most indicators of payment adequacy to be positive, and recommend that for 2021, the ESRD PPS base rate should be updated by the amount determined under current law.

Final Rule Action. Consistent with our historical practice and our proposal, we are estimating the market basket increase and the MFP adjustment based on IGI's forecast using the most recent available data. Based on IGI's third quarter 2020 forecast with historical data through the second quarter of 2020, the 2016-based ESRDB market basket percentage increase for CY 2021 is 1.9 percent. We note that the first quarter 2020 forecast used for the proposed market basket update was developed prior to the economic impacts of the alcoholism treatment antabuse.

This lower update (1.9 percent) for CY 2021 relative to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (2.2 percent) is primarily driven by slower anticipated compensation growth for both health-related and other occupations as labor markets are expected to be significantly impacted during the recession that started in February 2020 and throughout the anticipated recovery. Based on the more recent data available for this CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, the current estimate of the 10-year moving average growth of MFP for CY 2021 is projected to be 0.3 percent. Start Printed Page 71429This MFP estimate is based on the most recent macroeconomic outlook from IGI at the time of rulemaking (released September 2020) in order to reflect more current historical economic data. IGI produces monthly macroeconomic forecasts, which include projections of all of the economic series used to derive MFP.

In contrast, IGI only produces forecasts of the more detailed price proxies used in the 2016-based ESRDB market basket on a quarterly basis. Therefore, IGI's third quarter 2020 forecast is the most recent forecast of the 2016-based ESRD market basket percentage increase factor. We note that it has typically been our practice to base the projection of the market basket price proxies and MFP in the final rule on the third quarter IGI forecast. For this CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, we are using the IGI September macroeconomic forecast for MFP because it is a more recent forecast, and it is important to use more recent data during this period when economic trends, particularly employment and labor productivity, are notably uncertain because of the alcoholism treatment antabuse.

However, we also note that the 10-year moving average of MFP based on the third quarter 2020 forecast is also 0.3 percent. Therefore, the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent. That is, the CY 2021 ESRD market basket percentage increase factor of 1.9 percent less the 0.3 percentage point MFP adjustment (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021). For the CY 2021 ESRD payment update, we proposed to continue using a labor-related share of 52.3 percent for the ESRD PPS payment, which was finalized in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56963).

We did not receive any public comments on this proposal and therefore, we are finalizing the continued use of a 52.3 percent labor-related share for CY 2021. B. The CY 2021 ESRD PPS Wage Indices (1) Background Section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act provides that the ESRD PPS may include a geographic wage index payment adjustment, such as the index referred to in section 1881(b)(12)(D) of the Act, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49200), we finalized an adjustment for wages at § 413.231.

Specifically, CMS adjusts the labor-related portion of the base rate to account for geographic differences in the area wage levels using an appropriate wage index, which reflects the relative level of hospital wages and wage-related costs in the geographic area in which the ESRD facility is located. We use the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) core-based statistical area (CBSA)-based geographic area designations to define urban and rural areas and their corresponding wage index values (75 FR 49117). OMB publishes bulletins regarding CBSA changes, including changes to CBSA numbers and titles. The bulletins are available online at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​omb/​information-for-agencies/​bulletins/​.

For CY 2021, we updated the wage indices to account for updated wage levels in areas in which ESRD facilities are located using our existing methodology. We used the most recent pre-floor, pre-reclassified hospital wage data collected annually under the inpatient PPS. The ESRD PPS wage index values are calculated without regard to geographic reclassifications authorized under sections 1886(d)(8) and (d)(10) of the Act and utilize pre-floor hospital data that are unadjusted for occupational mix. For CY 2021, the updated wage data are for hospital cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 2016 and before October 1, 2017 (FY 2017 cost report data).

We have also adopted methodologies for calculating wage index values for ESRD facilities that are located in urban and rural areas where there is no hospital data. For a full discussion, see CY 2011 and CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rules at 75 FR 49116 through 49117 and 76 FR 70239 through 70241, respectively. For urban areas with no hospital data, we compute the average wage index value of all urban areas within the state to serve as a reasonable proxy for the wage index of that urban CBSA, that is, we use that value as the wage index. For rural areas with no hospital data, we compute the wage index using the average wage index values from all contiguous CBSAs to represent a reasonable proxy for that rural area.

We apply the statewide urban average based on the average of all urban areas within the state to Hinesville-Fort Stewart, Georgia (78 FR 72173), and we apply the wage index for Guam to American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands (78 FR 72172). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42152), we noted that for the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we did not apply the statewide urban average to Carson City, Nevada as we did in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38359) because hospital data was available to compute the wage index. A wage index floor value (0.5000) is applied under the ESRD PPS as a substitute wage index for areas with very low wage index values. Currently, all areas with wage index values that fall below the floor are located in Puerto Rico.

However, the wage index floor value is applicable for any area that may fall below the floor. A description of the history of the wage index floor under the ESRD PPS can be found in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56964 through 56967). An ESRD facility's wage index is applied to the labor-related share of the ESRD PPS base rate. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56963), we finalized a labor-related share of 52.3 percent, which is based on the 2016-based ESRDB market basket.

Thus, for CY 2021, the labor-related share to which a facility's wage index would be applied is 52.3 percent. For CY 2021, in addition to updating the ESRD PPS wage index to use more recent hospital wage data, we also proposed to adopt newer OMB delineations and a transition policy in a budget-neutral manner as discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and sections II.B.4.b.(2) and II.B.4.b.(3), respectively, of this final rule. (2) Implementation of 2018 OMB Labor Market Delineations As discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this final rule, the wage index used for the ESRD PPS is calculated using the most recent pre-floor, pre-reclassified hospital wage data collected annually under the inpatient PPS and is assigned to an ESRD facility on the basis of the labor market area in which the ESRD facility is geographically located. ESRD facility labor market areas are delineated based on the CBSAs established by the OMB.

In accordance with our established methodology, we have historically adopted through rulemaking CBSA changes that are published in the latest OMB bulletin. Generally, OMB issues major revisions to statistical areas every 10 years, based on the results of the decennial census. However, OMB occasionally issues minor updates and revisions to statistical areas in the years between the decennial censuses. Start Printed Page 71430 In the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66137 through 66142), we finalized changes to the ESRD PPS wage index based on the newest OMB delineations, as described in OMB Bulletin No.

13-01 [] issued on February 28, 2013. We implemented these changes with a 2-year transition period (79 FR 66142). OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 established revised delineations for U.S.

Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas based on the 2010 Census. OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 also provided guidance on the use of the delineations of these statistical areas using standards published on June 28, 2010 in the Federal Register (75 FR 37246 through 37252). On July 15, 2015, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No.

15-01,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 issued on February 28, 2013. The attachment to OMB Bulletin No. 15-01 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since February 28, 2013.

These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2012 and July 1, 2013. On August 15, 2017, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 17-01,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No.

15-01 issued on July 15, 2015. The attachment to OMB Bulletin No. 17-01 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since July 15, 2015. These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S.

Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2015. In OMB Bulletin No. 17-01, OMB announced a new urban CBSA, Twin Falls, Idaho (CBSA 46300). On April 10, 2018, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No.

18-03 [] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 17-01 issued on August 15, 2017. The attachment to OMB Bulletin No. 18-03 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since August 15, 2017.

On September 14, 2018, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 18-04,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 18-03 issued on April 10, 2018. OMB Bulletin Numbers 18-03 and 18-04 established revised delineations for Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and provided guidance on the use of the delineations of these statistical areas.

These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2015 and July 1, 2016. As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), while OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 is not based on new census data, there were some material changes to the CBSA-based geographic area designations based on the 2018 OMB delineations.

For example, some new CBSAs and urban counties would become rural, rural counties would become urban, and existing CBSAs would be split apart. We explained that we believe that the 2018 OMB delineations accurately reflect the local economies and wage levels of the areas where ESRD facilities are located. We also explained that we believe it is important for the ESRD PPS to use the most recent OMB delineations practicable in order to maintain a more accurate and up-to-date payment system that reflects the reality of population shifts and labor market conditions. We further believe that using the newer OMB delineations would increase the integrity of the ESRD PPS wage index system by creating a more accurate representation of geographic variations in wage levels.

Therefore, we proposed to adopt the newer OMB delineations established in OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 effective for CY 2021 under the ESRD PPS. We also proposed a wage index transition applicable to all ESRD facilities that experience negative impacts due to the proposed implementation of the 2018 OMB delineations. This transition policy is discussed in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), we noted that, on March 6, 2020, OMB issued OMB Bulletin 20-01 (available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2020/​03/​Bulletin-20-01.pdf). While the March 6, 2020 OMB Bulletin 20-01 was not issued in time for development of the proposed rule, we were able to review the updates it provides and have determined that they were minor. We stated that while we do not believe the minor updates included in OMB Bulletin 20-01 would impact our CY 2021 updates to the CBSA-based labor market area delineations, if appropriate, we would propose any updates from this Bulletin in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), to implement the newer OMB delineations established in OMB Bulletin No.

18-04 under the ESRD PPS beginning in CY 2021, it is necessary to identify the new labor market area delineation for each affected county and ESRD facility in the U.S. We discuss these changes in more detail in the following sections. (a) Urban Counties That Would Become Rural Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153 through 42155), we proposed to implement the 2018 OMB labor market area delineations (based upon the 2010 Decennial Census data) beginning in CY 2021. Our analysis of the 2018 OMB delineations showed that a total of 34 counties (and county equivalents) that are currently considered part of an urban CBSA would be considered located in a rural area, beginning in CY 2021.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42154), we listed the 34 urban counties as set forth in Table 1, which would be rural if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 1—CY 2021 Proposed Urban to Rural CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentStateCurrent CBSACBSA title01127WALKERAL13820Birmingham-Hoover, AL.12045GULFFL37460Panama City, FL.13007BAKERGA10500Albany, GA.Start Printed Page 7143113235PULASKIGA47580Warner Robins, GA.15005KALAWAOHI27980Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI.17039DE WITTIL14010Bloomington, IL.17053FORDIL16580Champaign-Urbana, IL.18143SCOTTIN31140Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN.18179WELLSIN23060Fort Wayne, IN.19149PLYMOUTHIA43580Sioux City, IA-NE-SD.20095KINGMANKS48620Wichita, KS.21223TRIMBLEKY31140Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN.22119WEBSTERLA43340Shreveport-Bossier City, LA.26015BARRYMI24340Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.26159VAN BURENMI28020Kalamazoo-Portage, MI.27143SIBLEYMN33460Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI.28009BENTONMS32820Memphis, TN-MS-AR.29119MC DONALDMO22220Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO.30037GOLDEN VALLEYMT13740Billings, MT.31081HAMILTONNE24260Grand Island, NE.38085SIOUXND13900Bismarck, ND.40079LE FLOREOK22900Fort Smith, AR-OK.45087UNIONSC43900Spartanburg, SC.46033CUSTERSD39660Rapid City, SD.47081HICKMANTN34980Nashville-Davidson—Murfreesboro—Franklin, TN.48007ARANSASTX18580Corpus Christi, TX.48221HOODTX23104Fort Worth-Arlington, TX.48351NEWTONTX13140Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX.48425SOMERVELLTX23104Fort Worth-Arlington, TX.51029BUCKINGHAMVA16820Charlottesville, VA.51033CAROLINEVA40060Richmond, VA.51063FLOYDVA13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA.53013COLUMBIAWA47460Walla Walla, WA.53051PEND OREILLEWA44060Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA. We proposed that the wage data for all ESRD facilities located in the counties listed above would be considered rural, beginning in CY 2021, when calculating their respective state's rural wage index.

We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42155) that we recognize that rural areas typically have lower area wage index values than urban areas, and ESRD facilities located in these counties may experience a negative impact in their payment under the ESRD PPS due to the proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations. A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. (b) Rural Counties That Would Become Urban Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42155 through 42157), we proposed to implement the 2018 OMB labor market area delineations (based upon the 2010 Decennial Census data) beginning in CY 2021. Our analysis of the 2018 OMB delineations showed that a total of 47 counties (and county equivalents) that are currently considered located in rural areas would be considered located in urban CBSAs, beginning in CY 2021.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42156), we listed the 47 rural counties that would be urban, as set forth in Table 2, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 2—CY 2021 Proposed Rural to Urban CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentState nameProposed CBSAProposed CBSA title01063GREENEAL46220Tuscaloosa, AL.01129WASHINGTONAL33660Mobile, AL.05047FRANKLINAR22900Fort Smith, AR-OK.12075LEVYFL23540Gainesville, FL.13259STEWARTGA17980Columbus, GA-AL.13263TALBOTGA17980Columbus, GA-AL.16077POWERID38540Pocatello, ID.17057FULTONIL37900Peoria, IL.17087JOHNSONIL16060Carbondale-Marion, IL.18047FRANKLININ17140Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN.18121PARKEIN45460Terre Haute, IN.18171WARRENIN29200Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN.19015BOONEIA11180Ames, IA.19099JASPERIA19780Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA.20061GEARYKS31740Manhattan, KS.21043CARTERKY26580Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH.Start Printed Page 7143222007ASSUMPTIONLA12940Baton Rouge, LA.22067MOREHOUSELA33740Monroe, LA.25011FRANKLINMA44140Springfield, MA.26067IONIAMI24340Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI.26155SHIAWASSEEMI29620Lansing-East Lansing, MI.27075LAKEMN20260Duluth, MN-WI.28031COVINGTONMS25620Hattiesburg, MS.28051HOLMESMS27140Jackson, MS.28131STONEMS25060Gulfport-Biloxi, MS.29053COOPERMO17860Columbia, MO.29089HOWARDMO17860Columbia, MO.30095STILLWATERMT13740Billings, MT.37007ANSONNC16740Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC.37029CAMDENNC47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.37077GRANVILLENC20500Durham-Chapel Hill, NC.37085HARNETTNC22180Fayetteville, NC.39123OTTAWAOH45780Toledo, OH.45027CLARENDONSC44940Sumter, SC.47053GIBSONTN27180Jackson, TN.47161STEWARTTN17300Clarksville, TN-KY.48203HARRISONTX30980Longview, TX.48431STERLINGTX41660San Angelo, TX.51097KING AND QUEENVA40060Richmond, VA.51113MADISONVA47894Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV51175SOUTHAMPTONVA47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.51620FRANKLIN CITYVA47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.54035JACKSONWV16620Charleston, WV.54065MORGANWV25180Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV.55069LINCOLNWI48140Wausau-Weston, WI.72001ADJUNTASPR38660Ponce, PR.72083LAS MARIASPR32420Mayagüez, PR. We proposed that when calculating the area wage index, beginning with CY 2021, the wage data for ESRD facilities located in these counties would be included in their new respective urban CBSAs. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42157) that typically, ESRD facilities located in an urban area receive a higher wage index value than or equal wage index value to ESRD facilities located in their state's rural area.

A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. (c) Urban Counties That Would Move to a Different Urban CBSA Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42157 through 42158), we stated that in certain cases, adopting the 2018 OMB delineations would involve a change only in CBSA name and/or number, while the CBSA continues to encompass the same constituent counties. For example, we noted that CBSA 19380 (Dayton, OH) would experience both a change to its number and its name, and become CBSA 19430 (Dayton-Kettering, OH), while all of its three constituent counties would remain the same. We also stated that in other cases, only the name of the CBSA would be modified, and none of the currently assigned counties would be reassigned to a different urban CBSA.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42158), we listed the CBSAs where there would be a change either in CBSA name or CBSA number, as set forth in Table 3, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 3—CY 2021 Proposed Change in CBSA Name and/or Number CrosswalkCurrent CBSA codeCurrent CBSA titleProposed CBSA codeProposed CBSA title10540Albany, OR10540Albany-Lebanon, OR.11500Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville, AL11500Anniston-Oxford, AL.12060Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA12060Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA.12420Austin-Round Rock, TX12420Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX.13460Bend-Redmond, OR13460Bend, OR.13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg, VA.14740Bremerton-Silverdale, WA14740Bremerton-Silverdale-Port Orchard, WA.15380Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY15380Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY.19430Dayton-Kettering, OH19380Dayton, OH.24340Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI24340Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI.24860Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC24860Greenville-Anderson, SC.25060Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS25060Gulfport-Biloxi, MS.25540Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT25540Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT.25940Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC25940Hilton Head Island-Bluffton, SC.Start Printed Page 7143328700Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA28700Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA.31860Mankato-North Mankato, MN31860Mankato, MN.33340Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI33340Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI.34940Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL34940Naples-Marco Island, FL.35660Niles-Benton Harbor, MI35660Niles, MI.36084Oakland-Hayward-Berkeley, CA36084Oakland-Berkeley-Livermore, CA.36500Olympia-Tumwater, WA36500Olympia-Lacey-Tumwater, WA.38060Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ38060Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ.39150Prescott Valley-Prescott, AZ39140Prescott, AZ.23224Frederick-Gaithersburg-Rockville, MD43524Silver Spring-Frederick-Rockville, MD.44420Staunton-Waynesboro, VA44420Staunton, VA.44700Stockton-Lodi, CA44700Stockton, CA.45940Trenton, NJ45940Trenton-Princeton, NJ.46700Vallejo-Fairfield, CA46700Vallejo, CA.47300Visalia-Porterville, CA47300Visalia, CA.48140Wausau, WI48140Wausau-Weston, WI.48424West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL48424West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach, FL. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42159), we explained that ESRD facilities located in an urban area that, due to the 2018 OMB delineations, involves a change only in the CBSA name or number would not experience a consequential change in their wage index value. However, we also stated that in other cases, if we adopted the 2018 OMB delineations, counties would shift between existing and new CBSAs, changing the constituent makeup of the CBSAs.

We considered these types of changes, where CBSAs are split into multiple new CBSAs or a CBSA loses one or more counties to another urban CBSAs, to be significant modifications. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), we listed the urban counties that would move from one urban CBSA to another a newly proposed or modified CBSA, as set forth in Table 4, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 4—CY 2021 Proposed Urban to a Different Urban CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentStateCurrent CBSACurrent CBSA nameProposed CBSA codeProposed CBSA name17031COOKIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17043DU PAGEIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17063GRUNDYIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17093KENDALLIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL20994Elgin, IL.17111MC HENRYIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17197WILLIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.34023MIDDLESEXNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34025MONMOUTHNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34029OCEANNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34035SOMERSETNJ35084Newark, NJ-PA35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.36027DUTCHESSNY20524Dutchess County-Putnam County, NY39100Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY.36071ORANGENY35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ39100Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY.36079PUTNAMNY20524Dutchess County-Putnam County, NY35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ.47057GRAINGERTN28940Knoxville, TN34100Morristown, TN.54043LINCOLNWV26580Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH16620Charleston, WV.72055GUANICAPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72059GUAYANILLAPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72111PENUELASPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72153YAUCOPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR. Start Printed Page 71434 We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), that if ESRD facilities located in these counties move from one CBSA to another under the 2018 OMB delineations, there may be impacts, both negative and positive, to their specific wage index values.

A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. (d) Changes to the Statewide Rural Wage Index In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), we stated that ESRD facilities currently located in a rural area may remain rural under the 2018 OMB delineations but experience a change in their rural wage index value due to the movement of constituent counties. If ESRD facilities located in these counties move from one CBSA to another under the 2018 OMB delineations, there may be impacts, both negative and positive, upon their specific wage index values. A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule.

We explained that we believe these revisions to the CBSA-based labor market area delineations as established in OMB Bulletin 18-04 would ensure that the ESRD PPS area wage level adjustment most appropriately accounts for and reflects the relative wage levels in the geographic area of the ESRD facility. Therefore, we proposed to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS, effective January 1, 2021 and invited public comment on this proposal. (3) Transition for ESRD Facilities Negatively Impacted In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160 through 42161), we stated that in the past we provided for transition periods when adopting changes that have significant payment implications, particularly large negative impacts, in order to mitigate the potential impacts of proposed policies on ESRD facilities. For example, we have proposed and finalized budget-neutral transition policies to help mitigate negative impacts on ESRD facilities following the adoption of the OMB delineations as described in the February 28, 2013 OMB Bulletin No.

13-01 (79 FR 66142). Specifically, as part of the CY 2015 ESRD PPS rulemaking, we implemented a 2-year transition blended wage index for all ESRD facilities. ESRD facilities received 50 percent of their CY 2015 wage index value based on the OMB delineations for CY 2014 and 50 percent of their CY 2015 wage index value based on the newer OMB delineations. This resulted in an average of the two values.

Then, in CY 2016, an ESRD facility's wage index value was based 100 percent on the newer OMB delineations. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), we considered having no transition period and fully implementing the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021, which would mean that all ESRD facilities would have payments based on updated hospital wage data and the 2018 OMB delineations starting on January 1, 2021. However, because the overall amount of ESRD PPS payments would increase slightly due to the 2018 OMB delineations, the wage index budget neutrality factor would be higher. This higher factor would reduce the ESRD PPS per treatment base rate for all ESRD facilities paid under the ESRD PPS, despite the fact that the majority of ESRD facilities would be unaffected by the 2018 OMB delineations.

Thus, we explained that we believe it would be appropriate to provide for a transition period to mitigate the resulting short-term instability of a lower ESRD PPS base rate as well as consequential negative impacts to ESRD facilities that experience reduced payments. For example, ESRD facilities currently located in CBSA 35614 (New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ) that would be located in new CBSA 35154 (New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ) under the proposed changes to the OMB delineations would experience a nearly 17 percent decrease in the wage index as a result of the proposed change. Therefore, under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act and consistent with past practice, we proposed a transition policy to help mitigate any significant, negative impacts that ESRD facilities may experience due to our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS. Specifically, as a transition for CY 2021, we proposed to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year.

This transition would allow the effects of our proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations to be phased in over 2 years, where the estimated reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index would be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021, and no cap would be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022. We explained that we believe a 5 percent cap on the overall decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index value, regardless of the circumstance causing the decline, would be an appropriate transition for CY 2021 as it would provide predictability in payment levels from CY 2020 to the upcoming CY 2021 and additional transparency because it is administratively simpler than our prior 2-year 50/50 blended wage index approach. We further explained that we believe 5 percent is a reasonable level for the cap because it would effectively mitigate any significant decreases in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021. We solicited comment on the proposal to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021 from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year, CY 2020.

(4) Budget Neutrality Adjustments for Changes to the ESRD PPS Wage Index In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), we stated that consistent with the historical wage index budget-neutrality adjustment policy finalized in the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70241 through 70242) under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act, we proposed that the proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations and the proposed transition policy would not result in any change of estimated aggregate ESRD PPS payments by applying a budget neutrality factor to the ESRD PPS base rate. We noted budget neutrality was also applied to the adoption of newer OMB delineations and transition policy in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66128 through 66129). Our methodology for calculating this budget neutrality factor is discussed in section II.B.4.d.(2) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.d.(2) of this final rule. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations are set forth below.

Comment. Several commenters supported the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS, effective January 1, 2021. Response. We appreciate the comments supporting the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations.

Comment. A national non-profit dialysis organization expressed concern that its analysis of the proposal indicates that it will have multiple facilities negatively impacted by the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations, which is worsened by the current alcoholism treatment antabuse. Response. We appreciate the detailed concerns described by the commenter Start Printed Page 71435regarding the impact that the 2018 OMB delineations would have on its specific facilities.

While we understand the commenter's concern regarding the potential financial impact, we believe that implementing the 2018 OMB delineations will result in a more accurate representation of labor market areas nationally and in ESRD facility wage index values being more representative of the actual costs of labor in a given area. We believe that the OMB standards for delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas are appropriate for determining area wage differences and that the values computed under the revised delineations will result in more appropriate payments to ESRD facilities by more accurately accounting for and reflecting the differences in area wage levels. We recognize that using the updated OMB delineations will mean there are areas that will experience a decrease in their wage index. As such, it is our longstanding policy to provide a temporary transition to mitigate negative impacts from the adoption of new policies or procedures.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we proposed a 2-year transition in order to mitigate the resulting short-term instability and negative impacts on certain ESRD facilities and to provide time for facilities to adjust to their new labor market delineations. We continue to believe that the 1-year 5-percent cap transitional policy provides an adequate safeguard against any significant payment reductions, allows for sufficient time for facilities to make operational changes for future CYs, and provides a reasonable balance between mitigating some short-term instability in ESRD PPS payments and improving the accuracy of the payment adjustment for differences in area wage levels. We also recognize the impact that the alcoholism treatment PHE is having on all health care providers, which is why we have issued waivers and flexibilities [] to ease burden and allow providers to respond effectively during the alcoholism treatment PHE. Comment.

Several commenters supported the use of a transition policy to mitigate the impact of changes to the wage index values and the proposed transition methodology. Some of these commenters, including MedPAC, suggested alternatives to the methodology. MedPAC suggested that the 5 percent cap limit should apply to both increases and decreases in the wage index so that no ESRD facility would have its wage index value increase or decrease by more than 5 percent for CY 2021. A patient organization acknowledged the reasoning of CMS proposing a less administratively complex methodology of managing the transition given the relatively small proportion of ESRD facilities that will be affected.

The commenter noted that if the total change in payment is 10 percent or less for all facilities, a methodology that caps the decrease in a facility's wage index at 5 percent in the first year makes sense. However, the commenter expressed concern that at least one facility will see a 17 percent decrease in the wage index, which would defer the burden of the transition to the second year. The commenter noted that while providing an extra year for the facility to adjust to the change is helpful, for ESRD facilities that see a drop in wage index payments in the second year and that are located in states without staffing requirements, the negative implications for hiring and retention of staff will be significant. The commenter indicated that it would prefer for CMS to apply the 50/50 blended wage index to manage the transition, but could support the 5 percent cap approach if staff time saved by using a less complex methodology is redirected to addressing higher priority issues, such as securing staff assistance for home dialysis patients or developing a flexible approach to interpretation of the SCI criteria for the TPNIES.

Finally, a national non-profit dialysis organization recommended that CMS provide an extended transition period, beyond the proposed 5 percent limit for 2021, for at least 3 years. Response. We appreciate the comments supporting the proposed transition methodology. Further, we appreciate MedPAC's suggestion that the 5 percent cap should also be applied to increases in the wage index.

However, as we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), the purpose of the proposed transition policy, as well as those we have implemented in the past, is to help mitigate the significant negative impacts of certain wage index changes, not to curtail the positive impacts of such changes, and thus we do not believe it would be appropriate to apply the 5 percent cap on wage index increases as well. To the extent that an ESRD facility's wage index would increase under the 2018 OMB delineations, this means that the ESRD facility is currently being paid less than their reported wage data suggests is appropriate. We believe the transition policy, as proposed, would help ensure these ESRD facilities do not receive a wage index adjustment that is lower than appropriate and that payments are as accurate as possible. With regard to recommendation that we apply the 50/50 blended wage index to manage the transition since some facilities will see a wage index decrease greater than 10 percent, we believe that this approach would not be appropriate for the proportion of ESRD facilities that will be impacted.

The use of a 50/50 blended wage index transition would affect all ESRD facilities. We believe it would be more appropriate to allow ESRD facilities that would experience an increase in their wage index value to receive the full benefit of their increased wage index value, which is intended to reflect accurately the higher labor costs in that area. The utilization of a cap on negative impacts restricts the transition to only those with negative impacts and allows ESRD facilities who would experience positive impacts to receive the full amount of their wage index increase. As such, we believe a 5 percent cap on the overall decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index value is an appropriate transition as it would effectively mitigate any significant decreases in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021.

With regard to the comment suggesting staff time be used to address higher priority issues, we believe that the comment was referring to CMS staff. We appreciate the commenter's recommendation for polices that impact home dialysis and innovation. With regard to the suggestion that we extend the transition period, beyond the proposed 5 percent limit for CY 2021, for at least 3 years, we believe this would undermine the goal of the wage index policy, which is to improve the accuracy of payments under the ESRD PPS. Extending the transition period and applying a cap would serve to further delay improving the accuracy of the ESRD PPS by continuing to pay certain ESRD facilities more than their wage data suggest is appropriate.

Therefore, while we believe that a transition policy is necessary to help mitigate some initial significant negative impacts from the revised OMB delineations, we also believe this mitigation must be balanced against the importance of ensuring accurate payments. The general comments received on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index and our responses to the comments are set forth below. Comment. Two health insurance organizations in Puerto Rico commented on the wage index for Puerto Rico.

One health insurance organization in Puerto Start Printed Page 71436Rico expressed appreciation for the wage index floor of 0.5000 and explained that it represents an important acknowledgment of the many complexities associated with providing dialysis in Puerto Rico. The commenter noted that in the post-hurricane environment particularly, infrastructure challenges lead to high costs of dialysis care. The commenter strongly encouraged CMS to continue to look closely at the wage index as it relates to Puerto Rico. One of the health insurance organizations asserted that a wage index floor of 0.70 would result in rates that more accurately reflect actual cost per treatment based on costs after multiple natural disasters and the disruptions in 2020 due to alcoholism treatment.

The commenter expressed concern that the financial viability of dialysis providers in Puerto Rico is under stress and that it is in the interest of beneficiaries, the Medicare program, and the fragile healthcare infrastructure in Puerto Rico to have available multiple competing dialysis services providers. The commenter stated that the average in-center HD costs for independent facilities in Puerto Rico is $232.25 per treatment using CMS data from 2017. The commenter asserted that this number is significantly higher than the average FFS payment rate for Puerto Rico and significantly lower than the rates contracted by Medicare Advantage companies for the same service. The commenter noted that in-center HD represents the majority of the treatments for Puerto Rico ESRD patients.

The commenter suggested that CMS consider basing the ESRD wage index on a new survey of ESRD outpatient facility wage costs as a means for wage index reform. Both health insurance organizations referred to the wage index policy changes included in the FY 2020 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule (84 FR 42326 through 42332). Specifically, the commenters urged that the FFS ESRD PPS wage index system for Puerto Rico should use the recently adjusted inpatient facility (Part A) wage index values to reverse the wage index “downward spiral” consistently across all Medicare payment systems. Finally, they recommended that CMS assure that the corresponding adjustment in Medicare Advantage benchmarks for ESRD is made to reflect any adjustments in ESRD PPS payments.

Response. We did not propose specific policies relating to the wage index floor. We thank the commenters for sharing their concerns regarding Puerto Rico's wage index and their suggestions for wage index reform, along with the recommendation of a wage index for Puerto Rico of 0.70 and their concern regarding the Medicare Advantage benchmarks for ESRD. We will take these thoughtful suggestions into consideration when considering future rulemaking.

Final Rule Action. After considering the comments received, for the reasons set forth in this final rule and in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we are finalizing our proposal to adopt the newer OMB delineations contained in OMB Bulletin 18-04 as proposed. We are also finalizing our proposal to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021 from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year (CY 2020) as proposed. We did not receive comments on our proposal regarding wage index budget neutrality, therefore we are finalizing the application of a budget neutrality factor to the ESRD PPS base rate to ensure that the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations and the transition policy will not result in any change of estimated aggregate ESRD PPS payments.

We are finalizing the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage indices based on the latest hospital wage data as proposed. For CY 2021, the labor-related share to which a facility's wage index is applied is 52.3 percent. The final CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index is set forth in Addendum A and is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​End-Stage-Renal-Disease-ESRD-Payment-Regulations-and-Notices.html. Addendum A provides a crosswalk between the CY 2020 wage index for an ESRD facility using the current OMB delineations in effect in CY 2020, the CY 2021 wage index using the current OMB delineations in effect in CY 2020, and the CY 2021 wage index using the final 2018 OMB delineations.

Addendum B provides an ESRD facility-level impact analysis. Addendum B includes the final transition wage index values that will be in effect in CY 2021. Addendum B is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​End-Stage-Renal-Disease-ESRD-Payment-Regulations-and-Notices.html. c.

CY 2021 Update to the Outlier Policy Section 1881(b)(14)(D)(ii) of the Act requires that the ESRD PPS include a payment adjustment for high cost outliers due to unusual variations in the type or amount of medically necessary care, including variability in the amount of ESAs necessary for anemia management. Some examples of the patient conditions that may be reflective of higher facility costs when furnishing dialysis care would be frailty, obesity, and comorbidities, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism. The ESRD PPS recognizes high cost patients, and we have codified the outlier policy and our methodology for calculating outlier payments at § 413.237. The policy provides that the following ESRD outlier items and services are included in the ESRD PPS bundle.

(1) Renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B. (2) Renal dialysis laboratory tests that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B. (3) Renal dialysis medical/surgical supplies, including syringes, used to administer renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B. (4) Renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, covered under Medicare Part D, including renal dialysis oral-only drugs effective January 1, 2025.

And (5) Renal dialysis equipment and supplies that receive the transitional add-on payment adjustment as specified in § 413.236 after the payment period has ended. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49142), we stated that for purposes of determining whether an ESRD facility would be eligible for an outlier payment, it would be necessary for the facility to identify the actual ESRD outlier services furnished to the patient by line item (that is, date of service) on the monthly claim. Renal dialysis drugs, laboratory tests, and medical/surgical supplies that are recognized as outlier services were originally specified in Attachment 3 of Change Request 7064, Transmittal 2033 issued August 20, 2010, rescinded and replaced by Transmittal 2094, dated November 17, 2010. Transmittal 2094 identified additional drugs and laboratory tests that may also be eligible for ESRD outlier payment.

Transmittal 2094 was rescinded and replaced by Transmittal 2134, dated January 14, 2011, which included one technical correction. Furthermore, we use administrative issuances and guidance to continually update the renal dialysis service items available for outlier payment via our quarterly update CMS Change Requests, when applicable. We use this separate guidance to identify renal dialysis service drugs that were or would have been covered under Medicare Part D for Start Printed Page 71437outlier eligibility purposes and in order to provide unit prices for calculating imputed outlier services. In addition, we identify through our monitoring efforts items and services that are either incorrectly being identified as eligible outlier services or any new items and services that may require an update to the list of renal dialysis items and services that qualify as outlier services, which are made through administrative issuances.

Under § 413.237, an ESRD facility is eligible for an outlier payment if its actual or imputed Medicare allowable payment (MAP) amount per treatment for ESRD outlier services exceeds a threshold. The MAP amount represents the average incurred amount per treatment for services that were or would have been considered separately billable services prior to January 1, 2011. The threshold is equal to the ESRD facility's predicted ESRD outlier services MAP amount per treatment (which is case-mix adjusted and described in the following paragraphs) plus the fixed-dollar loss (FDL) amount. In accordance with § 413.237(c), facilities are paid 80 percent of the per treatment amount by which the imputed MAP amount for outlier services (that is, the actual incurred amount) exceeds this threshold.

ESRD facilities are eligible to receive outlier payments for treating both adult and pediatric dialysis patients. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule and at § 413.220(b)(4), using 2007 data, we established the outlier percentage, which is used to reduce the per treatment base rate to account for the proportion of the estimated total payments under the ESRD PPS that are outlier payments, at 1.0 percent of total payments (75 FR 49142 through 49143). We also established the FDL amounts that are added to the predicted outlier services MAP amounts. The outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts are different for adult and pediatric patients due to differences in the utilization of separately billable services among adult and pediatric patients (75 FR 49140).

As we explained in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49138 through 49139), the predicted outlier services MAP amounts for a patient are determined by multiplying the adjusted average outlier services MAP amount by the product of the patient-specific case-mix adjusters applicable using the outlier services payment multipliers developed from the regression analysis used to compute the payment adjustments. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60705), we stated that based on the CY 2018 claims data, outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments. We also noted that, beginning in CY 2020, the total expenditure amount includes add-on payment adjustments made for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy. We projected that for each dialysis treatment furnished, the average amount attributed to the TDAPA would be $21.03 (84 FR 60704).

For CY 2021, we proposed that the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts would be derived from claims data from CY 2019. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42162), because we believe that any adjustments made to the MAP amounts under the ESRD PPS should be based upon the most recent data year available in order to best predict any future outlier payments, we proposed that the outlier thresholds for CY 2021 would be based on utilization of renal dialysis items and services furnished under the ESRD PPS in CY 2019. We noted that, for CY 2020, the total expenditure amount includes add-on payment adjustments made for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy (calculated to be $14.87 per treatment). However, as discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, for CY 2021 we modified the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and will no longer pay for these drugs using the TDAPA.

In addition, we are finalizing that beginning January 1, 2021, calcimimetics will be eligible outlier services. As discussed in section II.B.4.c.(2) of this final rule, CY 2019 claims data show outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we recognize that the utilization of ESAs and other outlier services have continued to decline under the ESRD PPS, and that we have lowered the MAP amounts and FDL amounts every year under the ESRD PPS. We stated that, for CY 2021, the adult predicted outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts have increased as a result of our incorporation of oral and injectable calcimimetics into the outlier policy.

(1) CY 2021 Update to the Outlier Services MAP Amounts and FDL Amounts For this final rule, the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts were updated using 2019 claims data. The impact of this update is shown in Table 5, which compares the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts used for the outlier policy in CY 2020 with the updated estimates for this final rule. The estimates for the CY 2021 outlier policy, which are included in Column II of Table 5, were inflation adjusted to reflect projected 2021 prices for outlier services. TABLE 5—Outlier Policy.

Impact of Using Updated Data To Define the Outlier Policy Column I final outlier policy for CY 2020 (based on 2018 data, price inflated to 2020) *Column II final outlier policy for CY 2021 (based on 2019 data, price inflated to 2021)Age <. 18Age >= 18Age <. 18Age >= 18Average outlier services MAP amount per treatment$30.95$37.33$30.33$53.08AdjustmentsStandardization for outlier services1.06550.97811.03900.9789MIPPA reduction0.980.980.980.98Adjusted average outlier services MAP amount$32.32$35.78$30.88$50.92FDL amount that is added to the predicted MAP to determine the outlier threshold$41.04$48.33$44.78$122.49Patient-months qualifying for outlier payment11.35%10.38%8.80%5.15%Note. Column I was obtained from Column II of Table 2 from the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60705).

Start Printed Page 71438 As demonstrated in Table 5, the estimated FDL amount per treatment that determines the CY 2021 outlier threshold amount for adults (Column II. $122.49) is higher than that used for the CY 2020 outlier policy (Column I. $48.33). The higher threshold is accompanied by an increase in the adjusted average MAP for outlier services from $35.78 to $50.92.

For pediatric patients, there is an increase in the FDL amount from $41.04 to $44.78 and a decrease in the adjusted average MAP for outlier services, from $32.32 to $30.88. As we stated previously, the predicted outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts have increased as a result of the incorporation of oral and injectable calcimimetics into the outlier policy. Approximately 30 percent of ESRD beneficiaries receive calcimimetics and a subset of these beneficiaries tend to have the highest ESRD PPS expenditures, which trigger outlier payments under the ESRD PPS. Since the highest per-beneficiary ESRD PPS expenditures will increase due to calcimimetics being eligible ESRD outlier services, the outlier FDL will increase to ensure that total outlier payments project to 1 percent of total Medicare ESRD PPS expenditures.

We estimate that the percentage of patient months qualifying for outlier payments in CY 2021 will be 5.15percent for adult patients and 8.80 percent for pediatric patients, based on the 2019 claims data. The outlier MAP and FDL amounts continue to be lower for pediatric patients than adults due to the continued lower use of outlier services (primarily reflecting lower use of calcimimetics, ESAs and other injectable drugs). (2) Outlier Percentage In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49081) and under § 413.220(b)(4), we reduced the per treatment base rate by 1 percent to account for the proportion of the estimated total payments under the ESRD PPS that are outlier payments as described in § 413.237. Based on the 2019 claims, outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments, which is below the 1 percent target due to declines in the use of outlier services.

Recalibration of the thresholds using 2019 data is expected to result in aggregate outlier payments close to the 1 percent target in CY 2021. We believe the update to the outlier MAP and FDL amounts for CY 2021 will increase payments for ESRD beneficiaries requiring higher resource utilization and move us closer to meeting our 1 percent outlier policy because we are using more current data for computing the MAP and FDL, which is more in line with current outlier services utilization rates. The inclusion of calcimimetics as ESRD outlier services in CY 2021 will fundamentally change the per-treatment distribution of outlier services relative to previous CYs. In 2019 claims, roughly 33 percent of ESRD beneficiaries and 28 percent of dialysis treatments are associated with calcimimetics and those that often have significantly higher utilization of ESRD outlier services relative to beneficiaries who do not receive calcimimetics.

The MAP and FDL increases account for this change. We note that recalibration of the FDL amounts in this final rule will result in no change in payments to ESRD facilities for beneficiaries with renal dialysis services that are not eligible for outlier payments. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed updates to the outlier policy are set forth below. Comment.

Although we did not propose changes to the outlier target percentage or methodology for computing the MAP or FDL amounts, we received many comments from MedPAC, national dialysis associations, large dialysis organizations, non-profit dialysis associations, a patient advocacy organization, and an academy of nutrition and dietetics expressing concern that the outlier policy has not been effective. Most of the commenters opposed the proposed changes to the MAP and FDL along with suggestions that ranged in complexity for the policy's reform, which are described in detail below. We also received data from the commenters' analysis that studied the impact of outlier payments once calcimimetics become ESRD outlier services. All commenters noted that since the beginning of the ESRD PPS, the outlier pool has not paid out the full amount withheld each year.

MedPAC noted that every year the outlier threshold has been reduced and yet still turns out to have been set too high. MedPAC stated that this phenomenon suggests a declining trend in the use of outlier-eligible services (that is, drugs and laboratory services that were separately billable under the prior payment system) for ESRD beneficiaries with very high estimated spending on those services. MedPAC asserted that CMS' strategy of updating the base year of data used to calculate the outlier threshold to bring the outlier payments closer to the targeted 1 percent, has not been effective. Many commenters recommended that CMS adjust the outlier percentage to more accurately represent the percentage of total payments that have been historically paid under the outlier policy.

For example, commenters suggested that CMS reduce the outlier pool withheld to less than 1 percent, indicating that they believe this approach to be consistent with the intent of Congress since a minimum percentage was not set in the legislation. One non-profit dialysis organization recommended removing the outlier provision from the bundled payment system but recognized that the provision is required by statute and suggested that the percentage be decreased from 1 percent to 0.5 percent. A few other commenters agreed with reducing the percentage to 0.5 and recommended that CMS finalize this change for CY 2021. An LDO recommended that CMS establish a mechanism to return unpaid amounts withheld from ESRD facilities as part of the target percentage when it does not achieve the 1 percent outlier policy in a given year.

An academy of nutrition and dietetics made a similar comment and stated when these dollars are paid back to ESRD facilities they would be invested in patient care. A national dialysis association stated that CMS is correctly adding resources to the ESRD PPS bundled payment to help continued patient access to calcimimetics after the end of the TDAPA period, but this correct policy decision creates adverse, unintended consequences for the outlier pool that must be mitigated in the final rule. Several commenters opposed the proposal to increase the adult FDL and MAP outlier amounts accounting for the calcimimetics. Some commenters, including MedPAC, stated that this action could further exacerbate the longstanding issue of the outlier pool being underpaid.

MedPAC identified two problems that are additive. Meaning the outlier payments may be too low because (1) the outlier threshold calculation does not account for the trend of decreasing spending for services previously eligible for an outlier payment. And (2) in making calcimimetics eligible for outlier payments in CY 2021, the outlier threshold calculation does not account for the likelihood that calcimimetic use will be lower after payment for calcimimetics is added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment. MedPAC indicated that the fact that CMS is proposing to increase the outlier threshold by 126 percent in 2021, rather than decrease the threshold as the agency has done in every other year, corroborates the reliance on high calcimimetic use for receiving an outlier payment in 2021.

MedPAC further stated that, if calcimimetic use decreases between Start Printed Page 714392019 (when the products were paid using the TDAPA) and 2021 (when the products will be paid as part of the ESRD PPS base rate), the outlier threshold will be set too high and outlier payments will be lower than the 1 percent of total 2021 payments. Several commenters urged CMS to lower the thresholds proposed for 2021. The commenters expressed concern that increases to the outlier threshold would cause a shift in the cases qualifying for an outlier payment. They stated that the increases to the thresholds would limit most outlier payments to those patients who use IV calcimimetics, largely excluding outlier payments for the care of patients using other relatively high-cost items and services that otherwise would be eligible for outliers absent adoption of the proposed substantial increases to the outlier thresholds.

Many commenters referred to a study performed by the Moran Company which was submitted in a comment letter from a national dialysis organization. The study demonstrated that as a result of the proposed policy changes to increase the outlier thresholds, 76.3 percent of the outlier pool will be dedicated solely to patients that utilize calcimimetics, leaving few resources for other high-cost patients. Several commenters expressed concern that the dynamic shift of the allocation of outlier payments seen in the Moran Company's analyses for calcimimetics would continue to happen in the future when new therapies become ESRD outlier services. One commenter explained that any new product that qualifies for the outlier policy and has a significant cost associated with it will lead to higher threshold amounts.

Several commenters referred to MedPAC's public comment for the CY 2020 ESRD PPS rulemaking, in which MedPAC recommended that CMS exclude payments during a TDAPA—or TPNIES—period from outlier pool calculations given that CMS policy makes a drug or equipment or supply ineligible for outlier payments during the add-on period. The commenters described this as a policy misalignment that causes outlier payments to be less than the outlier target percentage. Two commenters suggested comprehensive refinement of the outlier policy methodology. MedPAC recommended that CMS consider an approach that reflects the trend in separately billable spending over time.

MedPAC noted that other CMS payment systems use trend information when establishing similar payment policies. For example, in establishing county benchmark rates, MedPAC stated that the Medicare Advantage program uses a prediction method that accounts for utilization trends for specific services combined with the most recent available prices. MedPAC asserted that such an approach could produce a more reliable outlier threshold estimate and may result in the outlier payment amounts that, on average, are closer to the target. Several commenters recommended that CMS explore reserving a portion of the outlier pool to be in proportion to the share of new ESRD outlier services, in this case calcimimetics, compared to the current spending on all other ESRD outlier services in the ESRD PPS.

Under this type of policy, CMS could establish a MAP and fixed-loss amount for each sub-pool. The total value of the outlier pool could remain at 1 percent (or less as noted above) of the ESRD PPS. CMS could recalculate the size of the sub-pool based on the most recently available claims data. Over time, CMS could evaluate whether additional functional categories (in addition to bone and mineral metabolism) would merit the creation of additional sub-pools.

One national kidney dialysis organization explained that in addition to allowing the outlier pool to address higher-costs patients outside of the calcimimetic costs, the distributed nature of the sub-pools would decrease the risk of dollars being removed from the payment system unintentionally. A national dialysis association provided a simulation of the calculation of outlier payments performed by the Moran Company testing two sub-pools of the outlier withhold. One for patients using calcimimetics and another for other, high cost patients who do not use calcimimetics. The Moran Company found that use of sub-pools would improve the distribution of outlier payments for all high cost patients, but indicated that it is not likely to eliminate all leakage from the ESRD PPS due to the outlier pool.

The commenter stated that this finding underscores the need to reduce the withhold amount to 0.5 percent and correct the misalignment between CMS's policies that withhold dollars during an add-on payment period when the treatment is not eligible for outlier payments. The commenter urged CMS to include its recommended approach to bifurcate the outlier policy in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule. The commenter suggested that CMS could publish an interim final rule with comment period, if needed, to ensure that the public can comment on these proposals prior to implementation. However, the commenter emphasized that these policies should take effect for CY 2021 to ensure that the outlier pool continues to support high cost patients under the ESRD PPS.

Many commenters expressed interest in working with CMS to refine the outlier policy methodology to make sure that it addresses the needs of all types of high costs patients. The commenters suggested that a larger discussion of a solution to the outlier pool being dominated by a single product is warranted, perhaps through a TEP or in another forum. Response. We appreciate all of the thoughtful suggestions provided by commenters.

We acknowledge that, even with annually adjusting the MAP and FDL to reflect the most recent utilization and costs of ESRD PPS eligible outlier services, total outlier payments have not yet reached the 1 percent target. However, it is also true that use of eligible ESRD outlier services declined each year. That is, ESRD facilities incurred lower costs than anticipated, and those savings accrued to facilities more than offsetting the extent to which the consequent outlier payments fell short of the 1.0 percent target. We appreciate the comments suggesting solutions for refining the outlier policy methodology, for example, reducing the outlier percentage pool withhold to less than 1 percent or establishing a mechanism that pays back ESRD facilities those allocated outlier amounts that did not pay out in the year projected.

We also appreciate the comments suggesting more complex solutions, such as the approach provided by MedPAC, that uses trend information for establishing thresholds or the approach from other commenters that bifurcates the outlier pool into sub-pools. We did not propose any changes to the outlier policy methodology in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Our proposal was limited to updating the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts to reflect the utilization of outlier services reported on 2019 claims. Therefore, we are not finalizing these significant methodological changes the commenters suggested.

However, we recognize that the incorporation of calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS bundled payment system, and of which effective January 1, 2021 are ESRD PPS eligible outlier services, brings with them a unique dynamic. As the commenters have indicated, these products are expensive and these high costs have been loaded into the projections for the outlier payments. We also agree with the commenters that as new therapies become eligible ESRD outlier services, they too will bring significant costs that could further Start Printed Page 71440complicate the allocation of outlier payments to beneficiaries that may not be using the particular new therapy. As we noted in the previous paragraph, we do not believe it is appropriate to finalize significant methodological changes, such as bifurcating the outlier pool into sub-pools, without performing detailed analyses to inform us on the implications of the changes.

Similarly, we do not agree with the suggestion that CMS publish an interim final rule with comment period to finalize complex changes to the outlier policy methodology so that they can take effect in CY 2021. Doing so would be premature since we would not have carefully studied and considered the potential consequences. We appreciate the commenters' expressed interest in working with CMS to refine the outlier policy methodology to make sure that it addresses the needs of all types of high costs patients. While commenters suggested a TEP or another forum to develop a solution to the outlier pool being dominated by a single product, we had already indicated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60607) that a TEP would address the outlier policy as part of the efforts to refine the ESRD PPS.

Following publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, a TEP was held in December 2019. The outlier policy was on the agenda and our data contractor discussed. The current approach to outlier payments, stakeholder concerns regarding the current outlier payment, an alternative methodology to achieve the 1 percent outlier target, and feedback on the proposed approach. Under the alternative approach discussed at the TEP, the underlying basis of the alternative methodology is to relax the assumption of constant utilization of eligible outlier services over time, which allows for the modeling of the MAP amounts as they change over time.

It also allows for the use of data from a greater number of years to inform trends. Details regarding the session dedicated to the outlier policy are available on the CMS website. Https://www.cms.gov/​files/​document/​end-stage-renal-disease-prospective-payment-system-technical-expert-panel-summary-report-december.pdf. We believe that the information gathered at the TEP and the thoughtful suggestions provided in the public comments submitted in response to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule can be taken into consideration in the future as we explore ways to refine the outlier policy methodology.

Final Rule Action. After considering the public comments, we are finalizing the updated outlier thresholds for CY 2021 displayed in Column II of Table 5 of this final rule and based on CY 2019 data. D. Final Impacts to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS Base Rate (1) ESRD PPS Base Rate In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49071 through 49083), we established the methodology for calculating the ESRD PPS per-treatment base rate, that is, ESRD PPS base rate, and the determination of the per-treatment payment amount, which are codified at §§ 413.220 and 413.230.

The CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule also provides a detailed discussion of the methodology used to calculate the ESRD PPS base rate and the computation of factors used to adjust the ESRD PPS base rate for projected outlier payments and budget neutrality in accordance with sections 1881(b)(14)(D)(ii) and 1881(b)(14)(A)(ii) of the Act, respectively. Specifically, the ESRD PPS base rate was developed from CY 2007 claims (that is, the lowest per patient utilization year as required by section 1881(b)(14)(A)(ii) of the Act), updated to CY 2011, and represented the average per treatment MAP for composite rate and separately billable services. In accordance with section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act and our regulation at § 413.230, the per-treatment payment amount is the sum of the ESRD PPS base rate, adjusted for the patient specific case-mix adjustments, applicable facility adjustments, geographic differences in area wage levels using an area wage index, any applicable outlier payment and training adjustment add-on, the TDAPA, and the TPNIES. (2) Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 We are finalizing an ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021 of $253.13.

This update reflects several factors, described in more detail as follows. Wage Index Budget-Neutrality Adjustment Factor. We compute a wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor that is applied to the ESRD PPS base rate. For CY 2021, we are not proposing any changes to the methodology used to calculate this factor, which is described in detail in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72174).

We computed the proposed CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor using treatment counts from the 2019 claims and facility-specific CY 2020 payment rates to estimate the total dollar amount that each ESRD facility would have received in CY 2020. The total of these payments became the target amount of expenditures for all ESRD facilities for CY 2021. Next, we computed the estimated dollar amount that would have been paid for the same ESRD facilities using the ESRD PPS wage index for CY 2021. As discussed in section II.B.4.b of this final rule, the final ESRD PPS wage index for CY 2021 includes an update to the most recent hospital wage data, the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations, and a 5 percent cap on wage index decreases applied for CY 2021.

The total of these payments becomes the new CY 2021 amount of wage-adjusted expenditures for all ESRD facilities. The wage index budget-neutrality factor is calculated as the target amount divided by the new CY 2021 amount. When we multiplied the wage index budget-neutrality factor by the applicable CY 2021 estimated payments, aggregate payments to ESRD facilities would remain budget neutral when compared to the target amount of expenditures. That is, the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor ensures that wage index adjustments do not increase or decrease aggregate Medicare payments with respect to changes in wage index updates.

The final CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor is .999485. This application would yield a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $239.21, ($239.33 × .999485 = $239.21), prior to the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics and the application of the final market basket increase. Addition to the ESRD PPS Base Rate to Include Calcimimetics. As discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, for CY 2021 we are modifying the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

This application would yield a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $249.14 ($239.21 + $9.93 = $249.14), prior to the application of the final market basket increase. Market Basket Increase. Section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(I) of the Act provides that, beginning in 2012, the ESRD PPS payment amounts are required to be annually increased by the ESRD market basket percentage increase factor. The latest projection of the ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 is 1.9 percent.

In CY 2021, this amount must be reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act, as required by section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(II) of the Act. As discussed previously, the final MFP adjustment for CY 2021 is 0.3 percentage point, thus yielding an update to the base rate of 1.6 percent for CY 2021. Therefore, the final CY 2021 Start Printed Page 71441ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13 ($249.14 × 1.016 = $253.13). In summary, we are finalizing a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $253.13.

This amount reflects a CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .999485, an addition of $9.93 to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and the CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment update of 1.6 percent. The comments and our responses to the comments on our updates to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate are set forth below. Comment. Commenters were supportive of the updates to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021.

Response. We appreciate the comments in support of the updates. Comment. An academy of nutrition and dietetics urged CMS to consider access to care in rural areas when setting the rates under the ESRD PPS.

The commenter referred to MedPAC's March 2020 Report to Congress,[] and noted MedPAC's concern about the gap in the Medicare margin between rural and urban facilities. The commenter believes that the proposal to cap any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index is one way to address these access to care concerns, including access to registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). The commenter explained that RDNs perform many roles in ESRD facilities aimed at improving outcomes and promoting therapy adherence, including dialysis treatments, dietary recommendations, and medication regimes. The commenter expressed concern that there are significant challenges to the hiring and retention of RDNs in rural area ESRD facilities, therefore rates for the rural facilities require an adequate margin to support recruitment and retention of qualified RDNs to address the needs of this nutritionally high-risk population.

Response. We appreciate the commenter's recommendation for CMS to consider access to care in rural areas when setting the rates under the ESRD PPS, specifically with regard to hiring and retaining specialized staff that provide quality care to ESRD beneficiaries. As we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60701), the annual update factor is intended to account for the overall increase in cost of care at the national level. The patient case-mix payment adjustments and the facility level adjustments, such as the rural adjustment and low-volume payment adjustment account for differences in both patient and facility characteristics.

These payment adjustments are provided to address the variation of costs of a particular facility relative to the national standard. The CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule discusses the methodology for calculating the patient and facility-level adjustments (80 FR 68972 through 69004). In addition, the ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted for any applicable outlier payment, training add-on payment, the TDAPA, and the TPNIES to arrive at the per treatment payment amount. For these reasons, we believe that the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is appropriate despite the challenges some ESRD facilities experience.

We also continue to believe that the payment adjustments, such as the rural adjustment and the low volume payment adjustment help mitigate the challenges faced by those facilities that are eligible for the adjustments. Final Rule Action. We are finalizing a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $253.13. 5.

Changes to the Low-Volume Payment Adjustment a. Background As required by section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iii) of the Act, the ESRD PPS includes a payment adjustment that reflects the extent to which costs incurred by low-volume facilities in furnishing renal dialysis services exceed the costs incurred by other facilities in furnishing such services. We have established a LVPA factor of 23.9 percent for ESRD facilities that meet the definition of a low-volume facility. Under § 413.232(b), a low-volume facility is an ESRD facility that, based on the submitted documentation—(1) Furnished less than 4,000 treatments in each of the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent) preceding the payment year.

And (2) Has not opened, closed, or received a new provider number due to a change in ownership in the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent) preceding the payment year. Under § 413.232(c), for purposes of determining the number of treatments furnished by the ESRD facility, the number of treatments considered furnished by the ESRD facility equals the aggregate number of treatments furnished by the ESRD facility and the number of treatments furnished by other ESRD facilities that are both under common ownership with, and 5 road miles or less from, the ESRD facility in question. For purposes of determining eligibility for the LVPA, “treatments” mean total HD-equivalent treatments (Medicare and non-Medicare as well as ESRD and non-ESRD). For PD patients, 1 week of PD is considered equivalent to 3 HD treatments.

As noted previously, we base eligibility on the 3 years preceding the payment year and those years are based on cost reporting periods. Specifically, under § 413.232(g), the ESRD facility's cost reports for the periods ending in the 3 years preceding the payment year must report costs for 12-consecutive months (76 FR 70237). In order to receive the LVPA under the ESRD PPS, an ESRD facility must submit a written attestation statement to its MAC confirming that it meets all of the requirements specified in § 413.232 and qualifies as a low-volume ESRD facility. The attestation is required because.

(1) ESRD facility's cost reporting periods vary and may not be based on the calendar year. And (2) the cost reports are due 5 months after the close of the cost reporting period (that is, there is a lag in the cost reporting submission). Thus, the MACs may not have the cost report for the third year to determine eligibility and would need to rely on the attestation for that year until the cost report is available. Section 413.232(e) imposes a yearly November 1 deadline for attestation submissions, with a few exceptions where the deadline is December 31.

The November 1 timeframe provides 60 days for a MAC to verify that an ESRD facility meets the LVPA eligibility criteria (76 FR 70236). As stated in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, (Pub. L. 100-02), (chapter 11, section 60.B.1),[] once the attested ESRD facility's cost report is submitted to the MAC, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report for the third eligibility year and finds that the ESRD facility met the eligibility criteria, the ESRD facility would then receive the LVPA payment for all the Medicare-eligible treatments in the payment year.

However, if the attested ESRD facility's cost report for the third eligibility year exceeds the total dialysis treatment threshold, then the MAC recoups by reprocessing claims paid during the payment year in which the ESRD facility incorrectly received the LVPA. Recoupment also occurs if any cost reports used for eligibility are subsequently found to have not met the low-volume criteria, for example, reopening or appeals. Further information regarding the administration of the LVPA is provided Start Printed Page 71442in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, chapter 11, section 60.B.1.[] b. Revisions to the LVPA Requirements and Regulations As we discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56949) and the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42165), we have heard from stakeholders that low-volume facilities rely on the LVPA and loss of the adjustment could result in beneficiary access issues.

Specifically, stakeholders expressed concern that the eligibility criteria in the LVPA regulations are very explicit and leave little room for flexibility in certain circumstances. As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42165), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the risk factors for alcoholism treatment include older adults and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. Medicare's ESRD population aligns with the profile of patients who are more susceptible to alcoholism treatment. As a result, ESRD facilities are working together to keep the risk of spreading alcoholism treatment down as much as possible by shifting patients among the ESRD facilities in the same area.

In some cases, this shifting of patients has caused some low-volume ESRD facilities to temporarily dialyze patients that they otherwise would not have dialyzed if there had not been a PHE. In addition, since cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) have increased in certain areas of the country due to alcoholism treatment, there is also an increase in the number of patients discharged that need outpatient dialysis for some period of time while their kidneys regain normal function. We expressed concern that these increases in dialysis treatments due to the alcoholism treatment PHE in CY 2020 may put certain low-volume facilities over the LVPA's treatment threshold causing the loss of, or the inability to qualify for, the 23.9 percent per treatment payment adjustment for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023. We noted that in CY 2020, 338 ESRD facilities receive the LVPA.

We also noted that in a typical year, we estimate that between 50-60 facilities lose their LVPA status. That is, there are between 50-60 ESRD facilities that typically lose their LVPA status because their patient population grew for reasons other than the alcoholism treatment PHE. In light of the unique circumstance due to the alcoholism treatment PHE, we proposed to hold ESRD facilities harmless if an increase in their treatment counts in 2020 is alcoholism treatment-related such that the increase would prevent them from qualifying for the LVPA. We proposed that the ESRD facility would attest that the increase in treatments, meaning total HD-equivalent treatments (for ESRD and AKI), was temporary and related to the redistribution of patients in response to the alcoholism treatment PHE.

When this occurs, instead of using total dialysis treatments furnished in cost reporting periods ending in 2020, CMS would rely on the facility's attestation that the increase in total dialysis treatments was due to the PHE for the alcoholism treatment antabuse. We proposed that for purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, we would only consider total dialysis treatments furnished for 6 months of a facility's cost-reporting period ending in 2020, and that an ESRD facility would decide which 6 months to use (consecutive or non-consecutive) for purposes of reporting total treatments. That is, ESRD facilities would attest that, while it furnished 4,000 or more treatments in its cost-reporting period ending in 2020, the number of treatments exceeding the allowed threshold to otherwise qualify for the LVPA was due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE, and that their total dialysis treatments for any 6 months of that period is less than 2,000. MACs would annualize the total dialysis treatments for those 6 months by multiplying by 2.

ESRD facilities would be expected to provide supporting documentation to the MACs upon request. We proposed to revise § 413.232(g) by adding paragraph (g)(4) to reflect that, for purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, an ESRD facility's attestation must indicate that the ESRD facility meets all the LVPA criteria except that, for a facility that does not otherwise meet the number-of-treatments criterion (that is, less than 4,000 in a year) because of the alcoholism treatment PHE, the facility furnished less than 2,000 treatments in any 6 months during its cost-reporting period ending in 2020 due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE. We also proposed that the MAC would rely on the facility's attestation and would annualize the total dialysis treatments for the 6 months by multiplying those collective 6 month treatments by 2. In addition, since CMS changed cost reporting deadlines due to the alcoholism treatment PHE, we believe the extraordinary circumstances of the alcoholism treatment antabuse justify an exception to the November 1, 2020 attestation deadline.

Therefore, for payment year 2021, we proposed to allow more time for ESRD facilities to submit attestations by extending the deadline to December 31, 2020. We would reflect this change in § 413.232(e) by reformatting the section to reflect already established exceptions to the November 1 attestation deadline in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3), and to include in new paragraph (e)(4) that, for payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020. We proposed a technical change at § 413.232(b) to remove the heading “Definition of low-volume facility” to be consistent with the current CFR requirements.[] We also proposed a technical change at § 413.232(e) and (g). We proposed to add “MAC” in § 413.232(e) to establish the acronym for Medicare Administrative Contractor.

We proposed to replace “Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC)” with “MAC” in § 413.232(g) since the acronym would now be established in § 413.232(e). C. Clarification for MAC LVPA Determinations As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42166), in order to receive the LVPA, an ESRD facility must meet the requirements of § 413.232, including submitting attestations to the MACs indicating its eligibility for the adjustment. In its attestation for the third eligibility year, which is the cost-reporting year immediately preceding the payment year, a facility attests that it will be eligible for the adjustment.

This attestation typically occurs prior to the MAC having the facility's cost report for the third eligibility year, in which case the MAC relies on the facility's attestation to determine if the facility qualifies for the LVPA. When an ESRD facility qualifies for the adjustment, the LVPA would be applied to all the Medicare-eligible treatments for the entire payment year. If the MAC subsequently determines, however, that the ESRD facility failed to qualify for the LVPA, and the facility had already begun to receive the adjustment to which the MAC has determined it is not entitled, the MAC would reprocess the claims to remove and recoup the low-volume payments. We understand that in some instances, MACs may be discontinuing LVPA payments to a facility in the payment year for which the facility is eligible for the adjustment.

However, Start Printed Page 71443the established policy is such that, if an ESRD facility meets the LVPA eligibility criteria in § 413.232, it is entitled to the payment adjustment for the entire payment year. Because there may be some inconsistent application of this policy, we are taking this opportunity to make this aspect of the LVPA policy clear in the regulation text. We proposed to revise § 413.232 by adding paragraph (h) to specify that, if an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with § 413.232(e) for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report. If the MAC determines an ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility, CMS adjusts the low-volume facility's base rate for the entire payment year.

However, if the MAC determines an ESRD facility does not meet the definition of a low-volume facility, the MAC reprocesses claims and recoups low volume adjustments paid during the payment year. The comments and our responses to the comments on our LVPA proposals are set forth below. Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to hold harmless ESRD facilities that would otherwise qualify for the LVPA but for a temporary increase in dialysis treatments due to the PHE for the alcoholism treatment antabuse.

Two of the commenters indicated that holding these ESRD facilities harmless will better ensure ESRD patients' access to life-sustaining dialysis. Response. We appreciate the support of the commenters as we strive to ensure access to care during this unprecedented time. Comment.

One commenter expressed concern that the intent of the proposal would not be met as the length of the PHE for alcoholism treatment remains uncertain. Response. We thank the commenter for its support for the proposed LVPA modifications while appreciating this concern. While the end of the PHE for alcoholism treatment remains uncertain, we believe that the modification adequately address the current and foreseen impact of alcoholism treatment on low volume ESRD facilities.

We will consider the alcoholism treatment PHE during rulemaking in the future, if warranted. Comment. One commenter expressed confusion over the proposed methodology, indicating that LVPA attestation data can be pulled from any six-month period in the preceding three years. The commenter expressed concern that facilities who would have exceeded the threshold, even in the absence of alcoholism treatment, can `mask' their disqualification.

Response. We acknowledge the commenter's confusion over the proposal. For purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, the facility would attest that its total dialysis treatments for those 6 months of their cost-reporting period ending in 2020 are less than 2,000 and that, although the total number of treatments furnished throughout the entire year otherwise exceeded the LVPA threshold of 4,000, the excess treatments are a direct result of patient shifting from the alcoholism treatment PHE. ESRD facilities would select 6 months (consecutive or non-consecutive) of total dialysis treatments furnished for purposes of the LVPA determination and, if eligible, will receive the benefit for the entire payment year.

If the ESRD facility would have not qualified for the LVPA in the absence of alcoholism treatment, the facility cannot attest that the alcoholism treatment PHE caused its excess treatments. The policy is intended to directly address the burden placed on ESRD facilities in 2020 due to the alcoholism treatment PHE. Future rulemaking will address the PHE's impact on the LVPA, if the impact continues into following years. Comment.

We received comments that suggested we adopt a methodology including a combination of the rural and LVPA adjusters to create a tiered LVPA, targeting facilities providing less than 4,000 treatments per year, and expanding the adjuster to include a second tier that includes facilities providing less than 6,000 treatments per year. Response. We appreciate commenters' suggestions for an alternative methodology and will take their suggestions into consideration for future rulemaking. Final Rule Action.

After consideration of public comments, for CY 2021, we are finalizing the revisions to the LVPA, as proposed. We are finalizing the revision to § 413.232(g) by adding paragraph (g)(4) to codify the process. We are also finalizing the proposal to reformat § 413.232(e) to reflect already established exceptions to the November 1 attestation deadline in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3), and to include in new paragraph (e)(4) that, for payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020. We are finalizing a technical change at § 413.232(b) to remove the heading “Definition of low-volume facility.” We are also finalizing technical changes at § 413.232(e) and (g), whereby “MAC” would be added in § 413.232(e) to establish the acronym for Medicare Administrative Contractor and “MAC” would replace “Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC)” in § 413.232(g).

Lastly, we are finalizing the revision of § 413.232 by adding paragraph (h) to specify that, if an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with § 413.232(e) for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report. C. Transitional Add-On Payment Adjustment for New and Innovative Equipment and Supplies for CY 2021 Payment 1. Background In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the establishment of a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES) to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS.

Under our current regulation at § 413.236(b), we will provide the TPNIES to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. (1) Has been designated by CMS as a renal dialysis service under § 413.171, (2) is new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, (3) is commercially available by January 1 of the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect. (4) has a Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year. (5) is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter and related guidance.

And (6) is not a capital-related asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired). Specifically, the equipment or supply must represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Under the first criterion, as reflected in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, renal dialysis equipment and supplies will be considered “new” if FDA grants them marketing authorization on or after January 1, 2020. By including FDA marketing authorizations on or after January 1, 2020, we intended to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to renal dialysis equipment and supplies.

We note that in section II.B.2.b of this final rule, we are refining the newness criterion (year in which the product was granted FDA marketing Start Printed Page 71444authorization) and establish that an equipment or supply is considered “new” within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization for that equipment or supply. For capital-related assets that are dialysis machines when used in the home setting for a single patient, the 3 years would begin from the date of FDA marketing authorization for home use. We note that the changes to the newness criteria and the other changes discussed in section II.B.2.b are effective beginning January 1, 2021, that is, applicable for the TPNIES applications received in 2021. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42166), we believed the IPPS SCI criteria and the process used to evaluate SCI under the IPPS could be used for identifying new and innovative equipment and supplies worthy of additional payment under the ESRD PPS.

We noted that under the IPPS, CMS has been assessing new technologies for many years to assure that the additional new technology add-on payments to hospitals are made only for truly innovative and transformative products, and we stated that CMS is proposing to adopt the IPPS SCI criteria under the ESRD PPS for the same reason. We explained that we wanted to ensure that the add-on payment adjustments made under the ESRD PPS are limited to new equipment and supplies that are truly innovative. In addition, since renal dialysis services are routinely furnished to hospital inpatients and outpatients, we stated that we believed the same SCI criteria should be used to assess whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply warrants additional payment under Medicare. We finalized the adoption of IPPS's SCI criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1), including modifications finalized in future IPPS final rules, to determine when a new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply is eligible for the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS.

That is, we would adopt IPPS's SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1) and any supporting policy around these criteria as discussed in IPPS preamble language. We stated that we believed that by incorporating the IPPS SCI criteria for new and innovative renal dialysis equipment under the ESRD PPS, we would be consistent with IPPS and innovators would have standard criteria to meet for both settings. We also proposed to establish a process modeled after IPPS's process of determining if a new medical service or technology meets the SCI criteria specified in § 412.87. That is, we proposed that CMS would use a similar process to determine whether the renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria proposed in newly added § 413.236(b).

Similar to how we evaluate whether a new renal dialysis drug or biological product is eligible for the TDAPA, as discussed in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69019), we would need to determine whether the renal dialysis equipment and supply meets our eligibility criteria for the TPNIES. Specifically, under § 413.236(b)(5) we evaluate SCI for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS based on the IPPS SCI criteria (see § 412.87(b)(1)). We note that in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as well as section II.B.2.a of this final rule, we provide a detailed discussion of the SCI criteria. In addition, in section II.B.2.b of this final rule we are revising § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has now been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1).

As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and in section II.B.2.a of this final rule, we established in § 413.236(c) a process for our announcement of TPNIES determinations and a deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications under the ESRD PPS. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b). Then, after consideration of public comments we will announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual ESRD PPS final rule. We noted we would only consider a complete application received by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year.

FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year. We note in section II.B.2.b of this final rule, we are revising § 413.236(c) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website” to reflect that FDA marketing authorization for the new and innovative equipment or supply must accompany the HCPCS application prior to the particular calendar year in order for the item to qualify for the TPNIES in the next calendar year. 2. Applications for TPNIES Payment for CY 2021 We received two applications for the TPNIES for CY 2021.

A discussion of these applications is presented below. A. Theranova 400 Dialyzer and Theranova 500 Dialyzer (1) Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Baxter) Application Baxter submitted an application for the Theranova 400 Dialyzer/Theranova 500 Dialyzer. The 400 and 500 denote differences in surface area.

The applicant stated that Theranova represents an SCI over currently available HD therapies for the treatment of renal failure. The applicant stated that Theranova is a new class of hollow-fiber, single-use dialyzer intended to treat renal failure by HD. The applicant stated that it features an innovative 3-layer membrane structure that offers a higher permeability than high-flux dialyzers, with improved removal of large proteins up to 45 kilodaltons (kDa) while selectively maintaining essential proteins such as albumin.[] The applicant stated that Theranova has the potential to transform in-center HD by allowing Medicare beneficiaries with renal failure to benefit from expanded hemodialysis (HDx). HDx is defined as a process of blood purification that includes the clearance of small uremic toxins through large middle molecule (LMM) (categorized as uremic solute whose molecular size is 25 kDa up to 60 kDa) toxins without the need for an external infusion of replacement fluid.

For purposes of the application, HDx is collectively referred to in the application as “Theranova”. The applicant asserted that the Theranova dialyzer integrates with existing HD machines that an ESRD facility already owns and that the Theranova dialyzer replaces other dialyzers. The applicant described the Theranova membrane as unique and stated it allows for the removal of an expanded range of solutes, creating a filtration profile closer to a natural kidney. The applicant described the membrane structure as being divided into three distinct layers.

A fingerlike porous outer layer, a sponge-like intermediate layer, and a very thin inner layer (skin). By reducing the inner diameter of the membrane, internal filtration is increased, allowing for enhanced clearance of LMMs through Start Printed Page 71445additional convective transport.[] The Theranova dialyzer enables the efficient removal of uremic toxins (up to 45 kDa).[] The applicant included an adapted figure from a book titled, “Modelling and Control of Dialysis Systems [] to compare removal of toxins by Theranova to the kidney and to other dialysis therapies, such as low flux dialyzers (LF), high flux dialyzers (HFD) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). The applicant's adapted figure showed the following. LF, HFD, HDF and HDx remove urea (60 Daltons (Da)), phosphate (96 Da), Parathyroid hormone (9,500 Da).

HFD, HDF and HDx remove Beta 2 microglobulin (12 kDa), cystatin C (13 kDa), Myoglobulin (17 kDa), and, kappa free-light-chains (23 kDa). HDF and HDx remove complement factor D (24 kDa), Interleukin (IL)-6 (25 kDa), alpha 1 microglobulin (33 kDa). And, HDx removes Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (40 kDa), lambda free-light-chains (45 kDa) and albumin (67 kDa). The applicant stated that compared with low-flux HD, high-flux HD, and HDF, the Theranova dialyzer filtration profile is more similar to that of a natural kidney, as shown in vitro [] giving it expanded clearance of uremic toxins.

The applicant asserted that the design of the Theranova dialyzer allows for use on any HD machine, made by any manufacturer, by merely changing the dialyzer. The applicant stated that the membrane is compatible with standard fluid quality and does not require any additional fluid quality control measure. Theranova received approval for Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) protocol from the FDA, on August 31, 2017, and then received approval for coverage on September 13, 2017. The Class II investigational device exemption received the code G170157.[] The FDA requested a 6-month clinical study to validate efficacy of large toxin removal and safety.

According to the applicant, safety is defined in part by albumin loss. The applicant stated that it is seeking marketing authorization through the FDA's De Novo pathway and marketing authorization this year for the May 2020 cycle. The applicant stated that it plans to submit a HCPCS application to CMS in June 2020. The applicant noted that it has not submitted an application for pass-through payments under the Medicare Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) or the NTAP program under the Medicare IPPS for the Theranova 400 Dialyzer/Theranova 500 Dialyzer.

The applicant stated that it expects Theranova to be commercially available immediately after receiving marketing authorization and will provide proof of commercial availability. With regard to demonstrating the requirements for SCI, the applicant asserted that Theranova represents an SCI in outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries over currently available HD therapies treating renal failure. The applicant noted that ESRD patients on current HD therapies suffer unsatisfactorily high mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and s.[] In addition, the applicant stated that the HDx enabled by Theranova effectively targets the removal of LMM uremic toxins (25 kDa to 60 kDa), which are linked to the development of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities in dialysis patients. The applicant stated that this results in improved clinical outcomes, relative to current dialyzers in four clinical categories.

First, a decreased rate of subsequent therapeutic interventions, including fewer s, reduced hospitalization duration, and reduced medication usage. Specifically, the applicant stated that patients treated with HDx therapy have decreased s. A prospective cross-over study found an average of seven episodes of for patients treated with HDx versus 18 for high flux HD (p = 0.003).[] The applicant also stated that patients receiving HDx therapy with Theranova had hospital stays averaging 4.4 days versus 5.9 days for patients receiving traditional HD (p = 0.0001) along with lower hospitalization rates (71 percent versus 77 percent (p = 0.69)).[] The U.S. IDE Randomized Controlled Trial (NCT032574 l 0) of 172 patients, although not powered for all-cause hospitalization events, showed a 49 percent decreased number of hospitalization events in the Theranova arm (18 events) as compared to the control arm (37 events).[] With regard to improved medication usage, the applicant stated that patients receiving HDx therapy had reduced medication usage.

The applicant cited three studies that showed a significant decrease in erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) usage.[] One study also found a substantial reduction in the need for iron usage.[] Two studies saw an improvement in EPO resistance index (ERI) and one study showed a statistically significant decrease in phosphate binder (calcium carbonate) usage.[] The second clinical improvement category listed by the applicant is a more rapid beneficial resolution of the disease process treatment. The applicant cited a 2019 publication which noted that the average recovery time after dialysis is reduced with HDx therapy, with the median self-reported recovery time at 120 minutes, 60 min., 60 min., and 105 min. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months compared to a baseline 240 min. (p <.

0.01 for 6, 9, and 12-month ratings. N = 110).[] The third category of improved clinical outcomes listed by the applicant Start Printed Page 71446is reduced inflammation in patients receiving HDx Therapy with Theranova. The applicant referenced a 2018 review article, which notes that chronic inflammation in ESRD patients is associated with the build-up of known uremic toxins spanning the molecular size spectrum from 12 kDa to 45 kDa such as beta-2-microglobulin, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Receptor 2, IL-1, Prolactin, IL-18, IL-6, Hyaluronic Acid, TNF-a, Soluble TNF Receptor 1, Pentraxin-3, and Advanced Glycation End-Products. The same article notes the following.

(1) LMM (25 kDa to 60 kDa) have been associated with inflammation, cardiovascular events and other dialysis-related comorbidities. (2) current dialytic therapies, though efficient in removing small solutes, have limited capability in removing LMM. (3) current dialyzer design, limited by membrane permeability, does not provide long-lasting, effective reduction of the full spectrum of small molecular uremic toxins (<500 Da), conventional middle molecular uremic toxins (500 Da to <25 kDa) and large middle molecular uremic toxins (25 kDa to 60 kDa), even when their usage is enhanced with convective transport. And (4) a broad spectrum of uremic toxins are not effectively treated by conventional HD nor HDF which is not readily utilized in the U.S.[] The applicant asserted that for the first time, HDx enabled by Theranova results in the superior removal of the aggregate of small, conventional middle and large middle molecular uremic toxins.[] The applicant asserted that Theranova, in effectively targeting the spectrum of uremic toxins, that this spectrum encompasses the totality of these inflammation-modulating molecules.

The applicant also asserted that when analyzing the full set of studies utilizing Theranova dialyzers, the collective evidence shows consistent improvement in these inflammatory marker levels. Of 14 measurements of inflammation across four studies,[] 71 percent (10 of 14) showed statistically significant improvement in the inflammatory marker. For the remaining 29 percent of the measured inflammatory markers, all showed improvement in the inflammatory profile but were not statistically significant. In most of the situations where statistically significant results were not achieved, the applicant asserted, the studies were underpowered to demonstrate statistically significant change of the particular marker.

The applicant stated that studies have demonstrated stable albumin levels,[] and a reduction of endothelial dysfunction and Albumin and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels.[] In addition, the applicant specifically described a single cohort study (N = 41) showing a significant decrease in serum levels for urea, β2m, kappa and lambda free light chain at 3 months. At 3 and 6 months, there was a substantial decrease in serum CRP levels. Also, blood assay demonstrated a decline in the production of IL-6.[] In a 40-participant cross-over prospective study, HDx with Theranova versus high flux HD demonstrated both a higher reduction ratio and a decrease in serum levels for lambda free light chains.[] The applicant also noted that, in addition to IL-6, a well-recognized biological marker of inflammation, there is also a broader spectrum of uremic toxins associated with inflammation. The applicant listed references for elevated levels of IL-6 leading to the following.

Hepcidin production with decreased iron availability; [] increased endothelial damage; [] increased CRP and decreased albumin production.[] The applicant attested that with the use of Theranova, patients present clinically with the opposite of each of the above listed concerns, suggesting that chronic inflammation mediated by IL-6 is reduced by treatment with Theranova. However, the applicant submitted a reference that concluded that when compared to HD using high flux membrane, HD using a medium cut-off (MCO) membrane may not be inferior in albumin loss.[] An additional prospective cross-over study (N=20) showed reduced levels of IL-6 (6.4561.57 pg/m vs. 9.4862.15 pg/ml) in patients treated with HDx.[] The applicant included findings from their U.S. IDE Study in the TPNIES application.

Although the IL-6 level was not a primary endpoint of the US IDE Study (NCT03257410), nor was the study sufficiently powered to statistically prove a change in IL-6 level, the analysis of the US IDE Study (NCT032574 l 0), comparing Theranova to HD with Elisio 17H, indicates a trend for difference in the pre- to post-dialysis change in plasma IL-6 level, favoring Theranova (p=0.07 and p=0.08 at 4 weeks and 24 weeks, respectively). The pre-dialysis level of IL-6 shows a Start Printed Page 71447positive trend for Theranova (p=0.2).[] The applicant stated that the accumulation of IL-6 and lambda free light chains may contribute to the chronic inflammation state of ESRD patients, increasing the risk of chronic vascular disease and bacterial s, respectively. The applicant noted that the company is exploring options to assess the impact of the reduction of these solutes via HDx in ongoing studies. Finally, the last category of improved clinical outcomes listed by the applicant is enhanced quality of life across many different measures, including, but not limited to, decreased recovery time, decreased restless leg syndrome, and reduced pruritus.

The applicant stated that there was decreased symptom burden, citing a study of patients who switched to HDx with Theranova in a multicenter 6-month observational study (N=992), who had statistically significant improvements in measures of symptoms of kidney disease, effects of kidney disease, and the burden of kidney disease.[] The applicant also stated that there was improved reported mental health component and statistically significant reduced Restless Leg Syndrome diagnosis.[] Regarding improved physical functioning and decreased pruritus, the applicant submitted an article reporting the results of a randomized control trial (N=50), where Theranova resulted in improved results for physical functioning and physical role, and the mean scores of mean pruritus distribution and frequency of scratching during sleep were significantly lower with Theranova.[] In another study (single cohort, N=14), Theranova was associated with statistically significant improvement in the physical and mental component quality of life measures.[] The applicant also submitted a case report of a HD patient with pruritus who responded to the initiation of HDx using a MCO dialysis membrane.[] (2) CMS Analysis (a) Summary of Submitted Evidence of the Theranova Dialyzer by CMS CMS evaluated the claims and assertions made by Baxter with regard to the articles submitted by them for the Theranova Dialyzer. Patients with ESRD requiring dialysis are at high risk of mortality due to the presence of uremic toxins.[] However, identifying the putative uremic toxin (or toxins) has proven challenging. The European Uremic Toxin Work Group previously identified at least 90 compounds that are retained in patients undergoing dialysis.[] Current HD technology relies on diffusion of toxins across a semi-permeable membrane to allow for the removal of small-sized (<500 Da) water-soluble molecules. While HD is generally able to remove water-soluble small toxins (<500 Da), HD has limited ability to clear protein bound solutes, those that are sequestered, or LMM solutes (>500 Da).[] The accumulation of uremic toxins with higher molecular weight is associated with immunodeficiency, inflammation, protein-wasting, and cardiovascular complications.

For instance, solutes such as Beta-2 microglobulin (11.8 kDa) [] are associated with increased mortality.[] Protein-bound solutes such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate also appear to be poorly dialyzable and are associated with the uremic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.[] While dialysis can eliminate the immediate risk of death from uremia, it does not replace functioning kidneys. Patients receiving adequate dialysis do not completely recover from the uremic syndrome, indicating that other uremic toxins may not fully be cleared.[] Compared to the general population, patients with ESRD who receive dialysis are at an increased risk of death, commonly suffer from uremic symptoms such as itching, restless legs, and malnutrition, and are at increased risk. Conventional dialysis is effective in removing small molecules, but is less effective in removing larger molecules, sequestered molecules, and protein-bound toxins. Accumulation of middle molecule and protein-bound toxins may contribute to adverse outcomes among patients receiving dialysis [] and may explain why even a small amount of “residual” kidney function is strongly associated with increased survival [] and higher quality of life.[] Start Printed Page 71448 Innovations in dialysis care include the development of technologies that might remove potential toxins resistant to clearance using current devices.

One technology called HDF removes larger molecules by combining convection with diffusion. Convection relies on pressure gradients across the dialyzer membrane, leading to more effective removal of middle to large molecules from the blood. Substantial fluid losses with convection, must be replaced via infusion of typically ultrapure water and dialysis fluids.[] This newer technology was later supplemented by online HDF, which enables dialysis providers with ultrapure water systems to generate replacement fluid solution. Although HDF has been associated with improvements to survival in retrospective, observational studies,[] randomized controlled trials have been less consistent.[] Online HDF has become more widely used in Europe, but it not commonly used in the U.S.

Due to costs associated with the need for ultrapure water.[] Newer dialysis membranes aimed at improved middle molecule clearance are an active area of research.[] High flux membranes with larger pore sizes can remove larger molecules, including inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin light chains but at the cost of albumin loss.[] This is significant because low albumin levels are associated with higher mortality rates in patients with ESRD.[] In addition to potential risks associated with efforts to remove larger molecules during dialysis (such as the loss of albumin and immunoglobulins), benefits of improved middle molecule clearance have not been demonstrated in large, randomized-controlled trials. In 2002, a large multicenter randomized controlled trial (HEMO) compared patients receiving maintenance dialysis via high-flux versus low-flux dialyzer membranes. There was no difference in the primary endpoint (death from all causes) or in secondary endpoints (hospitalizations for cardiac cause or death, and hospitalizations for or death) between the two groups. In rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin clearance has been demonstrated with large pore dialyzers and HDF, but clinical benefit remains largely unproven.[] Similarly, HDF has historically garnered much attention in sepsis due to its ability to efficiently clear inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, but numerous studies have shown no mortality benefit in sepsis with possible downsides in the form of shortened filter life.[] No trials have examined the potential benefit of removing larger quantities of middle molecules than is typically achieved from high-flux membranes.

The clearance of protein-bound and sequestered molecules remains a technical challenge and may explain why HDF and other technologies aimed at improved middle-molecule clearance have not significantly changed clinical outcomes.[] Theoretically, intensive, long-duration dialysis should improve the clearance of these difficult to remove substances.[] In practice, large, randomized trials have not shown any difference in the level of substances like indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate.[] Improving clearance of these molecules could improve clinical outcomes in patients without residual renal function and would be a boon to the dismal outcomes faced by patients undergoing dialysis. (b) Assessment of Substantial Similarity to Currently Available Equipment or Supplies As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42171), with regard to the criterion as to whether Theranova uses the same or a similar mechanism of action to achieve a therapeutic outcome, CMS believes that this product slightly modifies existing HD technology. A MCO membrane was designed for use in HD (but not HFD or HDF) modes. These modifications include the removal of larger molecules and increased convection compared to existing HD.

As to whether the new use of the technology involves treatment of the same or similar type of disease and the same or similar patient population, CMS noted that Theranova treats similar patients, specifically, patients with ESRD. (c) Preliminary Assessment of SCI (see §§ 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1)) by CMS As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42171), with regard to the SCI criteria, we noted that Theranova is a treatment modality and does not offer the ability to diagnose a medical condition as discussed in § 412.87(b)(1)(ii)(B). We noted that Theranova does not offer a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments. The patients who are eligible for this treatment would also be eligible for HD, HDF, or online HDF.

CMS carefully analyzed the evidence submitted as to whether Theranova significantly improves the treatment and clinical outcomes of Medicare beneficiaries relative to renal dialysis services previously available as demonstrated by the totality of the circumstances. Below, we have summarized the clinical evidence for claims of SCI, along with the additional references submitted by Start Printed Page 71449the applicant following the publication of the proposed rule. There is significant literature on the topic of MCO membranes and high retention onset dialyzers. To evaluate this specific technology, CMS performed a literature search for published articles using the Theranova dialyzer and reviewed all articles submitted by the applicant.

They are categorized according to an estimated degree of peer review. Summaries are also provided beneath each citation with disclosures also noted. On the studies with more clinically significant measures, there is more annotation added. (d) Clinical Evidence for Claims of SCI Below is a list of references for SCI based on evidence beginning with the highest form of evidence, peer-reviewed journals.

We summarize the studies grouped by listings with the most rigorous review to those with the least rigorous review, specifically, those published in Peer-Reviewed Journals, then Review Articles and Editorials, to Posters and Abstracts, including submitted manuscripts, and ending with Incomplete Manuscripts. Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a retrospective analysis of 10 patients treated with online HDF and then switched to MCO dialysis over 1 year. The authors evaluated three dialysis sessions per patient and noted that there were not significant differences between the two methods in clearance of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin, and myoglobin. The authors received funding support by Baxter.

Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a cross-over prospective study performed in France. It included 40 patients randomly assigned to receive either 3 months of medium cut-off hemodialysis (MCO-HD) followed by 3 months of high-flux HD (HF-HD), or vice versa. The primary endpoint was myoglobin reduction ratio (RR) after 3 months of MCO-HD. Secondary endpoints were the effect of MCO-HD on other middle-weight toxins and protein-bound toxins, and on parameters of nutrition, inflammation, anemia, and oxidative stress.

Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provides higher myoglobin and other middle molecules RR and is associated with moderate hypoalbuminemia. The authors noted that the potential benefits of this strategy on long-term clinical outcomes deserve further evaluation. This study was supported by Baxter. Boschetti-de-Fierro A, et al.[] is a report on in vitro testing of four prototypes for MCO membranes as compared to high-flux, high cut-off membranes, and a rat glomerular membrane model.

Sieving characteristics were evaluated before and after blood contact. Authors noted that increasing pore sizes often results in loss of albumin but controlling the pore size diameter and variance results in enhanced selection for middle sized proteins. A protein layer also forms along the synthetic membrane, further restricting the loss of albumin. All authors were employed by Gambro Dialysatoren, which is part of Baxter International Inc.

Cordeiro ISF, et al.[] is a prospective crossover trial of 16 patients undergoing HF-HD and switched to online hemodiafiltration (olHDF) and high retention onset (HRO) HD for 4 weeks. Molarity concentrations were lowered to greater extent in olHDF and HRO-HD. Cozzolino M, et al.[] is an Italian prospective, open-label, cross-over study in 20 patients which compared the Theranova 400 HDx membrane to conventional HD, showing a non-significant trend of lower IL-1B and IL-6 levels with HDx. Although s were statistically more likely in the HD population, the definition of was vague, and most of them appeared to be with respiratory tract and fever of unknown origin.

Because culture evidence was not required, the risk of bias in the categorization of is high (for example, upper respiratory tract s inappropriately treated with antibiotics). The HDx had a non-significant trend towards fewer hospitalizations. Potential risks from HDx include an allergic reaction to polysulphone and lower serum albumin levels. The small sample size, single center disease, and short follow-up mean that the results, while promising, require substantial corroborating evidence in the form of a multi-center, blinded randomized controlled trial.

The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Baxter. García-Prieto A, et al.[] is a crossover study of 18 HD patients who received online HDF for one week, then conventional HD the second week, and the use of a MCO membrane for the third week. Authors collected RR and albumin losses and noted that MCO membranes were similar in efficacy as olHDF. Both online and MCO methods had greater reduction of middle molecules.

The study was conducted in Spain and authors did not declare any conflicts of interest. Gillerot G, et al.[] is a research paper submitted by the applicant in which the investigators tested the role of IL-6 gene expression on 156 PD patients and its putative role in inflammation. They tested a homogeneous population of 152 from Belgium and the North of France. The investigators stated their findings substantiate the critical role played by IL-6 in the peritoneal membrane and support the hypothesis that underlying mechanisms (regulation of IL -6 gene expression) could regulate systemic and local inflammation in association with comorbidity and uremia.

However, they noted that confirmation of this hypothesis will require well-designed, adequately powered studies, in different populations and different settings. This study was focused on PD and the Theranova membrane is used in HD, so extrapolation of the IL-6 data to that modality is questionable. These studies were supported by Baxter Belgium. Lorenzin A, et al.[] is a performed mathematical modeling, and through it, the authors calculated that the HRO membranes allowed for internal filtration and high convective volumes.

Lorenzin A, et al.[] is a paper in which the authors used semi-empirical Start Printed Page 71450methods to estimate convective volumes for Theranova 400 and Theranova 500 under standard 4-hour HD conditions. Using their “most complex” mathematical model that incorporated gradients and blood changes along the dialyzer length, authors estimated internal filtration rates of 300ml/min and 400 ml/min for both hemodialyzers. Lorenzin A, et al.[] is an in vitro test of Theranova 400 and 500 at zero net ultrafiltration. Albumin macro-aggregates were labeled with Technetium-99m (99mTc) to assess cross filtration through the length of the filter.

Using a gamma camera, local cross filtration and internal filtration were calculated. Authors noted that the MCO membrane allowed for clearance of medium-large molecular weight solutes (~11 KDa) and retention of more albumin without requiring special equipment. The authors had no disclosures. Macías N, et al.[] is a prospective study of 14 patients on maintenance olHDF.

Patients underwent a midweek dialysis session with the Theranova-500 machine under their usual dialysis conditions. Researchers measured the presence of uremic toxins at various molecular weights pre-dialysis, and post-dialysis. Pressures at the inlet and outlet of dialyzer compartments were also measured to estimate direct filtration and back filtration volumes. Researchers used semi-empirical methods to determine that diffusive clearance was more prominent than convective transport (which requires higher volumes).

No funding or financial contribution was supplied. Membranes, monitors, and laboratory tests were those routinely used in the dialysis unit. Reque J, et al.[] is a prospective study of eight patients who either underwent olHDF or underwent HDx with Theranova 500 for 24 sessions. After a 1-week washout with HF-HD, all patients crossed over to the alternative method.

Laboratory values were obtained before and after each session, specifically of urea, creatinine, phosphorous, beta2-microglobulin, myoglobin, and prolactin. The urea and beta2-microglobulin reduction ratios were the same but HDx demonstrated higher RR of myoglobin (60 percent compared to 35 percent in HDF). The authors had no disclosures. Review Articles/Editorials This is the second grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling.

We summarize the studies the applicant provided as follows. Caramelo C, et al.[] is an article that reviews the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of anemia in this context. Particular emphasis has been placed on cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms, and their implications for treatment. The applicant referenced the review article's language on hepcidin, because it is considered the homeostatic regulator of iron in its intestinal absorption, its recycling by macrophages and its mobilization from liver stores.

Its transcription is markedly induced in inflammatory processes, especially by cytokines like IL-6. Florens N, et al.[] is a review article included in Baxter's application. It summarizes feedback from the first routine use of HDx therapy under real-life conditions in European facilities. The authors reported no adverse event after 5,191 HDx treatments, and opined that patients suffering from itching, restless legs syndrome, persistent asthenia or malnourishment could benefit from HDx therapy.

While they discussed the promising applications in which HDx could be valuable (myeloma, rhabdomyolysis or cardiovascular diseases), the message is mitigated by reminding why and how prudence should be taken in the design of future HDx studies, particularly with poor de-aeration of the filter in automatic mode and manual intervention required to prime the membrane. Some patients required more anti-coagulation using the Theranova membrane. In addition, patients were aware of the use of the Theranova device because of lack of logo removal. The authors noted that although promising, the clinical evidence is incomplete.

Both authors received a grant Investigator Initiated research for the evaluation of HDx in clinical practice and one performed occasional lectures for Baxter. Wolley M, et al.[] is a clinical review article that recognizes that advances in dialysis technology do not always improve patient outcomes, and it reviews the clinical relevance regarding the removal of LMMs, particularly those involved in chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, structural heart disease, and secondary immunodeficiency. The authors noted that single-center safety and efficacy studies have identified that use of these membranes in maintenance dialysis populations is associated with limited loss of albumin and increased clearance of large middle molecules. When the review was published in 2018, the authors noted that larger, robustly conducted, multicenter studies were evaluating these findings.

They concluded that after completion of these safety and efficacy studies, the perceived clinical benefits of providing clearance of LMMs must be assessed in rigorously conducted, randomized clinical studies. One of the authors received research funding from Baxter and participated on advisory boards and speaker bureaus for Baxter. Zweigart C, et al.[] is an editorial review submitted by the applicant on MCOs, which was generally favorable with regard to high quality and good performance. All of the authors are employees of the Gambro Dialysatoren GmbH, Hechingen (Germany) or Gambro Lundia AG.

Gambro AB (including all direct and indirect subsidiaries) is now part of Baxter International Inc. Posters and Abstracts This is the third grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling. We summarize the poster sessions and abstracts, including submitted manuscripts which the applicant provided as follows. Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a randomized open label crossover study in which 46 patients underwent MCO-HD and HF-H).

MCO-HD had higher medium RRs of myoglobin and beta-2 microglobulin and increased albumin Start Printed Page 71451loss compared to HF-HD. The authors received funding support by Baxter. Boschetti-de-Fierro A, et al.[] is a poster in which the investigators assessed the performance of the MCO devices in simulated HD and HDF treatments. The applicant's submission of the material presented in this poster was incomplete regarding date and location of the poster session.

This study was funded by Baxter. Kharbanda K, et al.[] is a randomized study funded by Baxter Healthcare and the National Institute for Health Research which compared HDF with HDx and suggested an improved recovery time with HDx. The study showed lower levels of endothelial cell microvesicles in HDx. However, the study did not have comparable baseline recovery times (for example, 41 percent with <.

2 hours with HDx versus 35 percent with HDF) and the authors performed a per-protocol rather than an intention to treat analysis, exacerbating bias in the study. Kirsch AH, et al.[] is a poster that summarizes a two pilot randomized controlled prospective open-label crossover studies, in which 39 HD patients underwent treatment with MCO membranes, a HFD, and HDF. The authors concluded that MCO-HD removed middle molecules (free light chain) more effectively than high-flux and high-volume HDF. However, the authors noted that there are several limitations of the study.

First, compared to the control dialyzers used, the experimental membranes used were different, less tight membranes. Second, the study design was confined to only one single treatment with each dialyzer for each patient and the study did not examine the long term effects of such membranes on serum levels of middle molecules and albumin. The authors conclude that future studies should assess whether the performance of MCO-HD improves clinical outcomes. The study was conducted in Germany and funded by Baxter, and the conflicts of interest statement in the paper lists three of the ten authors as employees of Baxter.

Bunch, A, et al.[] is a multicenter prospective study in prevalent HD patients, older than 18 years old. Enrolled from September 1 to November 30, 2017, and converted to HDx using Theranova 400. The investigators found an initial small decrease in serum albumin level, which stabilized and was within the normal range per their Bogata, Columbia laboratory references. Although Table 1 and Table 2 were cited in the abstract, both were missing.

Dialysis performance adequacy (Kt/V) was achieved. No clinically significant differences in laboratory values at 6 months with November 30 of 2017, and converted to HDx using Theranova 400 (3 sessions per week, 4 hours per session, same heparin dose). The lead author has been listed as the medical director of Renal Therapy Services, owned by Baxter, in Bogota, Columbia. Cantaluppi V, et al.[] is a multicentric observational study of 6 months follow-up.

American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Week, 2018, Abstract, Thu-PO357. This multicenter (Italy) study evaluated 41 HD patients comparing standard HD molecular levels versus HDx and found a significant decrease in urea, beta-2-microglobulin, and free light chains. The study did not evaluate clinical outcomes. Cantaluppi V, et al.[] is an abstract submitted by the applicant reporting on a study where 41 HD patients (age 67,6±13,4) in standard high flux HD were shifted to HDx using Theranova 400 (1.7 m2, Baxter).

Each patient was studied at baseline HD (T0), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T6) after HDx, after which they were evaluated the following pre-dialysis parameters. Urea, Creatinine, Phosphate, Beta2-microglobulin, Myoglobin, Free Light Chains, Hemoglobin, Albumin and CRP. For in vitro studies, T0 and T6 plasma were used to evaluate neutrophil activation (ROS generation, apoptosis, adhesion) and endothelial dysfunction/senescence. The investigators concluded that HDx therapy provided high removal of different LMMs, leading to a significant reduction of molecules involved in uremia-associated inflammation and organ dysfunction (in particular Free Light Chains kappa and lambda).

Long-term studies with a larger sample size are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of HDx. Cozzolino, M.[] is an abstract of a pilot study with 20 prevalent HD patients studied for six months in two dialysis treatments. One MCO (Theranova) dialyzer and one high-flux dialyzer. The author claimed the pilot study shows the Theranova dialyzer has a good tolerance profile and reduces the cumulative number of s in HD patients.

The study was funded by an unrestricted grant from Baxter. Gallo M.[] is a single cohort study in Italy which compared HDx to baseline HD treatments in 15 patients and showed no difference in uremic toxins, though there was a change in ESA dose. Gernone G, et al.[] is a single cohort study in Italy which investigated 14 patients using Theranova with baseline HD and showed no statistical change in outcomes, clearance, or quality of life. Jung JH, et al.[] is a study that was questionably designed since they chose young, well-nourished patients at the start of the study, which made it difficult to analyze the comparison of the two groups at various points in time.

This observational study of 42 Korean patients comparing HD to HDx showed no comparative difference between the two groups in any markers. Krishnasamy R, and Hutchinson C.[] is an abstract submitted by the Start Printed Page 71452applicant from this single-arm, multi-center study with 92 Australian/New Zealand patients. The study examined the safety and efficacy and patient-centered outcomes of MCO dialyzer use in chronic HD patients over 6 months. The investigators concluded that there was a small but acceptable reduction in serum albumin in regular HD using the MCO dialyzer.

However, the figures were not included in the abstract sent by the applicant for review by CMS. The investigator noted that future randomized controlled trials should assess the impact of the MCO dialyzer on clinical and long-term patient-centered outcomes. Krause B, et al.[] is a description of membrane manufacturing utilizing hollow fiber technology. Weiner DE, et al.[] included two items for this U.S.

Based study at a large academic medical center. The first was the ASN 2019 Scientific Congress abstract and the second was a copy of the poster session at the ASN annual meeting in 2019. This open label randomized controlled trial in 172 patients who underwent 24 weeks of Theranova 400 MCO dialyzer compared to a high flux dialyzer showed a potential decrease in hospitalizations with HDX, but the authors did not produce statistical tests of significance. While this was a randomized control trial (RCT), covariates were not well-balanced, including substantially more patients with diabetes in the conventional HD arm.

The study showed lower lambda free light chains in HDX compared to high flux HD. Albumin levels were maintained in both. The presenters concluded that larger studies of longer duration are needed to assess if better larger molecule clearance is associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, including vascular disease, quality of life, and mortality. The authors received commercial support from Baxter.

Alarcon J, et al.[] describes a study over 12 months in which 992 patients from 12 renal clinics were followed after switching from high-flux HD to HDX. The authors assessed many patient quality of life outcomes using the short form kidney disease quality of life (KDQoL-SF36), dialysis symptom index (DSI) and prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) and found modest reductions in DSI severity scores, increases in KDQoL-SF36 scores in some domains (but unchanged in the mental and physical domains), and reduced prevalence of restless leg syndrome. Notably, the authors did not provide a control group. Also, the authors performed a large number of statistical tests without adjustment, further increasing the risk of Type 1 error.

The study was supported by Renal Therapy Services-Columbia, owned by Baxter. Five of the eight authors are employees of Renal Therapy Services. One author is a full-time employee of Baxter and has a patent pending for RLS medication. Ariza J, et al.[] is a manuscript that was provided by the applicant.

Cost estimates were extrapolated using an observational design, which suggested lower hospital days (but not hospitalizations) and lower medication use in the HDX. However, the lack of randomization makes this study difficult to evaluate. Furthermore, the authors did not show any difference in costs between HDX and HD. The study was funded by Baxter.

Penny JD, et al.[] is a manuscript in submission that was included by the applicant. It is a single case-study of a HD patient with pruritis and extreme levels of tissue sodium. Both responded to HDX therapy. The authors acknowledged that further robust clinical exploration is required.

Sanabria RM, et al.[] is manuscript provided by the applicant and has not been published. The observational study followed 81 patients receiving high-flux HD for 1 year who subsequently switched to HDX for 1 year. While there was a significant reduction in number of hospital days (but no change in hospitalization rate) and medication use, findings were limited by the lack of a control group. The shortening of hospital stays could be attributed to a systematic change in admission practice patterns, rather than HDX.

Furthermore, Kt/V was higher in the HDX group, but the authors did not standardize dialysis dosing, making it difficult to attribute effects to HDX or to other causes of increased dialysis adequacy. Hemoglobin levels, albumin, hsCRP were not statistically different in the two arms. All investigators are employees of RTS Ltd, Columbia, an affiliate of Baxter Healthcare. The study was supported by Renal Therapy Services-Columbia, an independent entity owned by Baxter International, Inc.

Incomplete Manuscripts This is the fourth and final grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling. We summarize the incomplete manuscripts which the applicant provided as follows. Bolton S, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant and is unfinished. It describes a crossover study of patients previously treated with high-flux HD and switched to Theranova.

Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) suggested decreased self-reported dialysis recovery time and symptom burden, especially at 6 months. However, regression to the mean appeared common, and there was no control group. Lim J, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant, reporting a randomized trial comparing MCO to high-flux HD, with 50 patients undergoing 12 weeks of treatment in Korea. The study was small, and the authors performed a large number of statistical tests comparing quality-of-life outcomes, with only a couple statistically significant.

Without adjusting p-values for the number of statistical test, the risk for Type 1 error is large and not unexpected. A second trial suggested lower medication doses, but again results were statistically significant only for a few of the parameters of interest. The study is small and requires replication at additional centers to confirm results. Lim J-H, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant, reporting a Start Printed Page 71453randomized trial comparing MCO to high-flux HD, with 50 patients undergoing 12 weeks of treatment in Korea.

Its purpose was to evaluate the effects of ESA resistance of HD using a MCO dialyzer. The number of registered patients was small and the study duration not long enough to assess definite results. Also, the study was not blinded to clinicians, which may have affected the ESA and iron supplementation prescriptions. Additional studies need to be performed to assess clinical outcomes.

(e) CMS Comments on the Baxter Application In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42175), CMS discussed the specific concerns regarding the evidence submitted for proof of eligibility via the SCI criteria. While Theranova represents a unique technology, CMS noted that the current evidence supporting SCI is lacking but that other evidence may be forthcoming during the comment period. CMS believes it's too early to tell if the patient-recorded outcomes, such as fewer cardiovascular events, are significant because of the small numbers in the studies. Specifically, a study for was cited with an N=20.

Another had an N=10. Also, the definition of the was vague. Although hospitalization rates are discussed in the articles, the cause of the hospitalization was unknown. Patient laboratory results should be correlated with patient-reported results.

In the submitted articles, the studies are all open-label and observational, with tenuous findings. Alternative approaches could include larger studies focused on the U.S. Dialysis population's patient health outcomes with patients blinded in these studies. The background information provided by the applicant and researched by the group is conflicting.

This may be due to the variation in the location of the studies, including Columbia, France, Belgium, England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea. CMS suggested a meta-analysis be done, along with the heterogeneity of dialysis care in those countries as compared to the care received by the Medicare population in the U.S. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42176), CMS stated that while HDX appears to be a promising technology, the current state of evidence insufficiently demonstrates SCI in Medicare patients undergoing dialysis, but that additional evidence may be forthcoming in the comment period. In general, the dialyzer appears to have improved middle molecule clearance.

While observational studies show an association between high levels of middle molecules and poor outcomes, these correlations do not prove causation. For instance, a growing body of evidence suggests that protein-bound solutes such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate could be responsible for the uremic syndrome. Conventional HD, HDF, and HDX do not effectively clear protein-bound toxins. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42176), CMS provided a summary of the current body of evidence.

Theranova more effectively removes middle molecules compared to conventional dialysis with high-flux membranes. These include molecules that have varying degrees of plausible toxicity (for example, beta 2 microglobulin to cytokines to endothelial proteins). Because nephrologists have not identified the putative uremic toxin, it is not certain that clearance of these toxins will lead to improved clinical outcomes. Although small before and after studies suggest potential clinical benefits from MCO dialyzer membranes compared with conventional HD via high-flux membranes, such as reduced , improved itching and restless legs, and shorter recovery time from dialysis, these studies are mostly observational, small in nature, with a high potential for bias.

A large, multi-center trial would be necessary to prove substantial benefit from HDX over conventional HD. Several small studies suggest that MCO dialyzer membranes are comparable to HDF in removal of middle molecules, but online HDF is not generally available in the U.S. Furthermore, online HDF has not consistently shown to improve health outcomes relative to conventional HD with high-flux membranes. There may be increased removal of albumin with MCO membranes compared to conventional high-flux dialysis, which could have negative health consequences.

A large randomized controlled clinical trial did not demonstrate clinical benefits from removing larger solutes, including middle molecules, but the study did not examine newer technologies such as hemodiafiltration which are more efficient in removing those. This negative study provides reason to be somewhat skeptical about the benefits of HDX over HD. Following the FDA-requested 6-month clinical study to validate efficacy of large toxin removal and safety, the applicant stated that it anticipates FDA marketing approval in May 2020. However, we note that, per the application, safety is defined in part by albumin loss.

At this time we do not believe the clinical trials included safety and efficacy studies for the large middle molecules the applicant asserts to be the cause of inflammation. Therefore, the perceived clinical benefits of providing clearance of those large middle molecules were not assessed in rigorously conducted, randomized clinical studies. As stated previously, at the time of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule there was concern about the sufficiency of the evidence available for Theranova demonstrating a clear clinical benefit for Medicare dialysis patients. However, we noted that additional evidence could be forthcoming in the comment period, and invited public comment as to whether Theranova meets the TPNIES SCI criteria.

The collective comments and our response are set forth below. Comment. The applicant provided information and a meta-analysis that duplicated information provided in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Several physician commenters provided comments in support of the research.

The commenters' disclosures in their publications noted financial support from the applicant. The commenters stated that they believed that Theranova meets the criteria set forth in TPNIES for SCI over the existing standard of care. The commenters urged CMS to reconsider the data, and review such data in its combined totality rather than focusing on each study in isolation. The commenters asserted that existing data supported improved clinical outcomes with the removal of large middle molecules, including Interleukin-6, YKL-40, Alpha-1 microglobulin, and Lambda Free Light Chains (FLC), which have been associated with inflammation, cardiovascular events, and other dialysis-related comorbidities.

A physician commenter stated that changing over to Theranova-based HD from conventional high-flux HD might partially restore some of the benefits of residual renal function to patients. The commenter stated that these larger molecules are removed poorly, if at all, by conventional high-flux HD, resulting in plasma levels that are many times above the normal value. The commenter stated that it is known that clinical outcomes are improved in dialysis patients with even small amounts of residual renal function, and that there Start Printed Page 71454are multiple reasons for this, one likely being the failure of current methods of dialysis to remove large middle molecules. The commenter also stated that high plasma levels of these and similar molecules have been associated with increased mortality, inflammation and cardiovascular disease.

Another physician commenter stated that based on the clinical data presented in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the commenter believed that Theranova therapy represented a substantial clinical improvement in treatment for Medicare beneficiaries on dialysis. The commenter studied the impact of Theranova on endothelial cells and noted that it had a positive impact on the process of atherosclerosis formation. The commenter also found that the effects of Theranova on vascular calcification in vitro was significantly reduced after Theranova therapy, compared to other high-flux dialyzers, and that cell death was significantly lower in the Theranova group. A physician commenter asserted that accumulated or increased levels of Interleukin-6 may contribute to the chronic inflammation state of ESRD patients, thereby increasing the risk of chronic vascular disease and bacterial s.

Another physician commenter stated that accumulated or increased levels of Interleukin-6 increased the risk of protein energy wasting, has been associated with anemia in HD patients, and has been identified as a principal driver of early vascular aging with calcification. The commenters asserted that YKL-40 has been linked to atherosclerosis, rheumatologic diseases, arterial stiffness, stroke, mortality in type 2 diabetes, that it adds to vascular inflammation risk prediction for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and is associated with cardiovascular events in HD patients. The commenters also noted that the removal of large middle molecules like Alpha-1microglobulin, may alleviate insomnia, pruritus, irritability, restless leg syndrome, anemia, and osteoarticular pain. Further, the commenters noted that removal of FLCs, which is associated with non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including markers of inflammation, could reduce mortality risk in persons with ESRD.

The commenters noted that current dialytic therapies, due to current design and limited by membrane permeability, have limited capacity to remove the expanded range of uremic toxins, including the spectrum of large middle molecules that Theranova, as demonstrated by the collective evidence to date, removes. The commenters therefore stated treatment with Theranova results in substantial clinical improvement over current HD therapies treating renal failure. Several physician commenters asserted, in reliance on research cited as part of the primary TPNIES application, that important clinical data has been accumulated internationally during the past 5 years demonstrating that use of the Theranova dialysis system results in clinically meaningful improvement outcomes, including patient quality of life measures, such as reduced symptom burden, decreased restless leg syndrome, decreased itching, and improved physical function. In addition, the commenters noted more rapid recovery after a dialysis session, with preliminary data suggesting that all-cause hospitalization length of stay might be reduced with Theranova versus conventional HD, and that the need for ESA therapy might be reduced.

Another physician commenter stated that the Theranova dialyzer offers the improved spectrum of larger molecule clearance associated with hemodiafiltration, but only requires a standard HD machine, and represents the type of innovation and improvement long lacking for Medicare beneficiaries on HD and potentially meeting the standard for substantial clinical improvement under TPNIES. One commenter, a nephrologist, noted that they conducted a randomized controlled trial of Theranova versus high-flux dialyzer in maintenance HD patients to investigate the effect of Theranova on the removal of middle molecules, utilizing a total of 50 patients randomized to either Theranova or a high flux group, and stated that the Theranova dialyzer displayed better removal of κFLC and λFLC compared with the high-flux dialyzer. The commenter indicated that the results were consistent with those of other studies and asserted that taken together, Theranova dialyzer showed a greater removal of larger middle molecules than high-flux dialyzer and could decrease their blood concentrations. The study also evaluated improved quality of life in those patients, and noted that the Theranova group showed better scores in physical functioning and role physical domains in physical component domain at 12 weeks.

The commenter stated that this suggested that the Theranova dialyzer may improve patient-reported outcomes, particularly physical components and uremic pruritus in HD patients. The study also evaluated the effect of improving ESA resistance, and the commenter hypothesized that Theranova could improve the ESA resistance because it has better removal of large middle molecules than hemodiafiltration. The commenter stated that the changes might be associated with a greater reduction in TNF-α and lower serum TNF-α level in Theranova compared to the high-flux group, and that Theranova has potential to reduce ESA dose with further study possibly proving the cost-effectiveness of Theranova for ESA use. The commenter concluded that Theranova achieved more improvement in ESA resistance than the high-flux dialyzer, removed more quantity of the inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-α than the high-flux dialyzer, potentially influencing the iron metabolism.

The commenter stated that although they did not yet have evidence that Theranova could improve the survival rate of HD patients, they noted that ongoing multicenter trials might reveal the effect of Theranova on the survival of HD patients, and expressed hope that before this, U.S. Patients could have a chance to use Theranova, which has proven benefits without any serious side effects. Another physician commenter stated that Theranova offers SCI because the commenter is able to switch patients progressively from hemodiafiltration to HD. The commenter has also observed clinical improvement in their patients, especially the impact in recovery time and nutrition, even those treated for a long period by hemodiafiltration.

The commenter stated that evidence for improved removal of large uremic toxins, without the burden of external fluid reinjection such as in hemodiafiltration may occur immediately without the burden of extensive training for physicians and staff. Two commenters reiterated the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule's explanation that, compared to the general population, patients with ESRD who receive dialysis are at an increased risk of death, commonly suffer from uremic symptoms such as itching, restless legs, and malnutrition, are at increased risk, and dialyze with standard high-flux dialyzers that focus entirely on removing smaller uremic toxins. The commenters stated that the removal of large middle molecules will address many of these concerns and is associated with decreased hospitalization length and the number of hospitalizations, a reduced need for certain medications, reduced inflammation and , improved recovery times, and improved quality of life. The commenters urged CMS to consider the totality of the evidence Start Printed Page 71455combined, rather than focusing on each study in isolation, and stated their belief that the clinical data supports Theranova's application and claims of SCI.

Several beneficiary commenters commended CMS's efforts in promoting dialysis innovation through the TPNIES policy. We also received comments from other stakeholders that commended CMS on promoting dialysis innovation. Those commenters and others, including several physicians, stated that approval of applications for the TPNIES would improve treatment choices for patients and address systemic barriers that may limit access to Medicare beneficiaries suffering with kidney failure. Physician commenters expressed concern that CMS did not address the alcoholism treatment antabuse, and strongly support efforts to expand access to new dialysis products, particularly during the antabuse.

The physician commenters stated that alcoholism treatment may provoke a “cytokine storm,” with cytokines leading to complications, and that Theranova may reduce the presence of cytokines. The commenters noted that, as a result, a clinical guideline in Italy recommends Theranova in managing alcoholism treatment positive patients undergoing HD to reduce the severity of a cytokine storm. One physician commenter stated that since increased persistent inflammation inhibits immunity and affects responses to s, it is logical to aim for a reduction of inflammatory drivers during HD in a patient group at high risk of adverse outcome during alcoholism treatment . The commenters urged CMS to consider this information in light of the alcoholism treatment antabuse.

Another commenter stated that as we learn more about alcoholism treatment, there are indications that Theranova may offer a unique clinical benefit to alcoholism treatment-positive patients, and urged CMS to take into account the challenging environment and expand access to new dialysis products, especially during the antabuse. Several physician commenters noted that the Theranova system allows for removal of large uremic toxins, without spilling clinically important amounts of albumin, because the membrane pores vary less in size than many other membranes, and because of relatively high internal resistance, leading to increased within-dialyzer convective removal. One physician commented that one of the major concerns with Theranova is the risk of albumin loss and the removal of essential proteins by a more permeable membrane. The commenter stated they compared laboratory data including serum albumin, and as a result, laboratory data such as hemoglobin, creatinine, phosphate, and lipid, and dialysis adequacy were not different at baseline and 12 weeks between the two groups.

The commenter found that the serum albumin concentration after 3 months of using Theranova dialyzer decreased by a mean of 0.13 ± 0.23 mg/dL from baseline, and that the serum albumin concentrations did not differ between Theranova and high flux dialyzers. The commenter concluded that the Theranova dialyzer has a non-significant effect on the serum albumin concentration over 12 weeks of treatment. The commenter asserted that their conclusion was supported by long-term studies. In their opinion, the decrease in serum albumin is more prominent in the early period of Theranova dialyzer use.

However, when examined within the 1-year period, the change is minor and without significance. The commenter added that regarding other adverse events in their study, there were no serious adverse events including cardiovascular events, patient death, or a decline of blood pressure that required dialyzer changes throughout the 12 weeks. One physician commenter claimed that, in their experience, albumin levels stay stable over many months with Theranova. The commenter further noted that during their trials, patients tolerated Theranova very well, many reported an improved quality of life, and the commenter indicated no knowledge of relevant side effects.

Several patient commenters expressed varied sentiments regarding the TPNIES policy. One commenter stated that home dialysis permitted the commenter to work until retirement. Another commenter, self-identified as having been on dialysis for nearly a decade, encouraged support for dialysis patients. Other commenters, both recent dialysis patients and those with kidney failure and other related illness, expressed general support for innovations, options and services to support treatment.

One commenter, a decade's long beneficiary, stated the commenter had been diagnosed with ESRD since early childhood, has had numerous kidney transplants and has been on home and in-center dialysis. This commenter indicated that they proactively sought out the best care, machines and innovations the market offered, since they felt most dialysis patients are not offered such options as they are not promoted or known. The commenter stated that they supported advancements to information, technology and innovations to improve the care of dialysis beneficiaries, as in their view the current system minimally offered adequate care, which was not enough, and which commenter stated ESRD patients needed to offer them a higher quality of life care. One commenter, whose significant other is on PD dialysis at home, asked for continued support of new innovations for the thousands of dialysis beneficiaries who rely on dialysis to live, and stated that the cycler machines were old, refurbished multiple times and that they had to replace machines several due to noise or other issues.

An LDO commenter indicated that they performed a systematic review of published literature in preparation for a potential meta-analysis on hospital admissions and patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life, comparing patients dialyzed with Theranova and high flux dialyzers. The commenter stated that 45 relevant publications were identified for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis, but 40 of those publications were excluded due to the following reasons. No availability in English or not conducted in HD patients (n=5). Review only/not original study data (n=12).

Study was performed in vitro, or no clinical outcomes measured (n=11). And, No data on hospitalization or patient-reported outcomes (n=12). The commenter further stated that out of the remaining five publications, two were disqualified because they mentioned the outcomes of interest but did not provide information on comparator rates, with three publications ultimately identified as potentially eligible for inclusion in commenter's meta-analysis. The commenter noted that, out of those three, one showed null findings for hospital data, one showed null findings for patient reported outcomes, and the final study showed imbalance in study groups that was larger than the difference after use of the dialyzer and used inappropriate statistical analysis.

The commenter stated that its analysis therefore found there were not enough robustly conducted studies for a meta-analysis to be performed, and the few that were available showed insignificant results. The commenter opined that the potential impact of replacing the use of high-flux membranes with Theranova to increase removal of middle molecules remains inconclusive and under-studied, since to date, no strong evidence supports a survival benefit associated with increasing removal of middle molecules. The commenter is unaware of studies devoted to studying the effects of different dialyzers for Start Printed Page 71456patients who are at particularly high risk for derangements in albumin synthesis. The commenter also added that, similarly, the results of studies of short duration may not adequately capture long-term trends or reflect changes in compensatory mechanisms, nutritional state over time, or worsening underlying health status.

The commenter stated that given the insufficient clinical evidence to support a finding of SCI and specific concerns regarding the impact of Theranova's albumin-leaking properties, the commenter supported CMS's evaluation in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and strongly recommended that CMS not provide a TPNIES payment for the Theranova dialyzer. Renal dieticians and an LDO commenters expressed their concerns about albumin loss in the dialysis patients and the risk of , along with it being a predictor of mortality and hospitalizations and other comorbidities. One commenter stated that a low serum albumin level complicates the fluid removal process as it causes excess fluid to shift out of the blood space, making treatment ineffective at fluid and toxin removal. Another commenter believed it was important for the applicant to generate and establish Theranova's safety data via well-controlled, randomized clinical trials of adequate duration on albumin loss in U.S.

Dialysis patients. The dieticians also expressed concern over the removal of other biological materials, aside from uremic toxins, such as electrolytes, insulin, sodium and potassium. Another commenter noted that a 2019 study, which concluded that an increase of 0.25mg/dL/year in albumin decreased all-cause mortality, and more significantly a decline in albumin of 0.5 mg/dL/year or greater was associated with a 55 percent higher risk of mortality, did not provide sufficient evidence in long-term consequences to serum albumin levels to make a sound decision of approval, as it was only conducted for a short three-month span. An organization of LDOs commented that CMS correctly applied the TPNIES SCI criteria in its analysis of the Theranova Dialyzers.

The commenter noted that many of the studies presented were of a small number of patients, not conducted for an extended period of time, were not representative of the Medicare population in the U.S., and pointed out that given the Theranova dialyzers are available in Europe, they were surprised that there were no long term studies with a larger number of patients to offer insight into the relative benefit compared with other devices. The commenter also had a stated preference for seeing studies conducted in the U.S. And among the Medicare population to ensure that products are compatible with our systems of care and that devices are tested in a relevant population that is reflective of the diversity of America's Medicare beneficiaries who are reliant upon dialysis. A physician commenter agreed with the need for a randomized controlled study done in the U.S., and asserted that said study would need to ensure the diversity of participants arriving at an accurate representation of the total under care.

Several dietician commenters noted that patients in different countries had dietary habits that clearly were not reflective of the U.S., and there was no accounting for differing diet habits, which may be markedly different from the U.S. ESRD patient population. Additionally, dialysis practice differed greatly from the U.S., and thus, data gathered in small sample sizes from substantially different patient populations should not be extrapolated to U.S. Medicare patients, as the data from other countries possibly varied greatly from this specific population.

One dietician commented that the sample size of the research conducted included a mere 50 individuals in 2017, making it impossible to conclude the benefit of Theranova outweighs the risks that could incur from its use. A dialysis company commenter stated that products eligible for TPNIES should first be evaluated through research, demonstrating significant improvement in quality of life, mortality, facilitation of home therapy, or some other measurable quality metric, and that such studies should show a direct benefit or an effect on a well-established clinical parameter associated with beneficial outcome. The commenter stated that this scientifically-based standard, when applied to Theranova, made it inappropriate for the TPNIES process. An LDO commenter identified and assessed three studies that were not included in Theranova's application or the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule.

The commenter found the studies lacking in a number of critical areas, and thus not providing any additional basis for approving Theranova. A dialysis company commenter recounted past experiences with other dialysis membrane products, namely high flux polysulphone dialysis membranes in the 1990's touted as an improvement in dialysis with enhanced clearance of beta-2-microglobulin. The commenter stated that, while their use was widely adopted and paid for by Medicare through the composite rate, when the HEMO study in 2002 finally investigated the effect of this membrane in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, no benefit was found. The commenter believed that this experience did not need to be duplicated with Theranova.

Response. We thank all of the commenters for their informative comments regarding the Baxter application for TPNIES for the Theranova Dialyzer. CMS evaluated the application, accompanying articles, meta-analysis and all the comments submitted. CMS evaluated all the criteria at § 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1) to evaluate SCI for purposes of the TPNIES.

In doing so, we applied the following eligibility criterion from § 412.87(b)(1)(i). €œThe totality of the circumstances is considered when making a determination that a new [renal dialysis equipment or supply] represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to [renal dialysis services] previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries.” CMS identified two major concerns with the information presented to CMS. (1) Studies and data presented were either low powered, did not provide statistical significance in their results, and/or did not include a control population. (2) Studies provided signals that albumin might be filtered by the product, resulting in low levels of albumin for some patients.

Albumin is a critical protein that carries vitamins and other proteins through the bloodstream, as well as performing other functions. While there are some signals in the information provided by the applicant that it may be possible for some patients to have albumin levels rebound over a certain period of time, the data are considered nascent in identifying the subpopulations whose albumin levels may be able to respond appropriately to the filtering. Additionally, commenters, including a major dialysis organization noted similarities to a product that entered the market in the 1990s where the clinical data was nascent upon entry and that ultimately clinicians considered the product clinically similar to other products on the market. Further, CMS clinicians involved in the review of the product were unable to identify subpopulations for which they believed the evidence demonstrated a substantial clinical improvement at this time.

The clinicians indicated that without additional evidence they would consider this product similar to other products on the market and would need Start Printed Page 71457to closely monitor albumin levels of their patients. In other words, they would consider using this product in a more observational manner rather than adopting it based on any expected outcomes. As previously noted, we did not find the submitted evidence and public comments sufficient in meeting the “totality of the circumstances” regulatory criterion. Although CMS did not find the submitted evidence and public comments sufficient in meeting the “totality of the circumstances” criterion to qualify the Theranova Dialyzer for the TPNIES adjustment for CY 2021, we anticipate that the applicant may submit additional evidence for the Theranova Dialyzer in support of the claim of substantial clinical improvement for CY 2022.

We note that the applicant is eligible to apply for the TPNIES adjustment for the Theranova Dialyzer for CY 2022 and CY 2023, and CMS would review any new information provided for the CY 2022 rulemaking cycle. A product that is determined to meet the criteria to receive the TPNIES would receive the adjustment for 2-calendar years. B. Tablo® Cartridge for Exclusive Use With the Tablo® Hemodialysis System (1) Outset Medical Application For CY 2021, Outset Medical submitted an application for the TPNIES for the Tablo® Cartridge for exclusive use with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

The applicant stated that the Tablo® Cartridge is intended to substantially improve the treatment of Medicare beneficiaries with ESRD by removing barriers to home dialysis. The applicant noted that the Tablo® Cartridge is necessary to operate the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for use in home. The cartridge is comprised of a pre-strung blood tubing set and series of sensor-receptors mounted to a user-friendly organizer, and together these are referred to as the Cartridge. The blood tubing set comprises a blood pump tubing segment that interfaces with a peristaltic (blood) pump mounted on the inner front panel of the Tablo® console and arterial and venous lines that connect to the corresponding lines on the patient.

Additional components to the cartridge include consumable supplies. Bicarbonate and acid concentrate jugs and straws, and an adapter for disinfectant use. The applicant stated that the blood tubing set is primarily comprised of one arterial line and one venous line and is enhanced with a recirculating adaptor, a bifurcated saline line, a pressure transducer protector, a drip chamber with clot filter, and an arterial pressure pod. According to the applicant, in addition to the blood lines, there is an integrated saline line that enables automatic priming as well as monitored delivery of saline boluses during treatment.

There is also an infusion line and two infusion ports (arterial and venous) for manual delivery of medicine, anticlotting agents, and blood sampling. In describing what the Tablo® Cartridge does, the applicant stated that it was designed with features to seamlessly integrate with sensors on the front panel of the console (for example, air sensing, arterial and venous pressure sensing) and to reduce touch points during priming and blood return (for example, recirculating adapter and bifurcated saline line) to minimize contamination. The blood pump draws blood from the patient into the blood tubing set and passes the blood through a dialyzer before returning the treated blood to the patient. The applicant specifically stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System includes the Tablo® Cartridge.

In its entirety, it has been specifically designed for patient-driven self-care using an iterative human factors process, with key design objectives being to facilitate learning and to minimize device training time.[] Human factors studies performed in a laboratory setting have demonstrated that patients can accurately learn and manage the Tablo® Hemodialysis System after a brief training period.[] A recent prospective, multicenter, open-label, crossover trial comparing in-center and in-home HD using Tablo® Hemodialysis System further supported the clinical efficacy, safety, and ease of use of the system.[] The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the first and only all-in-one technology and includes a number of features that make it new and different from current standard of home dialysis care. These unique features include (1) A single-use Tablo® Cartridge with user-friendly pre-strung blood, saline, and infusion tubing and an integrated blood pressure monitor that interfaces with the console to enable automated features such as air removal, priming, and blood return which minimize use, user errors, save time and streamline the user experience; [] (2) on demand water and dialysate production using a standard tap water source, eliminating the need for time-consuming advance water preparation, bagged dialysate or dialysate batching; [] (3) a consumer-centric touchscreen interface that guides users with step-by-step instructions including non-technical language, animation, and color-coded parts, to enable easier training, faster set-up and simpler management including clear alarm explanations and resolution instructions; [] and (4) electronic data capture and automatic wireless transmission to eliminate the need for manual record keeping by the patient, care partner, or nurse.[] The applicant asserted, both in the written application and at an in-person meeting with CMS, that the observational studies with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System were able to achieve CMS adequacy targeted on three times per week dialysis at an average treatment time of less than 4 hours. Tablo® has demonstrated the ability to treat to adequacy targets within the Medicare standard reimbursement of three treatments per week. The applicant has not submitted an application for pass-through payments under the Medicare OPPS or the NTAP program under the Medicare IPPS for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, including the Tablo® Cartridge.

This application for TPNIES is only for the Tablo® Cartridge and its components for use in the home, which the applicant stated that it intended to begin marketing in March 2020 following FDA clearance of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for home use. On March 31, 2020, Outset Medical received FDA clearance to market the device for use in the home, and CMS received a copy of this letter. The applicant submitted a Premarket Notification 510(k) for clearance of Tablo®. Previous 510(k) clearances for Start Printed Page 71458the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and Tablo® Cartridge were for hospital and outpatient clinic use only.

The applicant could not use or market the Tablo® Cartridge in the home setting until the Tablo® Hemodialysis System was granted marketing authorization by the FDA (note. Tablo® Hemodialysis System and cartridge was granted FDA market authorization in November 2016). While the cartridge was previously cleared through a separate 510k and was not necessary to include in the submission for marketing authorization for home use, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System cannot be operated without the Tablo® Cartridge. According to the applicant, the cartridge was included in the use instructions for the home approval.

The applicant noted that the Tablo® Cartridge is not currently available for marketing in the home setting. As explained above, the applicant intended to begin marketing in the home setting in March 2020, after the FDA cleared the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for marketing for home use. The applicant expected the first shipments of the Tablo® Cartridge for use in the home to occur March 2020, however, the first patient started training on June 1, 2020. The applicant had an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) to study the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's safety and efficacy for use in the home, which had been completed as of the filing of the TPNIES application.

The applicant stated that the IDE would be closed once marketing authorization for the use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home was granted. The IDE study reference number was G140098. The Tablo® Cartridge was classified as a Class II device. The applicant stated that it submitted a HCPCS application for the Tablo® Cartridge in advance of the September 1, 2020 deadline.

The applicant identified and described how the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the criteria for SCI over existing renal dialysis services. The applicant stated the Tablo® Cartridge is necessary to operate the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and therefore enables the system to deliver the treatments that meet CMS's SCI criteria. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System enables a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible or, currently available treatments. As supporting background material, the applicant noted that home HD is a highly underutilized treatment for ESRD patients.

Currently 90 percent of patients receive HD in a clinic. Fewer than 2 percent have HD treatment at home. Contributing to this low penetration rate is also a high dropout rate with the incumbent home devices of 25 percent and 35 percent at 12 and 24 months, respectively.[] The barriers to home dialysis adoption and retention have been well studied and include. (1) Treatment burden for patients and care partner fatigue.

(2) technical challenges operating HD machine. (3) space, home modifications, and supplies management. (4) patients not wanting medical equipment in the home. And (5) safety concerns.[] The applicant asserted that Tablo® is the first new home HD system in over 15 years, designed to address many of the above-mentioned barriers that currently result in patients resigning themselves to in-center care and/or stopping home modalities due to the associated burden of self-managed therapy.

Among other things, the objective of this order is for 80 percent of ESRD patients starting kidney replacement therapy (KRT) with a transplant or home dialysis by 2025.[] The applicant stated that this goal will require a multi-faceted solution, inclusive of less burdensome technology, to address the key barriers to home dialysis. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to significantly increase home dialysis. The applicant conducted an IDE study for the primary purpose of evaluating the safety and efficacy of Tablo® Hemodialysis System use in the home setting. The applicant stated that the results from the IDE study demonstrate the following.

(1) Patients will opt for home dialysis if the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is available. (2) patients have confidence in the safety and efficacy of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. (3) the unique features of the Tablo® Cartridge as part of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System simplify set-up and use. And (4) the wireless transmission of data feature is reassuring to patients because it relieves patients of the burden of recording and fear that the patient may forget to document some aspect of treatment.

The applicant claimed that the IDE study results show that these key features will facilitate growth and ongoing use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home setting. During the course of the study, with an average treatment time of 3.4 hours, twenty-eight out of thirty patients completed all phases of the trial and no patient dropouts occurred during the in-home phase. There is only one other mobile HD machine on the market. Its IDE, based on six times per week therapy at an average treatment duration of 2.8 hours, showed a higher drop-out rate (19 percent vs Tablo's® 7 percent) and lower adherence to treatment at home (89 percent vs Tablo's® 99 percent).[] The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System significantly reduced training time for both patients and their caregivers, improving training completion and reducing patient technique failure and care partner burden.

The applicant stated that the cartridge element of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System removes many of the manual steps and minimizes both set up time, and the need to make difficult connections, which requires training to avoid contamination. In human factors testing submitted to the FDA, the use of the cartridge resulted in 90 percent of the users being able to set up Tablo® in under 10 minutes.[] The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE data demonstrates that on average it takes 3.5 training sessions to learn the Tablo® Hemodialysis System compared to 14.5 sessions on the device that is the current standard of care for home HD.[] The applicant asserted that reduced training time increases likelihood of successful completion, reduces patient technique failure, and decreases caregiver burden. The applicant noted the following. (1) The graphical user interface guides users through the treatment and Start Printed Page 71459eliminates the need for memorization and mental math.

(2) sensors and automation eliminate multiple manual steps in treatment set-up. And (3) contextual alarms instantly alert patients to any issues with their treatment and provide video and text direction on how to resolve them. This is in comparison to numerical alarm codes with the incumbent device that requires reference to the user manual or memorization with no video guidance available. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System significantly reduces set up and treatment time reducing treatment burden, improving retention at home, and reducing the need for and involvement of a care partner.

The applicant noted that data from Outset Medical's Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE trial showed that a patient could set up the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in 9.2 minutes.[] With the average number of treatments of 3.6 per week for an average duration of 3.4 hours,[] a Tablo® Hemodialysis System user treating 4 times per week can expect to spend approximately 14 hours a week preparing for and conducting treatments, versus 40 hours a week on the incumbent device for patients who batch solutions.[] The applicant stated that this significant reduction in setup and treatment time is a result of software and workflow improvements incorporated in the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and its cartridge, many of which were driven by patient feedback. Reducing overall treatment burden improves modality retention at home on behalf of the patient and limits the care partner burden by reducing the need for their active involvement in treatment. The applicant stated that the cartridge portion of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is pre-strung and requires only two connections to operate as compared to other systems that require stringing, hanging, snapping, and tapping multiple lines. In the home IDE time set up of dialysate concentrates, the Tablo® Cartridge took less than 12 minutes on average.

With an average time of 8 minutes, an uninterrupted patient can initiate therapy in as little as 20 minutes.[] This is a significant improvement in the standard of care, which can take approximately 45 minutes.[] The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's automatic and integrated sensors and automated degassing and priming also make the machine easier to use and quicker to set up and get to treatment. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only system with a fully integrated water treatment system that allows for real-time water purification and dialysate produced on demand with no need to batch solutions or hang bags of dialysate. In addition, the applicant noted that it requires only a standard, grounded electrical outlet and Environmental Protection Agency quality tap water to operate, obviating the need to store bags of dialysate in the home, significantly reducing the number of supplies patients need to receive each month. The applicant noted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System reduces patient/care partner burden and technique failure.

Specifically, the applicant stated that automation of processes such as prime and rinse back reduces the overall number of treatment related steps. In addition, the applicant said that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's easy to use touchscreen interface walks users through each step of setup, treatment, and take down. The treatment information displays data that patients most wanted to see. The applicant asserts that this automation and patient-centric design reduces technique failure as evidence by results from the IDE study, which demonstrated a significant increase in treatment adherence and high rate of study completion compared to the current standard.

The applicant further stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System eliminates documentation burden and reduces reporting errors, and that it is the only HD system with 2-way wireless transmission delivering HIPAA compliant data to the healthcare provider without any need for additional equipment. This frees patients from the need to manually document treatment data by hand or on a separate tablet and ensures higher data accuracy. The 28 patients who entered the home phase of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE answered weekly if they needed help with treatment over the prior seven days. The applicant stated that by the end of the study, 216 of 224 possible responses were obtained.

The care partner burden rating for prior in-home patients who were previously dialyzing on the incumbent device decreased from 3.1 to 2.4 on Tablo®. Among prior in-home patients, 69 percent of patients reported needing help from a trained individual with their prior device with 46 percent of respondents stating the help needed was device related, 15 percent related to cannulation alone, and 8 percent reported other. By contrast, while on Tablo®, only 38 percent of patients reported needing help with treatment—only 22 percent needed help related to use of Tablo® while 16 percent needed help related to cannulation. The applicant asserted that this data underscores a significant decrease in patients needing assistance with treatment at home.

The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's unique features increase patient safety and satisfaction. The applicant noted that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's integrated, 2-way wireless connection provides clinicians with the ability to monitor patients in real time without any separate equipment necessary. The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only HD technology with this function, which allows for early identification and intervention by a patient's healthcare team as a key safety feature. At 34 inches tall, Tablo® Hemodialysis System user interface matches the height of a user while seated in a standard dialysis chair allowing patients to directly, and quickly engage with the integrated touch screen to view progress of the treatment, resolve alarms, and adjust certain functions to tailor the treatment to his or her needs.

As an example, a patient with limited mobility can reach the interactive touch screen to adjust the flow rate if they feel cramping coming on. The IDE generated data that demonstrated how the technology enabled more rapid resolution of alarms. During the home arm of the study, patients were able to resolve alarms on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in 5 seconds.[] The applicant asserted that rapid resolution of alarms and enhanced communication improve safety by facilitating rapid correction of any treatment related events, limiting Start Printed Page 71460treatment interruptions and improving communication between the patient and provider. Once approved for home use, the applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System will provide a simpler, easier to use system that is likely to increase the number of people who are able to receive and remain on dialysis at home by addressing many of the well-documented, key barriers to home dialysis reported in peer-reviewed literature.

In addressing the way in which the Tablo® Hemodialysis System with its cartridge significantly improves clinical outcomes relative to the renal dialysis services previously available, the applicant focused on hospitalization and quality of life. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's 2-way wireless connection allows for real-time intervention to prevent hospitalizations. The applicant stated that during the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE, the patients using the Tablo® Hemodialysis System had an all cause admission rate of 426 per 1,000 patient years. In the general dialysis population, the all cause admission rate is 1688 per 1,000 patient years and for patients who do PD, the hospitalization rate is 1460 per 1,000 patient years, highlighting that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System may significantly reduce hospitalizations and lower cost of care.[] The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's integrated, 2-way wireless connection provides clinicians the ability to monitor patients in real time without any separate equipment necessary, and is the only equipment with this embedded functionality which allows for earlier identification and intervention by a patient's healthcare team and could prevent unnecessary hospitalizations for dialysis related events or missed treatments.

The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System can effectively deliver adequacy with 3-4 treatments per week, potentially reducing Medicare expenditures on additional dialysis treatments per week. The applicant said that among home HD patients, Medicare payment for dialysis treatments was highly variable across different regions at 3.5 to 5.7 per week.[] In the IDE for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, the applicant asserted that there was effectively delivered adequacy with 4 treatments per week with an average session length of 3.4 hours, resulting in an average weekly treatment duration of ~13.6 hours. An average weekly standard Kt/V of 2.8 was achieved and 94 percent of patients achieved an ultrafiltration rate within 10 percent of the prescribed value.[] The applicant noted that a previous study of Tablo® Hemodialysis System used in the clinic showed achievement of a spKt/V of 1.2 based on 3 treatments per week including for patients over 90 kg. While the frequency of how often patients should receive dialysis is a clinical decision that should be made between the physician and the patient, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only mobile HD system with clinical data showing achievement of adequacy standards and ultrafiltration endpoints for 3 and 4 treatments per week regardless of the size of the patient.[] The applicant concluded that in this way, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to reduce Medicare expenditures on the billing of additional dialysis treatments.

The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's ability to deliver adequacy on fewer treatments per week may also reduce vascular access complications due to frequent cannulation.[] The applicant submitted several examples in four topics to demonstrate how the Tablo® Hemodialysis System improves the quality of life. The applicant noted that patients value having a high-quality daily life, ability to live well, and feeling empowered to control their outcomes over mortality.[] The applicant asserted that the use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System at home allows patients to have an improved quality of life and control over their outcomes. The first topic of improved quality of life focused on sleep and reduction in fatigue. The applicant noted that kidney patients participating in an international research collaborative to identify outcome measures most important to them ranked fatigue/energy as their top priority.[] The applicant reported that patients in the IDE who were on home HD with an incumbent device experienced a 14 percent improvement in waking up feeling rested while on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

Additionally, 22 percent fewer patients reported having trouble staying asleep, and 15 percent fewer patients reported waking up several times during the night while on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.[] The applicant asserted that this data shows that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is able to make a clinically significant improvement in the quality of life indicator most valued by dialysis patients. The second topic of improved quality of life discussed by the applicant was improvement in the patients' experience of hypotensive events. The applicant submitted that investigators report that a drop in blood pressure was also ranked in the top 10 of symptoms rated by patients that impact their quality of life.[] The applicant reported that a total of 12 (40.0 percent) and 8 (26.7 percent) subjects reported hypotensive events during the Tablo® Hemodialysis System treatments during the In-Center and In-Home treatment periods, respectively, compared to 27 (90.0 percent) subjects reporting hypotensive events at baseline on another HD machine. All patients who reported hypotensive events while on dialysis in the study had also reported hypotension in their baseline history.[] The third topic of improved quality of life was that fewer patients reported feeling cold.

The applicant reported that a total of 15 (50.0 percent) subjects during the in-center treatment period and 12 (40.0 percent) subjects during the In-Home treatment period reported feeling cold while dialyzing on the Start Printed Page 71461Tablo® Hemodialysis System compared to 28 (93.3 percent) subjects who reported feeling cold at baseline while dialyzing on another dialysis machine. The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's design results in tight control of dialysate temperature and allows patients to easily and accurately adjust temperature through the graphical user interface.[] The fourth topic of improved quality of life was patient preference for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. The applicant stated that the Kidney Health Initiative (KHI), a public private partnership between the FDA and the American Society of Nephrology, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) Roadmap prioritizes patient-centered innovation, which includes dialysis equipment that is more portable, removes barriers to home dialysis and improves patients' ease of use to increase opportunities for self-care. The RRT, which was developed in conjunction with patients, also prioritizes patient centered outcomes and technology that reduces disruption in social and family life.[] The applicant reported that among prior home HD users in the IDE trial, 85 percent reported they preferred the Tablo® Hemodialysis System to their current equipment.[] Patients also rated Tablo® as easier to set-up, treat, and take down.

Ease of use ratings comparing the patient's prior device to Tablo® were as follows. Set up—3.5 to 4.5, Treatment—3.3 to 4.6, Take Down—3.8 to 4.6.[] In summary, the applicant submitted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to significantly expand the number of patients who are able to receive home HD and persist on the therapy. The applicant stated that it is an innovative HD system that removes most of the device-related key barriers, reduces dialysis-related symptoms, is mobile and easy to use, and therefore minimizes dialysis-related disruptions in patients' lives. (2) CMS Analysis (a) Summary of Current Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42180), patients with ESRD who are not able to receive a kidney transplant must undergo maintenance dialysis therapy.

Patients can receive dialysis 3-4 days a week at an in-center HD facility, or they can administer dialysis themselves at home. Due to the reliance on outpatient dialysis units, numbers of patients utilizing home dialysis in the U.S. Have remained low. In 2017, only 10.8 percent of US dialysis patients received home-based therapies.[] Patients and caregivers cite concerns with self-cannulation, fears of needle disconnect and complications.[] Home dialysis use is lower than many other rich countries.[] Most patients administering dialysis at home use PD.

However, home HD has more recently re-emerged as an alternative way for patients to dialyze at home. Home HD may offer many of the advantages observed with PD, such as increased flexibility and quality-of-life benefits. However, adoption of home HD has been limited, with approximately only 1 percent of ESRD patients utilizing this modality.[] Observational studies do not indicate significant differences in survival when comparing home dialysis to in-center dialysis.[] Yet, there are some potential benefits to home-based dialysis. Prior analyses have noted that home-based dialysis affords greater patient flexibility, improved quality of life,[] increased likelihood of employment,[] and improved cost.[] However, regarding cost comparisons, it is important to note that many cost analyses of home-based dialysis include estimates from PD.

The machines for HD are costly and there may be higher rates of from self-cannulation, which could offset any savings. Since such a small percentage of patients receive home-based HD, it is challenging to know actual cost without pooling it with PD estimates. Regardless, due to an Executive order issued in 2019, economic incentives for home dialysis (both peritoneal and home HD) were increased with the goal of expanding its use.[] (b) Description of New Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42181), the first personal HD system on the market was called the Aksys personal HD (Aksys Ph.D.) system. It created its own ultrapure dialysate and was FDA cleared in 2002.

It later underwent recall in 2006 due to marketing inconsistencies with system design.[] Eventually, the manufacturer shut down operations after difficulties in securing financing.[] In addition to these issues, it was a large machine that required significant patient utility resources and specialized maintenance.[] Around this time, development of the Allient dialysis system began, which utilizes a sorbent column to regenerate dialysate from tap water.[] It is still in development for potential home based therapy. Several home dialysis machines are currently available. Recently, the NxStage® System One dialysis machine was FDA approved for 510(k) premarket status in August 2017.[] It has a smaller profile than the Aksys machine Start Printed Page 71462but requires 4 to 6 large bags of ultrapure dialysate and comes with home storage requirements. The NxStage® PureFlow SL was subsequently developed for use with the NxStage® System One.

It allows patients to prepare dialysate from tap water with a reduced need to store dialysate bags. The NxStage® system advertises an easier experience learning how to administer home dialysis. Within this arena, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has recently emerged and been approved for use in hospitals and outpatient settings. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System is most comparable to NxStage System One combined with NxStage® PureFlow, in that it may be easier to use than conventional home dialysis machines and can be used from a tap water source.

The applicant is currently pursuing approval for use of cartridges for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home setting. While this application centers on reimbursement of the Tablo® Cartridge, this cartridge is only compatible with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. The cartridge is made up of a rigid “Organizer” which mounts the necessary tubing to allow for greater ease in set-up. This self-contained and single-use cartridge houses both the arterial and venous lines, an adaptor to connect the lines, a saline line, and an infusion line.

There is also a pressure transducer protector, venous drip chamber with clot filter, and an arterial pressure pod. The applicant noted that the cartridge simplifies connection to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and reduces set-up time. It would seem that this cartridge would be most useful in the home-setting, since hospital and clinic settings would normally have trained personnel to assist with set-up. Although separate from the Tablo® Cartridge, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System also performs real-time water purification on demand dialysate production.

A significant challenge to increasing the use of home dialysis includes burn out (or technique failure) and return to in-center HD. According to one recent observational study, approximately 25 percent of patients who initiate home HD return to in-center HD within the first year.[] A good measure of a home-based system's success would be in its ability to allow patients to remain on the therapy long-term. Failure to maintain home HD, and low use of home HD, may be a result of anxiety and unease that many patients have about performing the treatment themselves (or with the help of care takers).[] This includes fear of self-cannulation in order to access the blood for dialysis and a lack of self-efficacy in performing the therapy. By simplifying the process of setting up dialysis tubing, offered by the Tablo® Hemodialysis System cartridge, some patients may be able to successfully perform home HD.

(c) Approvals As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42181), the applicant has not previously submitted applications for pass-through or add-on payments. The applicant has received 510(k) marketing clearance for the machine to be used in hospital and outpatient clinic use only. As such, the applicant is pursuing FDA marketing authorization for use in the home setting for February 2020. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System cartridge received FDA marketing approval in December, 2019 and the Tablo® Hemodialysis System received FDA marketing authorization for home setting in March 2020.

The applicant noted that upon approval, the company plans to ship that same month. The technology had an investigational device exemption for use in the home and which closed after granting of marketing authorization. It is classified as a Class II device. (d) Assessment of Substantial Similarity to Currently Available Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182), the NxStage® One is the only home-based HD system that is FDA has approved at this time.

The Tablo® Hemodialysis System differs from the NxStage® in that dialysate is produced on demand whereas the NxStage® requires that patients batch dialysate or use pre-filled concentrate with the PureFlow. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System also includes a cartridge (which is the portion being evaluated for TPNIES) designed to facilitate the connection of tubing in the appropriate configuration. This product treats similar patients, notably patients with ESRD requiring HD. (e) Assessment of SCI (See §§ 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1)) As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182), the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is a treatment modality, not a diagnostic tool.

With regard to the question as to whether this new renal dialysis equipment offers a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments, we note that patients who are eligible for this treatment would currently be eligible for in-center HD, home HD with currently available treatments, and possibly PD. (f) Clinical Evidence for Claims of SCI As stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182 through 42183), the applicant included an annotated bibliography in its application. Many of the articles describe the features of the HD system. Straightforward and relatively efficient set-up and training, presence of safety features, water purification system, and wireless communication.

In terms of clinical outcomes and improvements, the referenced authors have presented or published data on safety, clearance and treatment times, hypotensive events and cold symptoms, and patient preference. As these are arguably more important considerations, we are focusing on the evidence with those claims of clinical improvement or patient reported outcomes. Below is a list of references for SCI based on evidence published from several sources. We summarized the studies grouped by listings with the most rigorous review to those with the least rigorous review, specifically, Trials Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals, then Posters and Abstracts, and ending with Unpublished Data.

Trials Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals Plumb TJ, et al.[] describes the IDE study, which was a prospective, multicenter, open-label crossover trial evaluating in-center versus in-home use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Thirty patients underwent a run-in period, 8 weeks of in-center therapy (4 treatments a week), then a 4-week transition period, and finally an 8-week in-home treatment (4 times a week). Start Printed Page 71463Authors evaluated efficacy in effective removal of uremic toxins, as measured by a weekly standard Kt/Vurea ≥2.1 and a secondary endpoint of delivered ultrafiltration within 10 percent of prescribed. Twenty-eight out of 30 patients completed the study.

One patient died from cardiac arrest and the authors felt it was unrelated to the treatments. Another patient withdrew prior to starting in-home HD. There were primary outcomes, secondary outcomes, adverse event rates, alarms per treatment, and alarm response times between the two groups. Patients demonstrated high adherence rates of 96 percent, and 99 percent for the in-center and in-home groups, respectively.

There is bias from the open-label study and this is a small study conducted over a short period of 12 weeks total, 4 weeks of in-home dialysis. Long-term and larger studies would be helpful to capture any safety signals. Some authors serve as Chief Medical Officer or consultants for Outset Medical. Kraus M, et al.[] is a study involving the comparator technology known as NxStage® System, which is a portable HD unit.

This was a prospective, open-label, crossover study comparing in-center HD versus home HD in 32 patients over 18 weeks total. The primary endpoint was delivery of 90 percent prescribed fluid volume, which was achieved in similar fashion and >90 percent in both groups. There were statistically significant differences in adverse events, which favored the home HD group. The applicant included this study to demonstrate similar evidence as well as compare time spent in performing the home sessions.

Treatment durations were slightly shorter than what was noted in the IDE study above (mean 2.8 hours for NxStage® versus mean 3.4 hours with Tablo® Hemodialysis System). This study was supported by NxStage® Medical Inc. Posters/Abstracts Alvarez, Luis et al.[] is a retrospective study, 29 patients underwent HD with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System at a lower flow rate than what is used in conventional in-center HD. Average treatment times were slightly higher in the Tablo® Hemodialysis System group compared to those using non-Tablo® systems.

After patient weight stratification at 90 kg, authors felt that both groups achieved similar weight changes (extrapolated from pre and post weights), as well as Kt/Vurea change. This research was funded by Outset Medical, Inc. Alvarez, Luis et al.[] utilized lower flow rates of 300 ml/min, and evaluated patients as they transitioned to in-center but self-directed HD with Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Patients underwent 3 times a week treatment and data was collected over a 3-month period.

Based on urea samples and calculated Kt/Vurea, authors concluded that this treatment resulted in adequate clearance. Chahal, Yaadveer [] is a study that focused on the patient experience through surveys and compared the patient's responses to prior in-home and in-center experiences. As part of the IDE study, 13 participants provided survey responses to compare their experience with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System to their prior experience with in-home dialysis. Of those 13 participants, 85.6 percent found this system easier to use.

While this is promising, the true test of superiority in this realm would be rates of discontinuation at 1 year. Issues of self-cannulation and the burden of this responsibility still remain with this system. The primary study was undertaken by Outset Medical. Unpublished Data Outset Medical Data [] is a limited section, in which the applicant submitted cold and hypotensive events while on in-center or in-home HD.

From just raw numbers, there were lower percentages of either sign/symptom within the home dialysis group compared to in-center. (g) CMS Comments As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42183), only the Tablo® Cartridge portion of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System was evaluated in this application, but it is important to note that it can only be used with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Although there are changes to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for home use, the cartridge portion remains unchanged from its original FDA approval. Therefore, the cartridge itself is not new.

Also, it is unclear as to whether the Tablo® Hemodialysis System can be used in-center without the cartridge. As such, much of the evidence presented in this application is really about the system itself, such as ease of training, its various features, and less about the incremental benefit of using the cartridge. Additionally, the system itself may have its own risks and benefits which are not within the scope of this application, and peripherally and incompletely addressed with the provided materials. For example, a study should be conducted determining the number of patients who were back in the hospital for a dialysis-related condition.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42183), we stated that to evaluate the cartridge, it would be helpful to have studies on whether there are any issues with the components of the cartridge (that is, any dialyzer reactions to tubing, any issues affecting clearance). Since the primary intent of the cartridge is to facilitate patient set-up at home, the most useful evidence would be in the form of larger studies of patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, analyses of patient/caregiver burnout, and sustained adherence (beyond 1 year) to the use of this home-based modality. If the applicant is claiming to improve the patients' quality of life, then it needs to be proven for patient-specific outcomes and with a risk-benefit analysis to the patient. In some of the references cited, the patient factors affecting home HD are self-cannulation, burdens to caregivers, and concerns for complications, yet the cartridge has not demonstrated improvements in addressing these issues.

We stated that the cartridge is a promising concept to encourage home HD but again, the evaluation of this technology is complicated by the need to also peripherally assess the system. There does not appear to be a need for this cartridge in the hospital or clinic setting as trained personnel should be able to assist with set-up. Within the larger policy context of FDA approval and the fact that TPNIES does not currently cover capital-related assets, we believe there are some irregularities and misalignments in the current application, and we are concerned that the stand-alone cartridge cannot be evaluated for meeting the criteria for SCI.Start Printed Page 71464 The Outset Medical application was submitted only for the Tablo® Cartridge, which can only be used with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. As background, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System originally received FDA marketing authorization for hospital and outpatient use on November 15, 2016.

Without any additional studies being required, an FDA marketing authorization was issued for just the cartridge on December 19, 2019. An application was submitted by Outset Medical to the FDA for home use of only the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, not the cartridge. FDA marketing authorization was issued for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System on March 31, 2020. Therefore, with regard to the application for TPNIES for the Tablo® Cartridge, it does not meet the newness requirement at § 413.236(b)(2), which specifies that the item is granted FDA marketing authorization on or after January 1, 2020.

We invited public comment as to whether the stand-alone cartridge of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System meets the SCI criteria for the TPNIES. The collective comments and our response to them are set forth below. Comment. The applicant suggested that because a HD system received approval for home use, the system and cartridge can be marketed in the same home setting.

Additionally, the applicant stated, because the system and cartridge must operate together, the SCI should be linked. The applicant disagrees with the idea of only the cartridge being relevant. Another commenter stated that according to the TPNIES policy CMS finalized for payment in CY 2021, the equipment or supply being considered for an add-on payment must represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to technologies previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. The commenter stated that the evidence submitted by the applicant describes the features of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and only the system.

They noted that the applicant does not offer support for its assertion that the Tablo® Cartridge substantially improves the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries relative to dialysis services previously available. The commenter stated that because the application offers no clinical evidence on the cartridge itself, the subject of the application, it does not meet the eligibility requirements and CMS should not approve the TPNIES for this product for CY 2021. A commenter noted that the studies that were performed were only on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and not on the cartridge, which is the subject of the TPNIES application. Response.

CMS is supportive of new and innovative supplies and equipment for renal dialysis services. However, the Tablo® Cartridge does not meet the newness eligibility criteria of § 413.236(b)(2). Since the publication of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we have learned that the Tablo® Cartridge and Tablo® Hemodialysis System have two different dates for FDA marketing authorizations. The FDA marketing authorization was issued for just the cartridge on December 19, 2019, which pre-dates the eligibility date for the TPNIES of January 1, 2020.

Therefore, the cartridge does not meet the newness criterion. In addition, CMS agrees with the commenters that the application for the cartridge only included studies applicable to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System as a whole and the cartridge by itself does not show evidence of SCI. Therefore, we are not approving the Tablo® Cartridge for as eligible for the TPNIES for CY 2021. III.

CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) A. Background The Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (TPEA) (Pub. L. 114-27) was enacted on June 29, 2015, and amended the Act to provide coverage and payment for dialysis furnished by an ESRD facility to an individual with acute kidney injury (AKI).

Specifically, section 808(a) of the TPEA amended section 1861(s)(2)(F) of the Act to provide coverage for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2017, by a renal dialysis facility or a provider of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to an individual with AKI. Section 808(b) of the TPEA amended section 1834 of the Act by adding a subsection (r) to provide payment, beginning January 1, 2017, for renal dialysis services furnished by renal dialysis facilities or providers of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to individuals with AKI at the ESRD PPS base rate, as adjusted by any applicable geographic adjustment applied under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act and adjusted (on a budget neutral basis for payments under section 1834(r) of the Act) by any other adjustment factor under section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act that the Secretary elects. In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized several coverage and payment policies in order to implement subsection (r) of section 1834 of the Act and the amendments to section 1881(s)(2)(F) of the Act, including the payment rate for AKI dialysis (81 FR 77866 through 77872, and 77965). We interpret section 1834(r)(1) of the Act as requiring the amount of payment for AKI dialysis services to be the base rate for renal dialysis services determined for a year under the ESRD PPS base rate as set forth in § 413.220, updated by the ESRD bundled market basket percentage increase factor minus a productivity adjustment as set forth in § 413.196(d)(1), adjusted for wages as set forth in § 413.231, and adjusted by any other amounts deemed appropriate by the Secretary under § 413.373.

We codified this policy in § 413.372 (81 FR 77965). B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), hereinafter referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020.

In that proposed rule, we proposed to update the AKI dialysis payment rate. We received 4 public comments on our proposal, including comments from ESRD facilities, national renal groups, transplant organizations, and nurses. We also received several comments related to issues that we either did not discuss in the proposed rule or that we discussed for the purpose of background or context, but for which we did not propose changes. These include, for example, AKI dialysis in the home, modifications to claims and cost reports to monitor AKI dialysis, and Conditions of Coverage specific to AKI dialysis.

While we are not addressing those comments in this final rule because they are either out of scope of the proposed rule or concern topics for which we did not propose changes, we thank the commenters for their input and will consider the recommendations in future rulemaking. In this final rule, we provide a summary of the proposed provisions, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for CY 2021 payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI.Start Printed Page 71465 C. Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 1. CY 2021 AKI Dialysis Payment Rate The payment rate for AKI dialysis is the ESRD PPS base rate determined for a year under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act, which is the finalized ESRD PPS base rate, including the applicable annual market basket payment update, geographic wage adjustments and any other discretionary adjustments, for such year.

We note that ESRD facilities have the ability to bill Medicare for non-renal dialysis items and services and receive separate payment in addition to the payment rate for AKI dialysis. As discussed in section II.B.4.d of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.d of this final rule, the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13, which reflects the application of the CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .999485, a final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and the CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase of 1.9 percent reduced by the multifactor productivity adjustment of 0.3 percentage point, that is, 1.6 percent. Accordingly, we are finalizing a CY 2021 per treatment payment rate of $253.13 for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. This payment rate is further adjusted by the wage index as discussed below.

2. Geographic Adjustment Factor Under section 1834(r)(1) of the Act and § 413.372, the amount of payment for AKI dialysis services is the base rate for renal dialysis services determined for a year under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act (updated by the ESRD bundled market basket increase that is reduced by the multifactor productivity adjustment), as adjusted by any applicable geographic adjustment factor applied under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act. Accordingly, we apply the same wage index under § 413.231 that is used under the ESRD PPS and discussed in section II.B.4.b of this final rule. The AKI dialysis payment rate is adjusted by the wage index for a particular ESRD facility in the same way that the ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted by the wage index for that facility (81 FR 77868).

Specifically, we apply the wage index to the labor-related share of the ESRD PPS base rate that we utilize for AKI dialysis to compute the wage adjusted per-treatment AKI dialysis payment rate. As stated previously, we are finalizing a CY 2021 AKI dialysis payment rate of $253.13, adjusted by the ESRD facility's wage index. The comments and our responses to the comments on our AKI dialysis payment proposal are set forth below. Comment.

Commenters were supportive of the updates to the AKI dialysis payment rate for CY 2021. Response. We appreciate the comments in support of the update. Final Rule Action.

We are finalizing the AKI payment rate as proposed, that is, the AKI payment rate is based on the finalized ESRD PPS base rate. Specifically, the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13. Accordingly, we are finalizing a CY 2021 payment rate of $253.13 for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. IV.

End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) A. Background For a detailed discussion of the End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program's (ESRD QIP's) background and history, including a description of the Program's authorizing statute and the policies that we have adopted in previous final rules, we refer readers to the following final rules. CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49030), CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 628), CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70228), CY 2013 ESRD PPS final rule (77 FR 67450), CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72156), CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66120), CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 68968), CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule (81 FR 77834), CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50738), CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56922), and CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60713). We have also codified many of our policies for the ESRD QIP at 42 CFR 413.177 and 413.178.

B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, Responses to Comments, and Finalized Policies for the ESRD QIP The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020. In that proposed rule, we proposed updates to the ESRD QIP for PY 2023, and included policies continuing for PY 2024.

We received a diverse range of public comments on our proposals, including comments from large dialysis organizations, renal dialysis facilities, national renal groups, nephrologists, patient organizations, patients and care partners, health care systems, nurses, renal dietitians, and other stakeholders. In this final rule, we provide a summary of each proposed provision, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for the ESRD QIP. C. Updates to Requirements Beginning With the PY 2023 ESRD QIP 1.

PY 2023 ESRD QIP Measure Set Under our current policy, we retain all ESRD QIP measures from year to year unless we propose through rulemaking to remove them or otherwise provide notification of immediate removal if a measure raises potential safety issues (77 FR 67475). Accordingly, the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set will include the same 14 measures as the PY 2022 ESRD QIP measure set. These measures are described in Table 6 of this final rule. For the most recent information on each measure's technical specifications for PY 2023, we refer readers to the CMS ESRD Measures Manual for the 2021 Performance Period.[] Start Printed Page 71466 Table 6—PY 2023 ESRD QIP Measure SetNational quality forum (NQF) #Measure title and description0258In-Center Hemodialysis Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (ICH CAHPS) Survey Administration, a clinical measure.

Measure assesses patients' self-reported experience of care through percentage of patient responses to multiple testing tools.2496Standardized Readmission Ratio (SRR), a clinical measure. Ratio of the number of observed unplanned 30-day hospital readmissions to the number of expected unplanned 30-day readmissions.Based on NQF #2979Standardized Transfusion Ratio (STrR), a reporting measure. Ratio of the number of observed eligible red blood cell transfusion events occurring in patients dialyzing at a facility to the number of eligible transfusions that would be expected.N/A(Kt/V) Dialysis Adequacy Comprehensive, a clinical measure. A measure of dialysis adequacy where K is dialyzer clearance, t is dialysis time, and V is total body water volume.

Percentage of all patient months for patients whose delivered dose of dialysis (either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) met the specified threshold during the reporting period.2977Hemodialysis Vascular Access. Standardized Fistula Rate clinical measure. Measures the use of an arteriovenous (AV) fistula as the sole means of vascular access as of the last hemodialysis treatment session of the month.2978Hemodialysis Vascular Access. Long-Term Catheter Rate clinical measure.

Measures the use of a catheter continuously for 3 months or longer as of the last hemodialysis treatment session of the month.1454Hypercalcemia, a clinical measure. Proportion of patient-months with 3-month rolling average of total uncorrected serum or plasma calcium greater than 10.2 mg/dL.1463Standardized Hospitalization Ratio (SHR), a clinical measure. Risk-adjusted SHR of the number of observed hospitalizations to the number of expected hospitalizations.Based on NQF #0418Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-Up, a reporting measure. Facility reports in CROWNWeb one of six conditions for each qualifying patient treated during performance period.N/AUltrafiltration Rate (UFR), a reporting measure.* Number of months for which a facility reports elements required for ultrafiltration rates for each qualifying patient.Based on NQF #1460National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Bloodstream (BSI) in Hemodialysis Patients, a clinical measure.

The Standardized Ratio (SIR) of BSIs will be calculated among patients receiving hemodialysis at outpatient hemodialysis centers.N/ANHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure. Number of months for which facility reports NHSN Dialysis Event data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).N/APercentage of Prevalent Patients Waitlisted (PPPW), a clinical measure. Percentage of patients at each dialysis facility who were on the kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant waitlist averaged across patients prevalent on the last day of each month during the performance period.2988Medication Reconciliation for Patients Receiving Care at Dialysis Facilities (MedRec), a reporting measure. Percentage of patient-months for which medication reconciliation was performed and documented by an eligible professional.Note.

*After consideration of the comments, we are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology used to calculate the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities are scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, instead of facility-months, and refer readers to section IV.C.3 of this final rule for a discussion of this new scoring methodology. We did not propose to adopt any new measures for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set. 2. Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Section 1881(h)(4)(A) of the Social Security Act (the Act) requires the Secretary to establish performance standards with respect to the measures selected for the ESRD QIP for a performance period with respect to a year.

The performance standards must include levels of achievement and improvement, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(B) of the Act, and must be established prior to the beginning of the performance period for the year involved, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(C) of the Act. We refer readers to the CY 2013 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70277) for a discussion of the achievement and improvement standards that we have established for clinical measures used in the ESRD QIP. We recently codified definitions for the terms “achievement threshold,” “benchmark,” “improvement threshold,” and “performance standard” in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(1), (3), (7), and (12), respectively. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60728), we set the performance period for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP as CY 2021 and the baseline period as CY 2019.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42185 through 42186), we estimated the achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, and benchmarks for the PY 2023 clinical measures in Table 7 using data from 2018.Start Printed Page 71467 Table 7—Estimated Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Clinical Measures Using the Most Recently Available DataMeasureAchievement threshold (15th percentile of national performance) *Median (50th percentile of national performance) *Benchmark (90th percentile of national performance) *Vascular access type (VAT):Standardized Fistula Rate53.72%64.96%77.31%Catheter Rate17.70%10.50%4.32%Kt/V Comprehensive93.56%97.13%99.24%Hypercalcemia1.77%0.58% (0.59%)0.00%Standardized Readmission Ratio1.268 (1.269)0.9980.629 (0.641)Standardized Transfusion Ratio 2091.6750.8300.173NHSN BSI1.3650.6040Standardized Hospitalization Ratio1.2480.967 (0.976)0.670 (0.677)PPPW8.12%16.73%33.90%ICH CAHPS. Nephrologists' Communication and Caring58.12%67.89%78.52% (78.35%)ICH CAHPS. Quality of Dialysis Center Care and Operations54.16 (53.87%)62.47%72.11%ICH CAHPS. Providing Information to Patients74.09%80.48%87.14%ICH CAHPS.

Overall Rating of Nephrologists49.33% (47.92%)62.22% (60.59%)76.57% (75.16%)ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of Dialysis Center Staff49.12% (48.59%)63.04% (62.99%)77.49%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of the Dialysis Facility53.98% (53.46%)68.59%83.03%Note. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD QIP proposed rule that if the PY 2023 final numerical value is worse than the PY 2022 finalized value, we will substitute the PY 2023 final numerical value for the PY 2022 finalized value.

We also provided the PY 2023 finalized value as a reference in parentheses for clinical measures whose PY 2023 estimated value is worse than the PY 2022 finalized value.Data sources. VAT measures. 2018 CROWNWeb. SRR, SHR.

2018 Medicare claims. Kt/V. 2018 CROWNWeb. Hypercalcemia.

CMS 2018. PPPW. 2018 CROWNWeb and 2018 OPTN. We are now updating the achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, and benchmarks for the PY 2023 clinical measures as shown in Table 8, using the most recently available data, which includes CY 2019 data.

Table 8—Finalized Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Clinical Measures Using the Most Recently Available DataMeasureAchievement threshold (15th percentile of national performance)Median (50th percentile of national performance)Benchmark (90th percentile of national performance)Vascular access type (VAT):Standardized Fistula Rate53.29%64.36%76.77%Catheter Rate18.35%11.04%4.69%Kt/V Comprehensive94.33%97.61%99.42%Hypercalcemia1.54%0.49%* 0.00%Standardized Readmission Ratio* 1.268* 0.998* 0.629NHSN BSI1.1930.516* 0Standardized Hospitalization Ratio* 1.248* 0.967* 0.670PPPW* 8.12%* 16.73%* 33.90%ICH CAHPS. Nephrologists' Communication and Caring58.20%67.90%79.15%ICH CAHPS. Quality of Dialysis Center Care and Operations54.64%63.08%72.66%ICH CAHPS. Providing Information to Patients74.49%81.09%87.80%ICH CAHPS.

Overall Rating of Nephrologists* 49.33%* 62.22%* 76.57%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of Dialysis Center Staff50.02%63.37%78.30%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of the Dialysis Facility54.51%69.04%83.72%Note. Values marked with an asterisk (*) are also the final performance standards for those measures for PY 2022.

In accordance with our longstanding policy, we are finalizing those numerical values for those measures for PY 2023 because they are higher standards than the PY 2023 numerical values for those measures.Data sources. VAT measures. 2019 CROWNWeb. SRR, SHR.

2019 Medicare claims. Kt/V. 2019 CROWNWeb. Hypercalcemia.

CMS 2019. PPPW. 2019 CROWNWeb and 2019 OPTN. In addition, we have summarized in Table 9 existing requirements for successful reporting on reporting measures in the PY 2023 ESRD QIP.Start Printed Page 71468 Table 9—Requirements for Successful Reporting on the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Reporting MeasuresMeasureReporting frequencyData elementsUltrafiltration4 data elements are reported for every HD Kt/V session during the week of the monthly Kt/V draw, and Kt/V date is reported monthly• In-Center Hemodialysis (ICHD) Kt/V Date.

€¢ Post-Dialysis Weight. €¢ Pre-Dialysis Weight. €¢ Delivered Minutes of BUN Hemodialysis. €¢ Number of sessions of dialysis delivered by the dialysis unit to the patient in the reporting Month.MedRecMonthly• Date of the medication reconciliation.

€¢ Type of eligible professional who completed the medication reconciliation. —‹ Physician, ○ nurse, ○ ARNP, ○ PA, ○ pharmacist, or ○ pharmacy technician personnel. €¢ Name of eligible professional.Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-Up1 of 6 conditions reported annually• Screening for clinical depression is documented as being positive and a follow-up plan is documented. €¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as positive, a follow-up plan is not documented, and the facility possesses documentation that the patient is not eligible.

€¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as positive, the facility possesses no documentation of a follow-up plan, and no reason is given. €¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as negative and no follow-up plan required. €¢ Screening for clinical depression not documented, but the facility possesses documentation stating the patient is not eligible. €¢ Clinical depression screening not documented, and no reason is given.NHSN Dialysis EventMonthly data reported quarterlyThree types of dialysis events reported.

€¢ IV antimicrobial start. €¢ positive blood culture. And • pus, redness, or increased swelling at the vascular access site.STrRAt least 10 patient-years at risk during the performance period. We received a few comments on the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set.

Comment. One commenter expressed general agreement with CMS's policy to maintain current structural ESRD QIP policies. The commenter also expressed support for the proposed updates to the performance standards applicable to PY 2023. Response.

We thank the commenter for its support. Comment. One commenter requested clarification that the Standardized Transfusion Ratio (STrR) measure will be a reporting measure. The commenter noted that the measure was listed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as a reporting measure in the PY 2023 measure set but was included in the Estimated Performance Standards for PY 2023 Clinical Measures table.

Response. We appreciate the commenter bringing this issue to our attention. We inadvertently included clinical performance standards for the STrR measure in Table 7 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60720 through 60723), we finalized that beginning with the PY 2022 ESRD QIP, we would convert the STrR clinical measure to a reporting measure and would score the measure based on the performance standards listed in Table 6 of that final rule, which provided that the applicable reporting performance standard for the STrR reporting measure is calculated annually and requires a facility to have at least 10 eligible patient-years at risk over the course of the performance period (84 FR 60718).

The reporting requirements for the STrR measure are also included in Table 9 of this final rule. 3. Update to the Scoring Methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate Reporting Measure In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, we adopted the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure under the authority of section 1881(h)(2)(B)(ii) of the Act (81 FR 77912). The measure assesses the number of months for which a facility reports all data elements required to calculate ultrafiltration rates (UFR) for each qualifying patient.

It is based upon the NQF-endorsed Avoidance of Utilization of High Ultrafiltration Rate (>/= 13 ml/kg/hr) (NQF #2701), which assesses the percentage of patient-months for patients with a UFR greater than or equal to 13 ml/kg/hr. In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule (81 FR 77917), we also finalized a policy to score the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure using the following equation, beginning in PY 2020 (81 FR 77917). Start Printed Page 71469 In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42186 through 42187), we proposed to replace the current Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure scoring equation with the following equation, beginning with PY 2023. We stated this proposed update would modify the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities would be scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, as opposed to facility-months.

We explained that the facility-month scoring methodology requires facilities to report every data element necessary to calculate a UFR reporting rate for 100 percent of its eligible patients each month in order to receive any credit for successfully reporting the measure for that month. We stated that the facility-month scoring approach then counts the number of months in the performance period that the facility received credit for reporting over the course of the performance period. For example, under the facility-scoring methodology, if a facility has 10 eligible patients in January, the facility must report all required UFR data elements for each of those 10 patients in order to receive any credit for January reporting. We stated that if the facility only reports the required UFR data elements for 9 of those 10 patients, the facility receives a zero for January.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that our concern with this approach is that there may be circumstances, such as when an eligible patient is hospitalized, when facilities cannot obtain UFR data for a single patient, and as a consequence, cannot receive any credit for the data it did report that month (85 FR 42187). When we finalized the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure in the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, stakeholders raised their concern regarding this issue (81 FR 77914). At the time, we responded that because we defined the population for this reporting measure by assignment to a facility for a full month, the facility is still required to provide data even in cases where a patient may spend part of that month hospitalized since the data elements are products of ongoing dialysis treatment. We stated that since we do not restrict facilities from coordinating with hospitals to obtain relevant data, we believed that such coordination is appropriate.

However, our rationale for this was based on the reporting requirements prescribed by a facility-month definition. Furthermore, we stated that coordinating with hospitals to obtain relevant data continues to be a stakeholder concern in reporting UFR data. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our belief that the proposed patient-month scoring methodology is more objective because it scores facilities based on the percentage of eligible patients across the entire performance period for which they report all UFR data elements (85 FR 42187). Thus, if a facility has 100 eligible patients in CY 2020 and reports all data elements necessary to calculate a UFR rate for 90 of them, we stated that the facility will receive a rounded score based on a 90 percent reporting rate.

We believe that this methodology will give facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the 12-month performance period. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure is intended to guard against risks associated with high ultrafiltration (that is, rapid fluid removal) rates for adult dialysis patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), because of indications that high ultrafiltration is an independent predictor of mortality. We stated that faster ultrafiltration may lead to a number of health risks resulting from large volumes of fluid removed rapidly during each dialysis session, with deleterious consequences for the patient both in the short and longer term. The outcome of this reporting measure is the documentation of the ultrafiltration measurements, which ultimately contributes to the quality of the patient's ESRD treatment.

We stated that we believe that calculating the measure rates using the patient-month scoring methodology better supports our goal of assessing performance on whether the facility is documenting UFR for its eligible patients, which we believe will lead to better patient-level outcomes (85 FR 42187). We also stated our belief that this change is consistent with our plan to re-evaluate our reporting measures for opportunities to more closely align them with NQF measure specifications (see 84 FR 60724). We stated that we believe that this proposed change would make the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure more consistent with the NQF measure upon which it is based, Avoidance of Utilization of High Ultrafiltration Rate (>/= 13 ml/kg/hr) (NQF #2701), which reports results using a “patient-month” construction. Although we stated that we recognize that both the Anemia Management reporting measure and the Serum Phosphorus reporting measure are also calculated using a facility-month construction, we stated that we were not proposing to change the scoring methodology used for either of those measures because both measures are finalized for removal beginning with the PY 2021 ESRD QIP (83 FR 56986 through 56989).

We stated that the proposed update to the UFR reporting measure scoring methodology will make the scoring methodology for that measure consistent with the scoring methodology we are using to calculate the Medication Reconciliation (MedRec) reporting measure (83 FR 57011). We stated that we also believed that the utilization of this patient-month scoring methodology for both the MedRec and the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measures better reflects our intent to score facilities based on actions taken by the facility that impact patient experiences. We sought comment on this proposal. The comments on our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure and our responses to those comments are set forth below.

Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to change the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure's scoring methodology from facility-months to patient-months. Several commenters expressed appreciation that the “patient-months” construction aligns with the NQF's Ultrafiltration Rate measure specifications. A few commenters expressed support for the proposed Start Printed Page 71470update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure to use patient-months because it would ensure the reliability of measure score calculations and thus enable CMS to better evaluate facility performance.

A few commenters expressed support for the proposed update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, believing that it would help address difficulties with measure requirements where all data on all patients had to be included in order to receive credit for reporting each month. One commenter stated that the proposed update would score facilities based on actions that impact patient care and appreciated the move away from “all or nothing” requirements. Response. We thank the commenters for their support.

We agree that the proposed methodology is more outcomes focused, and better supports our goal of assessing performance on whether the facility is documenting UFR for its eligible patients, which we believe will lead to better patient-level outcomes. We also agree that the proposed update will give facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the 12-month performance period. Comment. One commenter expressed support for the proposed update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, but also stated that it would like to work with CMS on developing an outcome measure that better assesses quality of care for ultrafiltration.

Response. We thank the commenter for its support and continue to welcome feedback on ways to improve measures in the program. Comment. A few commenters expressed concern that the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure may penalize facilities that are unable to comply with reporting requirements due to circumstances beyond their control, such as patient non-compliance due to hospitalization or missed treatments.

Response. We thank the commenters for their feedback. Under the current facility-month scoring methodology, a facility is required to report every data element necessary to calculate a UFR reporting rate for 100 percent of its eligible patients each month in order to receive any credit for successfully reporting the measure for that month. We believe the update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure's scoring methodology addresses situations in which facilities may experience challenges collecting data when patients are hospitalized or miss treatments because it does not require 100 percent reporting for all patients.

We believe that the patient-months construction gives facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the performance period because it scores a facility based on the facility reporting all UFR data elements for eligible patients across the entire performance period, and does not require reporting for all eligible patients each month in order to receive the maximum score on the measure. Final Rule Action. After considering the comments we received, we are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure as proposed, beginning with PY 2023. 4.

Eligibility Requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Our current minimum eligibility requirements for scoring the ESRD QIP measures are described in Table 10. We did not propose any changes to these eligibility requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP. Table 10—Eligibility Requirements for Scoring on ESRD QIP MeasuresMeasureMinimum data requirementsCCN open dateSmall facility adjusterKt/V Comprehensive (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.VAT. Long-term Catheter Rate (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.VAT.

Standardized Fistula Rate (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.Hypercalcemia (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.NHSN BSI (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program year11-25 qualifying patients.NHSN Dialysis Event (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.SRR (Clinical)11 index dischargesN/A11-41 index discharges.STrR (Reporting)10 patient-years at riskN/A10-21 patient-years at risk.SHR (Clinical)5 patient-years at riskN/A5-14 patient-years at risk.ICH CAHPS (Clinical)Facilities with 30 or more survey-eligible patients during the calendar year preceding the performance period must submit survey results. Facilities will not receive a score if they do not obtain a total of at least 30 completed surveys during the performance periodBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.Depression Screening and Follow-Up (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore April 1 of the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.Ultrafiltration (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore April 1 of the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.MedRec (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.PPPW (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients. Start Printed Page 71471 5. Clarification of the Timeline for Facilities To Make Changes to Their NHSN Bloodstream (BSI) Clinical Measure and NHSN Dialysis Event Reporting Measure Data for Purposes of the ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42188), we stated that under our current policy for the NHSN BSI clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure, facilities are required to submit monthly data on a quarterly basis, and each quarter's data is due 3 months after the end of the quarter (81 FR 77879 through 77881).

As an example, we stated that data collected by facilities between January 1 and March 31, 2021 is due to NHSN by June 30, 2021, data collected between April 1 and June 30, 2021 is due to NHSN by September 30, 2021, and data collected between July 1 and September 30, 2021 is due to NHSN by December 31, 2021. We further noted that after each quarterly data submission deadline, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) takes a snapshot of the facility's data for the quarter and creates a permanent data file. Each quarterly permanent data file is aggregated together to create the annual CMS ESRD QIP Final Compliance File, which the CDC transmits to CMS for purposes of determining whether the facility has met the reporting requirements for these measures. We also noted that facilities may make changes to their quarterly NHSN data for purposes of the ESRD QIP at any point up until the applicable quarterly submission data deadline (85 FR 42188).

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42188), we stated that we have become aware that the NHSN system does not prevent facilities from making changes to their data for purposes of CDC surveillance after the applicable ESRD QIP quarterly submission deadline has passed. We also clarified that any changes that a facility makes to its data after the ESRD QIP deadline that applies to those data will not be included in the quarterly permanent data file that the CDC generates for purposes of creating the annual CMS ESRD QIP Final Compliance File. As we noted in the proposed rule, each quarterly permanent data file captures a snapshot of the facility's data as of the quarterly submission deadline, and that file cannot be updated for purposes of the ESRD QIP because of operational and timing issues. We received a few comments on this clarification.

Comment. A few commenters expressed support for the clarification of the timeline for facilities to make changes to NHSN Dialysis Event and the NHSN BSI measure data. One commenter expressed support for the clarification, noting the importance of providing accurate information about bloodstream s to patients and caregivers. Response.

We thank the commenters for their support. 6. Payment Reduction Scale for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Under our current policy, a facility will not receive a payment reduction for a payment year in connection with its performance for the ESRD QIP if it achieves a total performance score (TPS) that is at or above the minimum TPS (mTPS) that we establish for the payment year. We have defined the mTPS in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(8) as, with respect to a payment year, the TPS that an ESRD facility would receive if, during the baseline period it performed at the 50th percentile of national performance on all clinical measures and the median of national ESRD facility performance on all reporting measures.

Our current policy, which is codified at § 413.177 of our regulations, is also to implement the payment reductions on a sliding scale using ranges that reflect payment reduction differentials of 0.5 percent for each 10 points that the facility's TPS falls below the minimum TPS (76 FR 634 through 635). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189), for PY 2023 we estimated based on available data that a facility must meet or exceed a mTPS of 57 in order to avoid a payment reduction. We noted that the mTPS estimated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule was based on data from CY 2018 instead of the PY 2023 baseline period (CY 2019) because CY 2019 data were not yet available. We refer readers to Table 8 of this final rule for the PY 2023 finalized performance standards for each clinical measure.

We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that under our current policy, a facility that achieves a TPS below 57 would receive a payment reduction based on the TPS ranges indicated in Table 9 (85 FR 42189). Table 11 of this final rule, is a reproduction of Table 9 from the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Table 11—Estimated Payment Reduction Scale for PY 2023 Based on the Most Recently Available DataTotal performance scoreReduction (%)100-57056-470.546-371.036-271.526-02.0 We stated our intention to update the mTPS for PY 2023, as well as the payment reduction ranges for that payment year, in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule. We have now finalized the payment reductions that will apply to the PY 2023 ESRD QIP using updated CY 2019 data.

The mTPS for PY 2023 will be 57, and the finalized payment reduction scale is shown in Table 12. Table 12—Finalized Payment Reduction Scale for PY 2023 Based on the Most Recently Available DataTotal performance scoreReduction (%)100-57056-470.546-371.036-271.526-02.0 7. Reduction of the Number of Records That a Facility Selected for NHSN Validation Must Submit In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189), we stated that one of the critical elements of the ESRD QIP's success is ensuring that the data submitted to calculate measure scores and TPSs are accurate. The ESRD QIP currently includes two validation studies for this purpose.

The Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-Enabled Network (CROWNWeb) data validation study (OMB Control Number 0938-1289) and the NHSN validation study (OMB Control Number 0938-1340). In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we adopted the CROWNWeb data validation study as a permanent feature of the Program (83 FR 57003). Under that policy, we will continue validating CROWNWeb data in PY 2023 and subsequent payment years, and we will deduct 10 points from a facility's TPS if it is selected for validation but does not submit the requested records. We also adopted a methodology for the PY 2022 NHSN validation study, which targets facilities for NHSN Start Printed Page 71472validation by identifying facilities that are at risk for under-reporting.

For additional information on this methodology, we referred readers to the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50766 through 50767). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized our proposal to continue using this methodology for the NHSN validation study for PY 2023 and subsequent years (84 FR 60727). In that rule, we concluded that to achieve the most reliable results for a payment year, we would need to review approximately 6,072 charts submitted by 303 facilities, and that this sample size would produce results with a 95 percent confidence level and a 1 percent margin of error. Based on those results and to ensure that dialysis event data reported to the NHSN for purposes of the ESRD QIP are accurate, we finalized our proposal to continue use of this methodology in the PY 2023 NHSN validation study and for subsequent years.

Additionally, as we had previously finalized for CROWNWeb validation, we finalized our proposal to adopt NHSN validation as a permanent feature of the ESRD QIP with the methodology we first finalized for PY 2022 and are continuing for PY 2023 and subsequent years. We stated that we continued to believe that the purpose of our validation programs is to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data that are scored under the ESRD QIP, and that we believed that validating NHSN data using this methodology achieves that goal. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized that a sample of 300 facilities will be selected for the NHSN validation study each year, and that each facility will be required to submit 20 patient records per quarter for each of the first two quarters of the calendar year (83 FR 57001), for a total of 40 records. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189 through 42190), we proposed to change this requirement and allow facilities selected to participate in the NHSN validation study to submit a total of 20 patient records for the applicable calendar year.

We also proposed to allow facilities to submit patient records from any two quarters during the year, as long as all of the records are from no more than two quarters. For example, we stated that a facility could choose to submit two records from Q1 and 18 records from Q4, or six records from Q2 and 14 records from Q3, but it could not submit four records from Q1, eight records from Q2, and eight records from Q3. We stated that we had concluded this revised approach would reduce facility burden by decreasing the required number of patient records and allowing more flexibility for facilities to choose what records to submit, while continuing to maintain a sample size that is adequate for our validation analysis. In reaching this conclusion, we stated that we had been informed by the CDC's recommendations.

We stated that based on the sample estimation analysis, the CDC recommended the following factors to improve the precision of estimation of accuracy of dialysis events reported to NHSN. An expected 80 percent of dialysis events reporting accuracy from facilities and setting the precision of the NHSN validation study to a 95 percent confidence level and 1 percent margin of error, which would require a total of 6,072 chart reviews. Beginning with the CY 2017 and CY 2018 NHSN dialysis validation, we stated that we have gradually increased the number of facilities randomly selected for validation, as well as the number of charts for review, in order to achieve the 6,000 chart threshold necessary for an accurate review. Initially, 35 facilities were randomly selected and 10 charts per facility were reviewed.

For CY 2019, 150 facilities were randomly selected and each facility submitted a total of 20 records, to achieve the total of 3,000 charts available for review. For CY 2020, the goal was to increase from 150 to 300 facilities, where each facility would submit a total of 20 records thereby achieving the total of 6,000 charts available for review, as we had previously finalized (83 FR 57001). Because a total of 20 records would achieve the 6,000 chart threshold necessary for an accurate review, we stated that we had concluded that we could reduce the sample size from 40 records to 20 records. We stated that we believed a total of 20 medical records across a 6-month validation study time frame for a calendar year, rather than 20 records per quarter would provide a sufficiently accurate sample size.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our belief that the reduction in patient records still provides an adequate sample size for the validation and reduces overall facility burden (85 FR 42190). We also stated that a recent estimation analysis conducted by the CDC supports our belief that a review of 20 charts per facility across a specified validation timeline that are acquired by randomly selecting approximately 300 facilities would continue to meet the medical record selection criteria outlined in the NHSN Dialysis Validation methodology. We stated that this would meet the CDC's recommended sample estimate to achieve the 95 percent confidence level precision and 1 percent margin of error, while also reducing facility burden. We sought comments on this proposal.

The comments on our proposal to reduce the number of records that a facility selected for NHSN validation must submit and our responses to those comments are set forth below. We did not propose any changes to the CROWNWeb validation study methodology. Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to reduce the number of patient records required for submission for the NHSN validation study.

Several commenters noted that the proposed update will reduce provider burden. A few commenters noted that the proposed 20 patient records requirement is an adequate sample size for validation. Response. We thank the commenters for their support.

Final Rule Action. After considering public comments, we are finalizing our proposal to update the records submission requirements for the NHSN data validation study as proposed, beginning with PY 2023. D. Updates for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP 1.

Continuing Measures for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated that, under our previously adopted policy, the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set will also be used for PY 2024. We did not propose to adopt any new measures beginning with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP. 2. Performance Period for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated our continued belief that 12-month performance and baseline periods provide us sufficiently reliable quality measure data for the ESRD QIP.

In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the performance and baseline periods for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP (84 FR 60728). We also finalized our proposal to adopt automatically a performance and baseline period for each year that is 1 year advanced from those specified for the previous payment year. Under this policy, CY 2022 will be the performance period and CY 2020 will be the baseline period for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP. 3.

Performance Standards for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP Section 1881(h)(4)(A) of the Act requires the Secretary to establish Start Printed Page 71473performance standards with respect to the measures selected for the ESRD QIP for a performance period with respect to a year. The performance standards must include levels of achievement and improvement, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(B) of the Act, and must be established prior to the beginning of the performance period for the year involved, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(C) of the Act. We refer readers to the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70277) for a discussion of the achievement and improvement standards that we have established for clinical measures used in the ESRD QIP. We recently codified definitions for the terms “achievement threshold,” “benchmark,” “improvement threshold,” and “performance standard” in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(1), (3), (7), and (12), respectively.

A. Performance Standards for Clinical Measures in the PY 2024 ESRD QIP At this time, we do not have the necessary data to assign numerical values to the achievement thresholds, benchmarks, and 50th percentiles of national performance for the clinical measures because we do not have CY 2020 data. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our intent to publish these numerical values, using CY 2020 data, in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS final rule (85 FR 42190). However, we acknowledge that CY 2020 data may be impacted by the nationwide Extraordinary Circumstances Exception (ECE) we granted to facilities in response to the alcoholism treatment PHE, which excluded data from the first and second quarter of CY 2020.

We are considering ways to address this and will provide further guidance in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule. B. Performance Standards for the Reporting Measures in the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the continued use of existing performance standards for the Screening for Clinical Depression and Follow-Up reporting measure, the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, the NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure, and the MedRec reporting measure (83 FR 57010 through 57011). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated that we will continue use of these performance standards in PY 2024.

4. Scoring the PY 2024 ESRD QIP a. Scoring Facility Performance on Clinical Measures In the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized policies for scoring performance on clinical measures based on achievement and improvement (78 FR 72215 through 72216). In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to continue use of this methodology for future payment years (83 FR 57011) and we codified these scoring policies at § 413.178(e).

B. Scoring Facility Performance on Reporting Measures Our policy for scoring performance on reporting measures is codified at § 413.178(e), and more information on our scoring policy for reporting measures can be found in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60728). We previously finalized policies for scoring performance on the NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure in the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50780 through 50781), as well as policies for scoring the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, MedRec reporting measure, and Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-up reporting measure in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 57011). We also previously finalized the scoring policy for the STrR reporting measure in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60721 through 60723).

In section IV.C.3 of this final rule, we finalized our proposal to use patient-months instead of facility-months when scoring the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure. 5. Weighting the Measure Domains and the TPS for PY 2024 Under our current policy, we assign the Patient &. Family Engagement Measure Domain a weight of 15 percent of the TPS, the Care Coordination Measure Domain a weight of 30 percent of the TPS, the Clinical Care Measure Domain a weight of 40 percent of the TPS, and the Safety Measure domain a weight of 15 percent of the TPS.

In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to assign weights to individual measures and a policy to redistribute the weight of unscored measures (83 FR 57011 through 57012). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to use the measure weights we finalized for PY 2022 for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and subsequent payment years, and also to use the PY 2022 measure weight redistribution policy for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and subsequent payment years (84 FR 60728 through 60729). We did not propose any updates to these policies. Under our current policy, a facility must be eligible to be scored on at least one measure in two of the four measures domains in order to be eligible to receive a TPS (83 FR 57012).

V. Collection of Information Requirements A. Legislative Requirement for Solicitation of Comments Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, we are required to provide 60-day notice in the Federal Register and solicit public comment before a collection of information requirement is submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval. We solicited comments in the proposed rule, which published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020 (85 FR 42132 through 42208).

For the purpose of transparency, we are republishing the discussion of the information collection requirements. All of the requirements discussed in this section are already accounted for in OMB approved information requests. B. Additional Information Collection Requirements This final rule does not impose any new information collection requirements in the regulation text.

However, this final rule does make reference to several associated information collections that are not discussed in the regulation text contained in this document. The following is a discussion of these information collections. 1. ESRD QIP-Wage Estimates To derive wages estimates, we used data from the U.S.

Bureau of Labor Statistics' May 2019 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69069), we stated that it was reasonable to assume that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians, who are responsible for organizing and managing health information data, are the individuals tasked with submitting measure data to CROWNWeb and NHSN, as well as compiling and submitting patient records for purpose of the data validation studies, rather than a Registered Nurse, whose duties are centered on providing and coordinating care for patients. We stated that the median hourly wage of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician is $20.50 per hour.[] We also stated that fringe benefit and overhead are calculated at 100 percent. Therefore, using these assumptions, we estimated an hourly labor cost of $41.00 as the basis of the wage estimates for all collections of information calculations in the ESRD Start Printed Page 71474QIP.

We adjusted these employee hourly wage estimates by a factor of 100 percent to reflect current HHS department-wide guidance on estimating the cost of fringe benefits and overhead. We stated that these are necessarily rough adjustments, both because fringe benefits and overhead costs vary significantly from employer to employer and because methods of estimating these costs vary widely from study to study. Nonetheless, we stated that there is no practical alternative and we believe that these are reasonable estimation methods. We used this updated wage estimate, along with updated facility and patient counts to re-estimate the total information collection burden in the ESRD QIP for PY 2023 that we discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD QIP final rule (84 FR 60787 through 60788) and to estimate the total information collection burden in the ESRD QIP for PY 2024.

We provided the re-estimated information collection burden associated with the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and the newly estimated information collection burden associated with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP in sections IV.D.2 and IV.D.3 of this final rule. 2. Estimated Burden Associated With the Data Validation Requirements for PY 2023 and PY 2024 In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to adopt the CROWNWeb data validation methodology that we previously adopted for the PY 2016 ESRD QIP as the methodology we would use to validate CROWNWeb data for all payment years, beginning with PY 2021 (83 FR 57001 through 57002). Under this methodology, 300 facilities are selected each year to submit 10 records to CMS, and we reimburse these facilities for the costs associated with copying and mailing the requested records.

The burden associated with these validation requirements is the time and effort necessary to submit the requested records to a CMS contractor. In this final rule, we are updating these estimates using a newly available wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician. We estimate that it will take each facility approximately 2.5 hours to comply with this requirement. If 300 facilities are asked to submit records, we estimate that the total combined annual burden for these facilities will be 750 hours (300 facilities × 2.5 hours).

Since we anticipate that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar administrative staff will submit these data, we estimate that the aggregate cost of the CROWNWeb data validation each year will be approximately $30,750 (750 hours × $41.00), or an annual total of approximately $102.50 ($30,750/300 facilities) per facility in the sample. The decrease in our burden estimate is due to using the median hourly wage instead of the mean hourly wage for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff and is not the result of any policies finalized in this final rule. The burden associated with these requirements is captured in an information collection request (OMB control number 0938-1289). In section IV.C.7 of this final rule, we finalized our proposal to reduce the number of records that a facility selected to participate in the NHSN data validation study must submit to a CMS contractor, beginning with PY 2023.

Under this finalized policy, a facility is required to submit records for 20 patients across any two quarters of the year, instead of 20 records for each of the first two quarters of the year. The burden associated with this policy is the time and effort necessary to submit the requested records to a CMS contractor. Applying our policy to reduce the number of records required from each facility participating in the NHSN validation study, we estimate that it would take each facility approximately 5 hours to comply with this requirement. If 300 facilities are asked to submit records each year, we estimate that the total combined annual burden hours for these facilities per year would be 1,500 hours (300 facilities × 5 hours).

Since we anticipate that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff would submit these data, using the newly available wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician, we estimate that the aggregate cost of the NHSN data validation each year would be approximately $61,500 (1,500 hours × $41), or a total of approximately $205 ($61,500/300 facilities) per facility in the sample. The reduction in our burden estimate is due to a reduction in the number of medical records collected and the utilization of the median hourly wage instead of the mean hourly wage. The burden associated with these requirements is captured in an information collection request (OMB control number 0938-1340). 3.

CROWNWeb Reporting Requirements for PY 2023 and PY 2024 To determine the burden associated with the CROWNWeb reporting requirements, we look at the total number of patients nationally, the number of data elements per patient-year that the facility would be required to submit to CROWNWeb for each measure, the amount of time required for data entry, the estimated wage plus benefits applicable to the individuals within facilities who are most likely to be entering data into CROWNWeb, and the number of facilities submitting data to CROWNWeb. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we estimated that the burden associated CROWNWeb reporting requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP was approximately $211 million (84 FR 60651). We did not propose any changes that would affect the burden associated with CROWNWeb reporting requirements for PY 2023 or PY 2024. However, we have re-calculated the burden estimate for PY 2023 using updated estimates of the total number of dialysis facilities, the total number of patients nationally, and wages for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff as well as a refined estimate of the number of hours needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting.

We note that the burden estimate for PY 2023 has been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we estimated that the amount of time required to submit measure data to CROWNWeb was 2.5 minutes per element and used a rounded estimate of 0.042 hours in our calculations (84 FR 60788). In this final rule, we did not use a rounded estimate of the time needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting. There are 229 data elements for 532,931 patients across 7,610 facilities.

At 2.5 minutes per element, this yields approximately 668.21 hours per facility. Therefore, the PY 2023 burden is 5,085,050 hours (668.21 hours × 7,610 facilities). (Using the wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician, we estimate that the PY 2023 total burden cost is approximately $208 million (5,085,050 hours × $41). There is no net incremental burden change from PY 2023 to PY 2024 because we are not changing the reporting requirements for PY 2024.

VI. Economic Analyses A. Regulatory Impact Analysis 1. Introduction We have examined the impacts of this rule as required by Executive Order 12866 on Regulatory Planning and Review, Executive Order 13563 on Improving Regulation and Regulatory Start Printed Page 71475Review, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (Pub.

L. 96-354), section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act, section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4), Executive Order 13132 on Federalism, the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C.

801 et seq.), and Executive Order 13771 on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs. Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 defines a “significant regulatory action” as an action that is likely to result in a rule. (1) Having an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more in any 1 year, or adversely and materially affecting a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, local or tribal governments or communities (also referred to as “economically significant”).

(2) creating a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfering with an action taken or planned by another agency. (3) materially altering the budgetary impacts of entitlement grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof. Or (4) raising novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive order. A regulatory impact analysis (RIA) must be prepared for major rules with economically significant effects ($100 million or more in any 1 year).

This rule has been designated by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as an economically significant rule as measured by the $100 million threshold, and hence also been designated as a major rule under the Congressional Review Act. Accordingly, we have prepared a RIA that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking. We solicited comments on the regulatory impact analysis provided. With regard to the ESRD PPS, we did not receive any comments on the RIA.

2. Statement of Need a. ESRD PPS This rule finalizes a number of routine updates and several policy changes to the ESRD PPS for CY 2021. The routine updates include the CY 2021 wage index values, the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor, and outlier payment threshold amounts.

Failure to publish this final rule would result in ESRD facilities not receiving appropriate payments in CY 2021 for renal dialysis services furnished to ESRD beneficiaries. B. AKI This rule also finalizes routine updates to the payment for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. Failure to publish this final rule would result in ESRD facilities not receiving appropriate payments in CY 2021 for renal dialysis services furnished to patients with AKI in accordance with section 1834(r) of the Act.

C. ESRD QIP This final rule finalizes updates to the ESRD QIP beginning with PY 2023, including a modification to the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure and an update to the reporting requirements for facilities selected for NHSN data validation. This final rule also clarifies the review and correction timeline for the NHSN BSI clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure. 3.

Overall Impact a. ESRD PPS We estimate that the final revisions to the ESRD PPS will result in an increase of approximately $250 million in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021, which includes the amount associated with updates to the outlier thresholds, payment rate update, updates to the wage index, adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations with a transition period, and including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate. These figures do not reflect estimated increases or decreases in expenditures based on our expansion of eligibility for the TPNIES to certain new and innovative home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. The fiscal impact of this policy cannot be determined due to the uniqueness of each new and innovative home dialysis machine and its cost.

B. AKI We estimate that the updates to the AKI payment rate would result in an increase of approximately $4 million in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021. C. ESRD QIP For PY 2023, we have re-estimated the costs associated with the information collection requirements under the ESRD QIP with updated estimates of the total number of dialysis facilities, the total number of patients nationally, wages for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff, and a refined estimate of the number of hours needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting.

We note that the estimated costs have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. We have made no changes to our methodology for calculating the annual burden associated with the information collection requirements for the CROWNWeb validation study and CROWNWeb reporting. We updated the annual burden associated with the NHSN validation study to reflect our new policy to reduce the total number of records collected. The finalized updates will reduce the collection of information requirements associated with the NHSN validation study by $65,460 per year across the facilities selected for validation that year.

We also finalized the payment reduction scale using more recent data for the measures in the ESRD QIP measure set and applying our finalized proposal to modify the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure beginning with the PY 2023 ESRD QIP. We estimate approximately $208 million in information collection burden, which includes the cost of complying with this rule, and an additional $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities for PY 2023. For PY 2024, we estimate that the finalized revisions to the ESRD QIP would result in $208 million in information collection burden, and $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities, for an impact of $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized and the policies we have finalized in this final rule. 4.

Regulatory Review Cost Estimation If regulations impose administrative costs on private entities, such as the time needed to read and interpret this final rule, we should estimate the cost associated with regulatory review. Due to the uncertainty involved with accurately quantifying the number of entities that will review the rule, we assume that the total number of unique commenters on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule will be the number of reviewers of this final rule. We acknowledge that this assumption may understate or overstate the costs of reviewing this rule. It is possible that Start Printed Page 71476not all commenters reviewed CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule in detail, and it is also possible that some reviewers chose not to comment on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule.

For these reasons we thought that the number of past commenters would be a fair estimate of the number of reviewers of this rule. We also recognize that different types of entities are in many cases affected by mutually exclusive sections of this final rule, and therefore, for the purposes of our estimate we assume that each reviewer reads approximately 50 percent of the rule. We sought comments on this assumption in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule but did not receive comments. Using the wage information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for medical and health services managers (Code 11-9111), we estimate that the cost of reviewing this rule is $110.74 per hour, including overhead and fringe benefits https://www.bls.gov/​oes/​current/​oes_​nat.htm.

Assuming an average reading speed, we estimate that it would take approximately 6.25 hours for the staff to review half of this final. For each entity that reviews the rule, the estimated cost is $692.13 (6.25 hours × $110.74). Therefore, we estimate that the total cost of reviewing this regulation rounds to $81,671. ($692.13 × 118 reviewers).

B. Detailed Economic Analysis 1. CY 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System a. Effects on ESRD Facilities To understand the impact of the changes affecting payments to different categories of ESRD facilities, it is necessary to compare estimated payments in CY 2020 to estimated payments in CY 2021.

To estimate the impact among various types of ESRD facilities, it is imperative that the estimates of payments in CY 2020 and CY 2021 contain similar inputs. Therefore, we simulated payments only for those ESRD facilities for which we are able to calculate both current payments and new payments. For this final rule, we used CY 2019 data from the Part A and Part B Common Working Files as of July 31, 2020, as a basis for Medicare dialysis treatments and payments under the ESRD PPS. We updated the 2019 claims to 2020 and 2021 using various updates.

The updates to the ESRD PPS base rate are described in section II.B.4.d of this final rule. Table 13 shows the impact of the estimated CY 2021 ESRD PPS payments compared to estimated payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2020. Table 13—Impact of Finalized Changes in Payment to ESRD Facilities for CY 2021Facility typeNumber of facilities (A)Number of treatments (in millions) (B)Effect of 2021 changes in outlier policy (C) %Effect of changes in wage index data (D) %Effect of CBSA change &. 5% cap policy (E) %Effect of bundling calcimimetics into base rate (F) %Effect of change for payment rate update (G) %Effect of total 2021 proposed changes (H) %All Facilities7,65945.30.40.00.0−0.11.62.0Type:Freestanding7,27043.50.40.00.00.01.62.0Hospital based3891.80.90.10.1−2.91.6−0.2Ownership Type:Large dialysis organization5,89035.30.40.00.00.91.62.9Regional chain9565.80.3−0.1−0.1−3.71.6−1.9Independent5092.90.50.30.3−2.61.60.0Hospital based 13021.40.90.10.2−2.61.60.2Unknown20.01.50.0−0.11.31.64.4Geographic Location: 2 3Rural1,2926.50.40.1−1.20.11.61.0Urban6,36738.80.40.00.2−0.11.62.1Census Region:East North Central1,2236.00.50.1−0.10.51.62.6East South Central6063.30.40.00.0−0.81.61.1Middle Atlantic8525.40.50.50.2−0.71.62.1Mountain4232.40.3−0.5−0.11.01.62.4New England2031.40.4−0.7−0.10.21.61.4Pacific 49226.50.4−0.10.10.61.62.5Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands520.30.30.1−0.11.11.62.9South Atlantic1,75810.80.50.00.0−0.61.61.4West North Central5142.30.6−0.4−0.10.51.62.2West South Central1,1066.70.40.00.0−0.41.61.6Facility Size:Less than 4,000 treatments1,3772.20.50.00.00.51.62.74,000 to 9,999 treatments2,99912.80.50.0−0.10.01.62.110,000 or more treatments3,26130.20.40.00.0−0.21.61.9Unknown220.10.50.1−0.1−3.41.6−1.3Percentage of Pediatric Patients:Less than 2%7,55145.00.40.00.0−0.11.61.9Between 2% and 19%370.30.40.2−0.1−0.51.61.6Between 20% and 49%160.00.4−0.30.03.11.64.9More than 50%550.00.30.0−0.13.81.65.61 Includes hospital-based ESRD facilities not reported to have large dialysis organization or regional chain ownership.2 Facility counts for Urban/Rural uses 2021 CBSA delineation.

Under 2020 and previous CBSA delineation, facility counts for urban and rural are 6,355 and 1,304 respectively. For payment percent change columns, appropriate definition of Urban/Rural is used.3 The 1.2 percent drop in total payments among rural facilities (and increase in total payments among urban facilities) is mostly due facilities shifting from rural to urban status under new CBSA delineation. Controlling for old-CBSA urban/rural status, the change in payment is close to 0 percent.4 Includes ESRD facilities located in Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Column A of the impact table indicates the number of ESRD facilities for each impact category and column B indicates the number of dialysis treatments (in millions).

The overall effect of the final changes to the outlier payment policy described in section II.B.4.c of this final rule is shown in column C. For CY 2021, the impact on Start Printed Page 71477all ESRD facilities as a result of the changes to the outlier payment policy would be a 0.4 percent increase in estimated payments. All ESRD facilities are anticipated to experience a positive effect in their estimated CY 2021 payments as a result of the final outlier policy changes. Column D shows the effect of the annual update to the wage index, as described in section II.B.4.b of this final rule.

That is, this column reflects the update from the CY 2020 ESRD PPS wage index using older OMB delineations with a basis of the FY 2021 pre-floor, pre-reclassified IPPS hospital wage index data in a budget neutral manner. The total impact of this change is 0.0 percent, however, there are distributional effects of the change among different categories of ESRD facilities. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 0.7 percent decrease to a 0.5 percent increase due to the annual update to the ESRD PPS wage index. Column E shows the effect of adopting the 2018 OMB delineations and the transition policy as described in sections II.B.4.b.(2) and II.B.4.b.(3), respectively, of this final rule.

That is, the impact represented in this column reflects the change from using the older OMB delineations and basing the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index on the FY 2021 pre-floor, pre-reclassified IPPS hospital wage index data to the 2018 OMB delineations and a 5 percent cap on wage index decreases in CY 2021, in a budget neutral manner. The total impact of this change is 0.0 percent, however, there are distributional effects of the change among different categories of ESRD facilities. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 1.2 percent decrease to a 0.3 percent increase due to these updates to the ESRD PPS wage index. Column F shows the effect of the final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics as described in section II.B.1 of this final rule.

That is, the impact represented in this column reflects the change, under the ESRD PPS, for payment to ESRD facilities for furnishing calcimimetics. Beginning January 1, 2018, ESRD facilities received payment for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy in § 413.234(c). Under our final policy, beginning January 1, 2021, we will modify the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics and no longer pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA. In addition, calcimimetics would become outlier eligible services under § 413.237.

The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 3.7 percent decrease to a 3.8percent increase due to these policy modifications. Column G shows the effect of the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update as described in section II.B.4.a of this final rule. The final ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent, which reflects the ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 of 1.9 percent and the final MFP adjustment of 0.3 percentage point. Column H reflects the overall impact, that is, the effects of the final outlier policy changes, the final updated wage index and transition policy, the payment rate update, and the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics.

We expect that overall ESRD facilities would experience a 2.0 percent increase in estimated payments in CY 2021. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show impacts ranging from a 1.9 percent decrease to a 5.6 percent increase in their CY 2021 estimated payments. B. Effects on Other Providers Under the ESRD PPS, Medicare pays ESRD facilities a single bundled payment for renal dialysis services, which may have been separately paid to other providers (for example, laboratories, durable medical equipment suppliers, and pharmacies) by Medicare prior to the implementation of the ESRD PPS.

Therefore, in CY 2021, we estimate that the final ESRD PPS would have zero impact on these other providers. C. Effects on the Medicare Program We estimate that Medicare spending (total Medicare program payments) for ESRD facilities in CY 2021 would be approximately $9.3 billion. This estimate takes into account a projected decrease in fee-for-service Medicare dialysis beneficiary enrollment of 8.6 percent in CY 2021.

D. Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries Under the ESRD PPS, beneficiaries are responsible for paying 20 percent of the ESRD PPS payment amount. As a result of the projected 2.0 percent overall increase in the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment amounts, we estimate that there would be an increase in beneficiary co-insurance payments of 2.0percent in CY 2021, which translates to approximately $60 million. E.

Alternatives Considered (1) Inclusion of Calcimimetics Into the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment In section II.B.1 of this final rule, we established that beginning January 1, 2021, we will modify the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics and no longer pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA. In addition, calcimimetics would become ESRD outlier services eligible for outlier payments under § 413.237. With regard to the methodology utilized to calculate the amount to be added the ESRD PPS base rate, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we considered using the Medicare expenditures reflecting payments made for the calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019, that is, approximately $2.3 billion and dividing by total treatments furnished in both years to arrive at an amount of $27.08. However, using the most recent calendar quarter of ASP data available to calculate the ASP-based values as the proxy rate incorporates the lower priced generic calcimimetics into the calculation of the amount added for oral calcimimetics.

We believe it is appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect generic drug manufacturer ASP data since we believe that this aligns with how ESRD facilities would purchase and furnish the oral calcimimetics in the future. For the final rule, we considered several alternative approaches. (1) Using the most recent 12 months of claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $11.85. (2) using only 2019 claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $11.10.

And (3) using both CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $8.52. We believe a robust data set should reflect both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics. We view the use of 18 months as a mid-point between the proposal to use both CYs 2018 and 2019 and the most recent 12 months of claims data, as requested by commenters. Accordingly, we have concluded that using 18 months of claims data resulting in an increase of $9.93 to the base rate is the most appropriate approach.

(2) Expansion of the TPNIES to Capital-Related Assets That Are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient In section II.B.3 of this final rule, we expanded the TPNIES policy to allow capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient to be eligible for the add-on payment adjustment. Then, consistent with the policies finalized last year for other renal dialysis equipment and supplies eligible for the TPNIES, we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per Start Printed Page 71478treatment amount for a period of 2 years. With regard to the duration of applying the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we considered paying the TPNIES for 3 years. However, we believe that the expansion is consistent with the TDAPA and other Medicare fee-for-service add-on payment programs (for example, the IPPS NTAP), and supports innovation for dialysis in the home setting, the President's Executive order on Advancing American Kidney Health, and current HHS initiatives to support home dialysis, while taking into account the potential increase in ESRD PPS expenditures.

(3) CY 2021 ESRD PPS Wage Index In section II.B.4.b of this final rule, we adopted the 2018 OMB delineations with a transition policy. That is, we are adopting the OMB delineations based on the September 14, 2018 OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 and, to mitigate any potential negative impacts, we applied a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year. This transition would be phased in over 2 years, such that the estimated reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index would be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021 and no cap would be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022.

With regard to the transition policy, we considered doing a 2-year 50/50 blended wage index approach consistent with the adoption of OMB delineations in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66142). However, we determined that the 5 percent cap on any decrease policy would be an appropriate transition for CY 2021 as it provides predictability in payment levels from CY 2020 to the upcoming CY 2021 and additional transparency because it is administratively simpler than the 50/50 blended approach. 2. Final Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI a.

Effects on ESRD Facilities To understand the impact of the changes affecting payments to different categories of ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI, it is necessary to compare estimated payments in CY 2020 to estimated payments in CY 2021. To estimate the impact among various types of ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI, it is imperative that the estimates of payments in CY 2020 and CY 2021 contain similar inputs. Therefore, we simulated payments only for those ESRD facilities for which we are able to calculate both current payments and new payments. For this final rule, we used CY 2019 data from the Part A and Part B Common Working Files as of July 31, 2020, as a basis for Medicare for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI.

We updated the 2019 claims to 2020 and 2021 using various updates. The updates to the AKI payment amount are described in section III.B of this final rule. Table 14 shows the impact of the estimated CY 2021 payments for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI compared to estimated payments for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI in CY 2020. Table 14—Impact of Final Changes in Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI for CY 2021Facility typeNumber of facilities (A)Number of treatments (in thousands) (B)Effect of all wage index changes (C) %Effect of bundling calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate (D) %Effect of changes in payment rate update (E) %Effect of total 2021 final changes (F) %All Facilities5,141296.4−0.14.21.65.7Type:Freestanding5,013290.7−0.14.21.65.7Hospital based1285.7−0.14.21.65.8Ownership Type:Large dialysis organization4,280250.7−0.14.21.65.7Regional chain59630.0−0.14.21.65.7Independent18512.10.14.21.66.0Hospital based 1803.60.04.21.65.9Unknown00.00.00.00.00.0Geographic Location: 2Rural88546.3−0.14.21.65.7Urban4,256250.0−0.14.21.65.8Census Region:East North Central89254.30.04.21.65.8East South Central40821.0−0.24.21.65.6Middle Atlantic53533.10.44.21.66.2Mountain29417.4−0.54.21.65.3New England1598.6−0.84.21.64.9Pacific 360745.8−0.14.21.65.7Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands20.0−0.14.21.65.8South Atlantic1,21168.60.04.21.65.8West North Central35214.2−0.54.21.65.3West South Central68133.20.04.21.65.8Facility Size:Less than 4,000 treatments60623.2−0.14.21.65.74,000 to 9,999 treatments2,076106.6−0.14.21.65.810,000 or more treatments2,455166.4−0.14.21.65.7Unknown40.2−0.54.21.65.3Percentage of Pediatric Patients:Less than 2%5,141296.4−0.14.21.65.7Start Printed Page 71479Between 2% and 19%00.00.00.00.00.0Between 20% and 49%00.00.00.00.00.0More than 50%00.00.00.00.00.01 Includes hospital-based ESRD facilities not reported to have large dialysis organization or regional chain ownership.2 Facility counts for Urban/Rural uses 2021 CBSA delineation.

Under 2020 and previous CBSA delineation, facility counts for urban and rural are 4,246 and 895 respectively. For payment percent change columns, appropriate definition of Urban/Rural is used.3 Includes ESRD facilities located in Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Column A of the impact table indicates the number of ESRD facilities for each impact category and column B indicates the number of AKI dialysis treatments (in thousands). Column C shows the effect of the final CY 2021 wage indices.

Column D shows the effect of the adjustment to the AKI dialysis payment rate that reciprocates the modification to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021, consistent with § 413.372. As discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, we modified the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics. Column E shows the effect of the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update. The ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent, which reflects the final ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 of 1.9 percent and the final MFP adjustment of 0.3 percentage point.

Column F reflects the overall impact, that is, the effects of the updated wage index, the final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate, and the payment rate update. We expect that overall ESRD facilities would experience a 5.7 percent increase in estimated payments in CY 2021. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show impacts ranging from an increase of 0.0 percent to 6.2 percent in their CY 2021 estimated payments. B.

Effects on Other Providers Under section 1834(r) of the Act, as added by section 808(b) of TPEA, we updated the payment rate for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to beneficiaries with AKI. The only two Medicare providers and suppliers authorized to provide these outpatient renal dialysis services are hospital outpatient departments and ESRD facilities. The decision about where the renal dialysis services are furnished is made by the patient and his or her physician. Therefore, this update will have zero impact on other Medicare providers.

C. Effects on the Medicare Program We estimate approximately $56 million would be paid to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 as a result of AKI patients receiving renal dialysis services in the ESRD facility at the lower ESRD PPS base rate versus receiving those services only in the hospital outpatient setting and paid under the outpatient prospective payment system, where services were required to be administered prior to the TPEA. D. Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries Currently, beneficiaries have a 20 percent co-insurance obligation when they receive AKI dialysis in the hospital outpatient setting.

When these services are furnished in an ESRD facility, the patients would continue to be responsible for a 20 percent co-insurance. Because the AKI dialysis payment rate paid to ESRD facilities is lower than the outpatient hospital PPS's payment amount, we would expect beneficiaries to pay less co-insurance when AKI dialysis is furnished by ESRD facilities. E. Alternatives Considered As we discussed in the CY 2017 ESRD PPS proposed rule (81 FR 42870), we considered adjusting the AKI payment rate by including the ESRD PPS case-mix adjustments, and other adjustments at section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act, as well as not paying separately for AKI specific drugs and laboratory tests.

We ultimately determined that treatment for AKI is substantially different from treatment for ESRD and the case-mix adjustments applied to ESRD patients may not be applicable to AKI patients and as such, including those policies and adjustment would be inappropriate. We continue to monitor utilization and trends of items and services furnished to individuals with AKI for purposes of refining the payment rate in the future. This monitoring would assist us in developing knowledgeable, data-driven proposals. 3.

ESRD QIP a. Effects of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP on ESRD Facilities The ESRD QIP is intended to prevent possible reductions in the quality of ESRD dialysis facility services provided to beneficiaries. The general methodology that we are using to determine a facility's TPS is described in our regulations at § 413.178(e). Any reductions in the ESRD PPS payments as a result of a facility's performance under the PY 2023 ESRD QIP will apply to the ESRD PPS payments made to the facility for services furnished in CY 2023, as codified in our regulations at § 413.177.

For the PY 2023 ESRD QIP, we estimate that, of the 7,610 dialysis facilities (including those not receiving a TPS) enrolled in Medicare, approximately 24.3 percent or 1,790 of the facilities that have sufficient data to calculate a TPS would receive a payment reduction for PY 2023. After finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, the total estimated payment reductions for all the 1,790 facilities expected to receive a payment reduction in PY 2023 would decrease from $18,247,083.76 to approximately $15,770,179.33. We note that the total estimated payment reductions for PY 2023 have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. Facilities that do not receive a TPS do not receive a payment reduction.

Table 15 shows the overall estimated distribution of payment reductions resulting from the PY 2023 ESRD QIP.Start Printed Page 71480 Table 15—Estimated Distribution of PY 2023 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsPayment reduction (percent)Number of facilitiesPercent of facilities *0.05,59075.750.51,32918.011.03725.041.5640.872.0250.34* 230 facilities not scored due to insufficient data. To estimate whether a facility would receive a payment reduction for PY 2023, we scored each facility on achievement and improvement on several clinical measures we have previously finalized and for which there were available data from CROWNWeb and Medicare claims. Payment reduction estimates are calculated using the most recent data available (specified in Table 16) in accordance with the policies finalized in this final rule. Measures used for the simulation are shown in Table 16.

These estimates also incorporate the finalized update to the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure. Table 16—Data Used To Estimate PY 2023 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsMeasurePeriod of time used to calculate achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, benchmarks, and improvement thresholdsPerformance periodICH CAHPS SurveyJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SRRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SHRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.PPPWJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.Kt/V Dialysis Adequacy ComprehensiveJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.VAT:Standardized Fistula RatioJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.% CatheterJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.HypercalcemiaJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019. For all measures except Standardized Hospitalization Ratio (SHR) and Standardized Readmission Ratio (SRR), clinical measures with less than 11 patients for a facility were not included in that facility's TPS. For SHR and STrR, facilities were required to have at least 5 patient-years at risk and 11 index discharges, respectively, in order to be included in the facility's TPS.

Each facility's TPS was compared to an estimated mTPS and an estimated payment reduction table that were consistent with the proposals outlined in sections IV.C and IV.D of this final rule. Facility reporting measure scores were estimated using available data from CY 2019. Facilities were required to have at least one measure in at least two domains to receive a TPS. To estimate the total payment reductions in PY 2023 for each facility resulting from this final rule, we multiplied the total Medicare payments to the facility during the 1-year period between January 2019 and December 2019 by the facility's estimated payment reduction percentage expected under the ESRD QIP, yielding a total payment reduction amount for each facility.

Table 17 shows the estimated impact of the finalized ESRD QIP payment reductions to all ESRD facilities for PY 2023. The table also details the distribution of ESRD facilities by size (both among facilities considered to be small entities and by number of treatments per facility), geography (both rural and urban and by region), and facility type (hospital based and freestanding facilities). Given that the performance period used for these calculations differs from the performance period we are using for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP, the actual impact of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP may vary significantly from the values provided here. Table 17—Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2023 Number of facilitiesNumber of treatments 2019 (in millions)Number of facilities with QIP scoreNumber of facilities expected to receive a payment reductionPayment reduction (percent change in total ESRD payments)All Facilities7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16Facility Type:Freestanding7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15Hospital-based3861.8345106−0.25Ownership Type:Large Dialysis5,80934.85,6901,194−0.12Regional Chain9445.7923280−0.21Independent5342.9491227−0.36Hospital-based (non-chain)2991.326485−0.28Unknown240.0124−0.25Facility Size:Large Entities6,75340.66,6131,474−0.13Small Entities 18334.3755312−0.33Unknown240.0124−0.25Start Printed Page 71481Rural Status:(1) Yes1,2926.51,239180−0.09(2) No6,31838.46,1411,610−0.17Census Region:Northeast1,0466.71,002251−0.15Midwest1,7348.31,664424−0.17South3,45220.63,370877−0.17West1,3188.71,285199−0.09U.S.

Territories 2600.45939−0.44Census Division:Unknown80.183−0.25East North Central1,2206.01,172354−0.21East South Central6043.3593142−0.13Middle Atlantic8455.4808222−0.17Mountain4192.440661−0.09New England2011.419429−0.09Pacific8996.3879138−0.09South Atlantic1,74610.71,703454−0.17West North Central7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16West South Central7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15U.S. Territories 2470.34746−1.57Facility Size (# of total treatments):3861.8345106−0.25Less than 4,000 treatments5,80934.85,6901,194−0.124,000-9,999 treatments2,64411.92,620488−0.11Over 10,000 treatments9445.7923280−0.21Unknown5342.9491227−0.361 Small Entities include hospital-based and satellite facilities, and non-chain facilities based on DFC self-reported status.2 Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. B. Effects of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP on ESRD Facilities For the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, we estimate that, of the 7,610 dialysis facilities (including those not receiving a TPS) enrolled in Medicare, approximately 24.3 percent or 1,790 of the facilities that have sufficient data to calculate a TPS would receive a payment reduction for PY 2024.

The total payment reductions for all the 1,790 facilities expected to receive a payment reduction is approximately $15,770,179.33. We note that the total payment reductions for PY 2024 have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. Facilities that do not receive a TPS do not receive a payment reduction. Table 18 shows the overall estimated distribution of payment reductions resulting from the PY 2024 ESRD QIP.

Table 18—Estimated Distribution of PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsPayment reduction (percent)Number of facilitiesPercent of facilities *0.05,59075.750.51,32918.011.03725.041.5640.872.0250.34* Note. 230 facilities not scored due to insufficient data. To estimate whether a facility would receive a payment reduction in PY 2024, we scored each facility on achievement and improvement on several clinical measures we have previously finalized and for which there were available data from CROWNWeb and Medicare claims. Payment reduction estimates were calculated using the most recent data available (specified in Table 18) in accordance with the policies finalized in this final rule.

Measures used for the simulation are shown in Table 19. Table 19—Data Used To Estimate PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsMeasurePeriod of time used to calculate achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, benchmarks, and improvement thresholdsPerformance periodICH CAHPS SurveyJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SRRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SHRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.PPPWJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.Kt/V Dialysis Adequacy ComprehensiveJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.VAT:Standardized Fistula RatioJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019Start Printed Page 71482% CatheterJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.HypercalcemiaJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019. For all measures except SHR, SRR, and the STrR reporting measure, measures with less than 11 patients for a facility were not included in that facility's TPS. For SHR and SRR, facilities were required to have at least 5 patient-years at risk and 11 index discharges, respectively, in order to be included in the facility's TPS.

For the STrR reporting measure, facilities were required to have at least 10 patient-years at risk in order to be included in the facility's TPS. Each facility's TPS was compared to an estimated mTPS and an estimated payment reduction table that incorporates the policies outlined in section IV.C and IV.D of this final rule. Facility reporting measure scores were estimated using available data from CY 2019. Facilities were required to have at least one measure in at least two domains to receive a TPS.

To estimate the total payment reductions in PY 2024 for each facility resulting from this final rule, we multiplied the total Medicare payments to the facility during the 1-year period between January 2019 and December 2019 by the facility's estimated payment reduction percentage expected under the ESRD QIP, yielding a total payment reduction amount for each facility. Table 20 shows the estimated impact of the finalized ESRD QIP payment reductions to all ESRD facilities for PY 2024. The table details the distribution of ESRD facilities by size (both among facilities considered to be small entities and by number of treatments per facility), geography (both rural and urban and by region), and facility type (hospital based and freestanding facilities). Given that the performance period used for these calculations differs from the performance period we are finalizing to use for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, the actual impact of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP may vary significantly from the values provided here.

Table 20—Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2024 Number of facilitiesNumber of treatments 2019 (in millions)Number of facilities with QIP scoreNumber of facilities expected to receive a payment reductionPayment reduction (percent change in total ESRD payments)All Facilities7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16Facility Type:Freestanding7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15Hospital-based3861.8345106−0.25Ownership Type:Large Dialysis5,80934.85,6901,194−0.12Regional Chain9445.7923280−0.21Independent5342.9491227−0.36Hospital-based (non-chain)2991.326485−0.28Unknown240.0124−0.25Facility Size:Large Entities6,75340.66,6131,474−0.13Small Entities 18334.3755312−0.33Unknown240.0124−0.25Rural Status:(1) Yes1,2926.51,239180−0.09(2) No6,31838.46,1411,610−0.17Census Region:Northeast1,0466.71,002251−0.15Midwest1,7348.31,664424−0.17South3,45220.63,370877−0.17West1,3188.71,285199−0.09U.S. Territories 2600.45939−0.44Census Division:Unknown80.183−0.25East North Central1,2206.01,172354−0.21East South Central6043.3593142−0.13Middle Atlantic8455.4808222−0.17Mountain4192.440661−0.09New England2011.419429−0.09Pacific8996.3879138−0.09South Atlantic1,74610.71,703454−0.17West North Central5142.349270−0.09West South Central1,1026.71,074281−0.17U.S. Territories 2520.35136−0.48Facility Size (# of total treatments):Less than 4,000 treatments1,3152.61,195265−0.18Start Printed Page 714834,000-9,999 treatments2,80312.22,771530−0.12Over 10,000 treatments3,24629.73,240961−0.18Unknown2460.317434−0.161 Small Entities include hospital-based and satellite facilities, and non-chain facilities based on DFC self-reported status.2 Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. C.

Effects on Other Providers The ESRD QIP is applicable to dialysis facilities. We are aware that several of our measures impact other providers. For example, with the introduction of the SRR clinical measure in PY 2017 and the SHR clinical measure in PY 2020, we anticipate that hospitals may experience financial savings as dialysis facilities work to reduce the number of unplanned readmissions and hospitalizations. We are exploring various methods to assess the impact these measures have on hospitals and other facilities, such as through the impacts of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and the Hospital-Acquired Condition Reduction Program, and we intend to continue examining the interactions between our quality programs to the greatest extent feasible.

D. Effects on the Medicare Program For PY 2024, we estimate that the ESRD QIP would contribute approximately $15,770,179.33 in Medicare savings. For comparison, Table 21 shows the payment reductions that we estimate will be applied by the ESRD QIP from PY 2018 through PY 2024. Table 21—Estimated Payment Reductions Payment Years 2018 Through 2024Payment yearEstimated payment reductionsPY 2024$15,770,179.33.PY 202315,770,179.33.PY 202218,247,083.76 (84 FR 60794).PY 202132,196,724 (83 FR 57062).PY 202031,581,441 (81 FR 77960).PY 201915,470,309 (80 FR 69074).PY 201811,576,214 (79 FR 66257).

E. Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries The ESRD QIP is applicable to dialysis facilities. Since the Program's inception, there is evidence on improved performance on ESRD QIP measures. As we stated in the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule, one objective measure we can examine to demonstrate the improved quality of care over time is the improvement of performance standards (82 FR 50795).

As the ESRD QIP has refined its measure set and as facilities have gained experience with the measures included in the Program, performance standards have generally continued to rise. We view this as evidence that facility performance (and therefore the quality of care provided to Medicare beneficiaries) is objectively improving. We are in the process of monitoring and evaluating trends in the quality and cost of care for patients under the ESRD QIP, incorporating both existing measures and new measures as they are implemented in the Program. We will provide additional information about the impact of the ESRD QIP on beneficiaries as we learn more.

However, in future years we are interested in examining these impacts through the analysis of available data from our existing measures. F. Alternatives Considered In section IV.C.7 of this final rule, we finalized our policy that facilities selected to participate in the NHSN data validation study can submit a total of 20 records across two quarters. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that we considered retaining our current reporting requirement, under which facilities must submit 20 records per quarter for each of the first two quarters of the CY, for a total of 40 records (85 FR 42204).

However, we concluded that the reduction in patient records provides an adequate sample size for the validation. After considering public comments, we finalized this approach in this final rule because we believe that it will lower administrative costs and will reduce the burden on facilities. C. Accounting Statement As required by OMB Circular A-4 (available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​sites/​whitehouse.gov/​files/​omb/​circulars/​A4/​a-4.pdf), in Table 22, we have prepared an accounting statement showing the classification of the transfers and costs associated with the various provisions of this final rule.

Table 22—Accounting Statement. Classification of Estimated TransfersCategoryTransfersESRD PPS and AKI (CY 2021)Annualized Monetized Transfers$190 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers.Increased Beneficiary Co-insurance Payments$60 million.From Whom to WhomBeneficiaries to ESRD providers.ESRD QIP for PY 2023Annualized Monetized Transfers−$16 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers.ESRD QIP for PY 2024Annualized Monetized Transfers−$16 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers. In accordance with the provisions of Executive Order 12866, this final rule was reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget. D.

Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis (RFA) The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to analyze options for regulatory relief of small entities, if a rule has a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. For purposes of the RFA, small entities Start Printed Page 71484include small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. Approximately 11 percent of ESRD dialysis facilities are considered small entities according to the Small Business Administration's (SBA) size standards, which classifies small businesses as those dialysis facilities having total revenues of less than $41.5 million in any 1 year. Individuals and states are not included in the definitions of a small entity.

For more information on SBA's size standards, see the Small Business Administration's website at http://www.sba.gov/​content/​small-business-size-standards (Kidney Dialysis Centers are listed as 621492 with a size standard of $41.5 million). We do not believe ESRD facilities are operated by small government entities such as counties or towns with populations of 50,000 or less, and therefore, they are not enumerated or included in this estimated RFA analysis. Individuals and states are not included in the definition of a small entity. For purposes of the RFA, we estimate that approximately 11 percent of ESRD facilities are small entities as that term is used in the RFA (which includes small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions).

This amount is based on the number of ESRD facilities shown in the ownership category in Table 13. Using the definitions in this ownership category, we consider 509 facilities that are independent and 302 facilities that are shown as hospital-based to be small entities. The ESRD facilities that are owned and operated by Large Dialysis Organizations (LDOs) and regional chains would have total revenues of more than $41.5 million in any year when the total revenues for all locations are combined for each business (individual LDO or regional chain), and are not, therefore, included as small entities. For the ESRD PPS updates finalized in this rule, a hospital-based ESRD facility (as defined by type of ownership, not by type of dialysis facility) is estimated to receive a 0.2 percent increase in payments for CY 2021.

An independent facility (as defined by ownership type) is estimated to receive no update in payments for CY 2021. For AKI dialysis, we are unable to estimate whether patients would go to ESRD facilities, however, we have estimated there is a potential for $56 million in payment for AKI dialysis treatments that could potentially be furnished in ESRD facilities. For the ESRD QIP, we estimate that of the 1,790 ESRD facilities expected to receive a payment reduction as a result of their performance on the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, 267 are ESRD small entity facilities. We present these findings in Table 18 (“Estimated Distribution of PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment Reductions”) and Table 20 (“Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2024”).

We note that these estimates have been updated from the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about both the total number of facilities and the total number of small entity facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. We estimate that the payment reductions would average approximately $9,770.87 per facility across the 1,790 facilities receiving a payment reduction, and $10,748.02 for each small entity facility. We also estimate that there are 833 small entity facilities in total, and that the aggregate ESRD PPS payments to these facilities would decrease 0.33 percent in CY 2024. Therefore, the Secretary has determined that this final rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

The economic impact assessment is based on estimated Medicare payments (revenues) and HHS's practice in interpreting the RFA is to consider effects economically “significant” only if greater than 5 percent of providers reach a threshold of 3 to 5 percent or more of total revenue or total costs. We solicited comment on the RFA analysis provided. We received no comments on this section. In addition, section 1102(b) of the Act requires us to prepare a regulatory impact analysis if a rule may have a significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals.

This analysis must conform to the provisions of section 604 of the RFA. For purposes of section 1102(b) of the Act, we define a small rural hospital as a hospital that is located outside of a metropolitan statistical area and has fewer than 100 beds. We do not believe this final rule would have a significant impact on operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals because most dialysis facilities are freestanding. While there are 126 rural hospital-based dialysis facilities, we do not know how many of them are based at hospitals with fewer than 100 beds.

However, overall, the 126 rural hospital-based dialysis facilities would experience an estimated 0.2 percent decrease in payments. Therefore, the Secretary has determined that this final rule will not have a significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals. E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) also requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits before issuing any rule whose mandates require spending in any 1 year of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for inflation.

In 2020, that threshold is approximately $156 million. This final rule does not mandate any requirements for state, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, or by the private sector. Moreover, HHS interprets UMRA as applying only to unfunded mandates. We do not interpret Medicare payment rules as being unfunded mandates, but simply as conditions for the receipt of payments from the Federal Government for providing services that meet Federal standards.

This interpretation applies whether the facilities or providers are private, state, local, or tribal. F. Federalism Executive Order 13132 establishes certain requirements that an agency must meet when it promulgates a proposed rule (and subsequent final rule) that imposes substantial direct requirement costs on state and local governments, preempts state law, or otherwise has federalism implications. We have reviewed this final rule under the threshold criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism, and have determined that it will not have substantial direct effects on the rights, roles, and responsibilities of states, local or tribal governments.

G. Regulatory Reform Under Executive Order 13771 Executive Order 13771, titled Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs was issued on January 30, 2017. It has been determined that this is a transfer rule, which imposes no more than de minimis costs. As a result, this rule is not considered a regulatory or deregulatory action under Executive Order 13771.

H. Congressional Review Act This final rule is subject to the Congressional Review Act provisions of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) and has been transmitted to the Congress and the Comptroller General for review.Start Printed Page 71485 VII. Files Available to the Public via the Internet The Addenda for the annual ESRD PPS proposed and final rulemakings will no longer appear in the Federal Register.

Instead, the Addenda will be available only through the internet and is posted on the CMS website at http://www.cms.gov/​ESRDPayment/​PAY/​list.asp. In addition to the Addenda, limited data set files are available for purchase at http://www.cms.gov/​Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/​Files-for-Order/​LimitedDataSets/​EndStageRenalDiseaseSystemFile.html. Readers who experience any problems accessing the Addenda or LDS files, should contact ESRDPayment@cms.hhs.gov. Start List of Subjects DiseasesHealth facilitiesMedicareReporting and recordkeeping requirements End List of Subjects For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Centers for Medicare &.

Medicaid Services amends 42 CFR chapter IV as follows. Start Part End Part Start Amendment Part1. The authority citation for part 413 continues to read as follows. End Amendment Part Start Authority 42 U.S.C.

1302, 1395d(d), 1395f(b), 1395g, 1395l(a), (i), and (n), 1395x(v), 1395hh, 1395rr, 1395tt, and 1395ww. End Authority Start Amendment Part2. Section 413.232 is amended by— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. Revising paragraphs (b) introductory text, (b)(1), (e), and (g) introductory text.

And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb. Adding paragraphs (g)(4) and (h). End Amendment Part The revisions and additions read as follows. Low-volume adjustment.

* * * * * (b) A low-volume facility is an ESRD facility that, as determined based on the documentation submitted pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section. (1) Furnished less than 4,000 treatments in each of the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent, except as specified in paragraph (g)(4) of this section) preceding the payment year. And * * * * * (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section and unless extraordinary circumstances justify an exception, to receive the low-volume adjustment an ESRD facility must provide an attestation statement, by November 1st of each year preceding the payment year, to its Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC) that the facility meets all the criteria established in this section, except that. (1) For payment year 2012, the attestation must be provided by January 3, 2012.

(2) For payment year 2015, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2014. (3) For payment year 2016, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2015. And (4) For payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020. * * * * * (g) To receive the low-volume adjustment, an ESRD facility must include in their attestation provided pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section a statement that the ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility in paragraph (b) of this section.

To determine eligibility for the low-volume adjustment, the MAC on behalf of CMS relies upon as filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, except as specified in paragraph (g)(4) of this section, for the 3 cost reporting years preceding the payment year to verify the number of treatments, except that. * * * * * (4) For payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, the attestation specified in paragraph (e)(4) of this section must indicate that the ESRD facility meets all the criteria specified in this section, except that, for a facility that would not otherwise meet the number of treatments criterion specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section because of the alcoholism treatment PHE, the facility may attest that it furnished less than 2,000 treatments in any six months during the cost-reporting period ending in 2020. For any facility that so attests— (i) The facility must also attest that it furnished treatments equal to or in excess of 4,000 in the payment year due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE. And (ii) The MAC relies on the attestation and multiplies the total number of treatments for the 6-month period by 2.

(h) When an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report and takes one of the following actions. (1) If the MAC determines an ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility as described in paragraph (b) of this section, CMS adjusts the low-volume facility's base rate for the entire payment year. Or (2) If the MAC determines an ESRD facility does not meet the definition of a low-volume facility as described in paragraph (b) of this section, the MAC reprocesses claims and recoups low-volume adjustments paid during the payment year. Start Amendment Part3.

Section 413.234 is amended by adding paragraph (f) to read as follows. End Amendment Part Drug designation process. * * * * * (f) Methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for the costs of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. Beginning January 1, 2021, payment for calcimimetics is included in the ESRD PPS base rate using the following data sources and methodology.

(1) The methodology specified in paragraph (f)(2) of this section for determining the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics that is added to the ESRD PPS base rate uses the following data sources. (i) Total units of oral and injectable calcimimetics and total number of paid hemodialysis-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished, as derived from Medicare ESRD facility claims, that is, the 837-institutional form with bill type 072X, for the third and fourth quarters of calendar year 2018 and for the full calendar year 2019. (ii) The weighted average ASP based on the most recent determinations by CMS. (2) CMS uses the following methodology to calculate the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics that is added to the ESRD PPS base rate.

(i) Determines utilization of oral and injectable calcimimetics by aggregating the total units of oral and injectable calcimimetics in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. (ii) Determines a price for each form of the drug by calculating 100 percent of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for the oral and injectable calcimimetic. (iii) Calculates the total calcimimetic expenditure amount by multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics determined in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section by their respective prices determined in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section and adding the expenditure amount for both forms. Start Printed Page 71486 (iv) Calculates the average per treatment payment amount by dividing the total calcimimetic expenditure amount determined in paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section by the total number of paid hemodialysis-equivalent dialysis treatments in the third and fourth quarter of calendar year 2018 and the full calendar year 2019.

(v) Calculates the amount added to the ESRD PPS base rate by reducing the average per treatment payment amount determined in paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237. Start Amendment Part4. Section 413.236 is amended by— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. Revising paragraphs (a), (b) introductory text, (b)(2), (4) through (6), (c), (d) introductory text, and (d)(2).

And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb. Adding paragraph (f). End Amendment Part The revisions and addition read as follows. Transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies.

(a) Basis and definitions. (1) Effective January 1, 2020, this section establishes an add-on payment adjustment to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD prospective payment system under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv) of the Social Security Act. (2) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply. Capital-related asset.

Asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired) and is subject to depreciation. Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets. Depreciation. The amount that represents a portion of the capital-related asset's cost and that is allocable to a period of operation.

Home dialysis machines. Hemodialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis cyclers in their entirety (meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new) that receive FDA marketing authorization for home use and when used in the home for a single patient. Particular calendar year. The year in which the payment adjustment specified in paragraph (d) of this section would take effect.

Straight-line depreciation method. A method in accounting in which the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life. Useful life. The estimated useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the ESRD facility, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life.

(b) Eligibility criteria. CMS provides for a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (as specified in paragraph (d) of this section) to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. * * * * * (2) Is new, meaning within 3 years beginning on the date of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing authorization. * * * * * (4) Has a complete Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) Level II code application submitted, in accordance with the HCPCS Level II coding procedures on the CMS website, by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for durable medical equipment, orthotics, prosthetics and supplies (DMEPOS) items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year.

(5) Is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter. And (6) Is not a capital-related asset, except for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines. (c) Announcement of determinations and deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis supply or equipment meets the eligibility criteria specified in paragraph (b) of this section and announce the results in the Federal Register as part of its annual updates and changes to the ESRD prospective payment system.

CMS will only consider a complete application received by CMS by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year. FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year. (d) Transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies. A new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will be paid for using a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies based on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price, as specified in paragraph (e) of this section.

For capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines, payment is based on 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount, as specified in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section. * * * * * (2) Following payment of the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237, except a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine will not be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237. * * * * * (f) Pricing of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that are capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines. (1) The MACs calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount, using the prices they establish under paragraph (e) of this section for a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine, as defined in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, as follows.

(i) Calculate an annual allowance to determine the amount that represents the portion of the cost allocable to 1 year, using the straight-line depreciation method, by dividing the MAC-determined price by its useful life of 5 years. (ii) Calculate a per treatment amount for use in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance, as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section, by the expected number of treatments. (iii) Calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount to determine the amount that is adjusted by the 65 percent under paragraph (d) of this section, by subtracting the average per treatment offset amount (as determined using the data sources and methodology specified in paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section, respectively, of this section) from the per treatment amount (as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section) to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own. (2) The methodology specified in paragraph (f)(3) of this section for determining the average per treatment offset amount uses the following data sources.

(i) Dialysis machine and equipment cost, total cost across all dialysis modalities, the number of hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts, and the number of hemodialysis-equivalent total treatment Start Printed Page 71487counts are obtained from renal facility cost reports (CMS form 265-11) and hospital cost reports (CMS form 2552-10) using calendar years 2017-2019 cost reports. (A) Dialysis machine and equipment costs are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet B, Column 4 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 2 through 11 from Worksheet I-2 for hospital cost reports. (B) Total cost across all dialysis modalities are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 2 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 1 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 2 for the hospital cost reports. (C) Hemodialysis-equivalent total treatment counts are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 1 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 1 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 1 for the hospital cost reports.

(D) Hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts are obtained by summing lines 14.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 1 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 7 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 1 for the hospital cost reports. In both renal facility and hospital cost reports, home Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and home Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis are reported as patient weeks, so a conversion factor of 3 is applied to obtain hemodialysis-equivalent treatment counts. (ii) [Reserved] (3) CMS uses the following methodology to calculate the average per treatment offset amount for home dialysis machines that is subtracted from the per treatment amount as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section to determine the pre-adjusted per treatment amount specified in paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section. (i) Calculates annualized values for calendar year 2018 at the ESRD facility level for the metrics specified in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section by dividing the numbers of days the cost report spanned to compute a per-day metric, then multiplying the resulting value by the number of days in 2018 the cost report covered to compute the metrics attributable to the period covered by the cost report in 2018.

Next, for ESRD facilities with multiple cost reports covering 2018 the resulting metrics are aggregated. Finally, each ESRD facility's aggregated metrics are annualized to cover the full calendar year 2018. The annualization factor for an ESRD facility is the total number of days in 2018 divided by the total days in 2018 covered by the ESRD facility's cost report(s). (ii) Calculates an estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost for each ESRD facility by multiplying the annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section by the ESRD facility's hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage.

The hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage for each facility is calculated by dividing annualized hemodialysis-equivalent home treatment count determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section by annualized hemodialysis-equivalent treatment count across all modalities determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section. (iii) Calculates an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 by dividing the sum of the estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost in paragraph (f)(3)(ii) of this section across all ESRD facilities by the sum of annualized hemodialysis-equivalent home treatment counts determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section across all facilities. (iv) Calculates the amount subtracted from the pre-adjusted treatment amount determined in paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section by inflating the average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 determined in paragraph (f)(3)(iii) to calendar year 2021. The average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 is inflated to calendar year 2021 by multiplying this value by the payment rate update factor required under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Social Security Act for calendar years 2019, 2020, and 2021.

This value is then divided by a scaling factor to be converted to the ESRD PPS payment scale. The scaling factor is calculated by dividing the calendar year 2018 total cost per treatment inflated to calendar year 2021 by the average ESRD PPS payment per treatment projected for calendar year 2021. (v) Effective January 1, 2022, CMS annually updates the amount determined in paragraph (f)(3)(iv) of this section by the ESRD bundled market basket percentage increase factor minus the productivity adjustment factor. Start Amendment Part5.

Section 413.237 is amended— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. In paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (iii) by removing the semicolon at the end of the sentence and adding a period in its place. End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb. In paragraph (a)(1)(iv) by removing “.

And” and adding a period in its place. And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partc. By revising paragraph (a)(1)(v). End Amendment Part The revision reads as follows.

Outliers. (a) * * * (1) * * * (v) Renal dialysis equipment and supplies, except for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines (as defined in § 413.236(a)(2)), that receive the transitional add-on payment adjustment as specified in § 413.236, after the payment period has ended. * * * * * Start Signature Dated. October 28, 2020.

Seema Verma, Administrator, Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services. Dated. October 28, 2020.

Alex M. Azar II, Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-24485 Filed 11-2-20.

Implementation of accountable care organizations (ACOs) has been occurring unevenly across the nation, with rural areas antabuse online pharmacy lagging behind their more urban counterparts in buy generic antabuse ACO establishment (for example, see here, here, and here). To help establish ACOs in more areas of the country, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) developed the ACO Investment Model (AIM) to provide participating ACOs with up-front and ongoing monthly payments over 24 months to fund ACO infrastructure investments and staffing. As part of the Medicare Shared Savings Program (SSP), the payments were to be recouped through any shared buy generic antabuse savings earned by the ACOs that sufficiently decreased costs relative to a financial benchmark, as specified by SSP regulations. Forty-one new SSP ACOs, primarily located in rural and underserved health care markets, joined AIM in 2016 (exhibit 1).In this blog post, we discuss several noteworthy observations from our evaluation of the AIM ACO implementation and impacts over the three performance years (2016 to 2018), pertaining to:AIM ACOs’ close partnerships with management companies;Strategies—beyond local care coordination—for reducing spending in dispersed markets. AndThe extent to which single-sided financial risk may suffice to induce care transformations.The full report is available here.Exhibit 1 buy generic antabuse.

AIM accountable care organization geographic locations in 2018Source. Authors’ analysis of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid buy generic antabuse Services data. Notes. Figure shows primary care service areas (PCSAs) in buy generic antabuse which AIM ACOs’ assigned beneficiaries resided. We included PCSAs for which at least 0.5 percent of an ACO’s attributed beneficiaries resided.

There was one AIM ACO with providers and assigned beneficiaries located in Guam, which is not shown in the figure.Small, Rural ACOs Relied Heavily On buy generic antabuse Management CompaniesA majority of AIM ACOs (35 of 41, or 85 percent) used specialized consulting firms (or management companies) to assist with setting up and operating the ACO. Management companies typically coordinated reporting, conducted claims-based analytics, and served as the liaison between the ACO participants and CMS officials. Caravan Health managed 21 of the AIM ACOs, providing a fairly standard set of shared services to all of buy generic antabuse its client ACOs. Services included training for care coordinators and patient navigators, population health coaching, learning networks and workshops, analytics support through a centralized health information technology platform, and financial reporting. By contrast, a study analyzing data from the National Survey of ACOs, which surveyed ACOs formed between 2012 and 2015, showed that around one-third of ACOs had a management partner.In interviews with leaders from all 41 AIM ACOs, many stated that management companies played an important role by supporting them in navigating ACO start-up, buy generic antabuse managing ongoing operations, and providing access to services shared with other ACOs.

AIM ACO leadership expressed general satisfaction with management company services. At the same time, some AIM ACOs emphasized the need for greater due diligence when making larger investments buy generic antabuse in management company offerings. For example, some AIM ACOs found elements of the health information technology system and services selected by their management companies too costly given the capabilities offered.We also found that some AIM ACOs had become less dependent on their management companies over time and had developed sufficient internal capacity and expertise to function more independently. However, for those ACOs still requiring management company services, it is unclear whether ACOs can buy generic antabuse continue to pay for them without ongoing AIM-type funding. Furthermore, while management companies may have provided important services in the initial years of AIM, 27 of the 35 (77 percent) AIM ACOs with management company affiliations exited SSP by 2020.

CMS and other researchers should continue to investigate the relationships among ACOs and management companies—and how they evolve.Dispersed, Rural ACOs Sought Alternatives To Local Care Coordination To Reduce SpendingThrough interviews with ACO leadership and staff, we determined that about 90 percent of the 41 AIM ACOs were buy generic antabuse collections of independent practices rather than large organizations owning many practices. Thus, one might expect these practices to have been centrally located. However, many ACOs were composed of practices that spanned multiple local markets, at buy generic antabuse least in part as a result of management company involvement. Management companies had the ability to—and did—bring together unrelated entities, sometimes across regions or states to meet the minimum SSP requirement of 5,000 attributed beneficiaries and spread financial risk. Indeed, only around 30 percent of AIM ACOs were composed of participants that were located in geographically proximate counties.

While a common perception has been that local coordination of care among providers within an ACO would be a major driver of ACO buy generic antabuse financial success, ACOs serving relatively small, dispersed, and rural populations may have needed to use other strategies to improve care and earn shared savings.Looking at different care settings helps to elucidate how AIM ACOs reduced spending. We found statistically significant reductions across a number of spending components (the following reflect results from the final performance year, 2018), including acute inpatient (-4 percent), hospital outpatient and ambulatory surgery centers (-4 percent), skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) (-8 percent), and home health (-8 percent). This breakdown is similar to buy generic antabuse that found for programwide savings in the first three years of the SSP among physician group ACOs, which similarly exhibited greater relative reductions in areas thought to be greater sources of wasteful care (for example, postacute facility care) and was not clearly attributable to prevention efforts. Admissions for ambulatory care–sensitive conditions were not reduced, and spending reductions were not concentrated among high-risk patients targeted by case management programs. Our findings for AIM are similarly consistent with efforts to buy generic antabuse directly limit certain types of care use and the much stronger incentives physician practices have to do so.

Physician practices do not incur offsetting losses in fee-for-service profits when reducing spending on care provided by hospitals, SNFs, or home health agencies. In short, the less of the care continuum provided by an ACO, the stronger its incentives to lower spending.Our evaluation thus highlights that, in spite of a lack of geographic proximity, AIM ACOs overall buy generic antabuse were able to significantly reduce costs. Moreover, management company executives and ACO staff stated in interviews that they did not think proximity mattered for ACO success. In interviews, executives from two management companies, which collectively managed 25 buy generic antabuse of the 41 AIM ACOs, had similar responses when we asked them about the topic of geographic contiguity of providers within a given ACO. They stated that the geographic distribution of providers minimally influenced the ACOs’ abilities to reduce unnecessary care and, ultimately, costs.

One management company reported that it implemented a standard set of practice management services, tools, and approaches to transforming clinic workflows, which would have been similar whether the ACO providers were located in the same city or more dispersed.The fact that ACOs may be successful without substantial collaboration in their localities buy generic antabuse may encourage rural providers that are considering value-based payment models but lack a concentrated local network of potential collaborators. At the same time, management companies may play important roles in facilitating care transformations by pooling risk and overcoming fixed costs—for a price.Does One-Sided Risk Provide Sufficient Inducement For Rural Providers To Offer Quality Accountable Care?. When the Medicare Shared Savings Program was redesigned under Pathways to Success, it allowed for newly formed and small ACOs to still start in a one-sided (shared savings–only) risk track but required them to move to two-sided risk (both shared savings and losses) more buy generic antabuse quickly than under the prior program rules. Two-sided financial risk strengthens incentives for ACOs to lower spending. However, among smaller ACOs, uncertainty about spending is amplified and rural providers in particular may struggle to participate in voluntary models that come with a 10 percent chance of buy generic antabuse having to repay CMS millions of dollars each year.

As rural providers are not subject to Quality Payment Program adjustments, they face weaker incentives to participate in a risk track that qualifies as an Advanced Alternative Payment Model. That is, opting to decline participation in a two-sided buy generic antabuse risk model does not mean incurring the costs of complying with the complex Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS). It is possible that one-sided financial risk might suffice to spur development of ACOs that improve care efficiency in areas that previously had little accountable care activity. In fact, the added protection of one-sided financial risk might be necessary to induce ACOs to buy generic antabuse form in such areas. Our multiyear, mixed-methods evaluation (reports can be found here), which integrated findings from ACO surveys and interviews, as well as claims data analyses, showed that rural providers are capable of reducing some wasteful spending when sufficient investments are made, thereby supporting delivery system improvements that are at least budget neutral.

Specifically, AIM ACOs that took on only one-sided financial buy generic antabuse risk were consistently able to decrease spending and maintain quality for three straight years. We found that AIM resulted in net savings to CMS of $382 million through 2018 (that is, gross savings less earned shared savings and unrecouped payments from CMS)—an average annual reduction of 2.5 percent compared to baseline spending levels.Many of the ACOs we interviewed were hesitant to take on two-sided financial risk, even at the end of AIM. This is not surprising, given only 54 percent of AIM ACOs earned any shared savings. ACOs rightly viewed one-sided risk-sharing buy generic antabuse contracts as carrying downside risk, particularly after AIM funding ceased—if they did not generate savings, they would not recoup the costs of trying. ACO leaders cited a host of concerns about.

Size (in terms of attributed patients), their participant networks, operational capacities to handle the analytics they believed would be buy generic antabuse necessary to manage risk-taking, and other organizational factors. While management companies played key roles in helping new ACOs operate, only seven of the 41 AIM ACOs (17 percent) had accepted two-sided risk arrangements by the end of AIM in 2018. This suggests that any mitigation buy generic antabuse of downside risk offered by management companies was prohibitively costly for AIM ACOs without continued investment funding.ConclusionThe ACO Investment Model demonstrated that underresourced providers can successfully reduce enough wasteful spending to offset the costs of delivery system investments, even under an upside-only financial risk model. Management companies played an important supportive role by providing services that individual ACOs lacked the necessary scale in which to invest. Looking forward, they may play additional roles buy generic antabuse in pooling risk to shield small providers with limited reserves from deleterious penalties, although doing so defeats the purpose of introducing downside risk at the provider level and could weaken incentives to participate if management companies must charge higher fees to cover potential losses.As ACO benchmarks increasingly reflect regional spending under “Pathways to Success,” management companies may be inclined to strategically include practices with low spending for their region.

Thus, it will be important to track the implications of key features of ACO model design—such as benchmarking and risk adjustment—on ACO formation and evolution. If geographic centralization is not integral to ACO success, it may open new doors in care delivery—an important finding in light of the buy generic antabuse ongoing antabuse and renewed focus on telehealth.Authors’ NoteThe authors acknowledge David Nyweide and Catherine Hersey.This work was supported by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) (contract number, HHSM50020140026I. Task order number, HHSM500T0004). The statements contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or buy generic antabuse policies of CMS.Start Preamble Start Printed Page 71398 Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS), Health and Human Services (HHS).

Final rule buy generic antabuse. This final rule updates and makes revisions to the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) for calendar year (CY) 2021. This rule also updates the payment rate for renal dialysis services furnished by an ESRD facility to individuals with buy generic antabuse acute kidney injury (AKI). In addition, this rule updates requirements for the ESRD Quality Incentive Program (QIP). These regulations are effective on January buy generic antabuse 1, 2021.

Start Further Info ESRDPayment@cms.hhs.gov, for issues related to the ESRD PPS and coverage and payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI. Delia Houseal, (410) 786-2724, for issues related to the ESRD QIP buy generic antabuse. End Further Info End Preamble Start Supplemental Information Table of Contents To assist readers in referencing sections contained in this preamble, we are providing a Table of Contents. I. Executive Summary A.

Purpose B. Summary of the Major Provisions C. Summary of Cost and Benefits II. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) A. Background B.

Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Calendar Year (CY) 2021 ESRD PPS C. Transitional Add-On Payment Adjustment for New and Innovative Equipment and Supplies (TPNIES) for CY 2021 Payment III. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) A. Background B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 IV.

End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) A. Background B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, Responses to Comments, and Finalized Policies for the ESRD QIP C. Updates to Requirements Beginning With the PY 2023 ESRD QIP D. Updates for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP V.

Collection of Information Requirements A. Legislative Requirement for Solicitation of Comments Requirements in Regulation Text C. Additional Information Collection Requirements VI. Economic Analyses A. Regulatory Impact Analysis B.

Detailed Economic Analysis C. Accounting Statement D. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis (RFA) E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act Analysis (UMRA) F. Federalism G.

Regulatory Reform Under Executive Order 13771 H. Congressional Review Act VII. Files Available to the Public via the Internet I. Executive Summary A. Purpose This final rule finalizes changes related to the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS), payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with acute kidney injury (AKI), and the ESRD Quality Incentive Program (QIP).

1. End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) On January 1, 2011, we implemented the ESRD PPS, a case-mix adjusted, bundled PPS for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities as required by section 1881(b)(14) of the Social Security Act (the Act), as added by section 153(b) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) (Pub. L. 110-275). Section 1881(b)(14)(F) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA, and amended by section 3401(h) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the Affordable Care Act) (Pub.

L. 111-148), established that beginning calendar year (CY) 2012, and each subsequent year, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) shall annually increase payment amounts by an ESRD market basket increase factor, reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act. This rule updates and makes revisions to the ESRD PPS for CY 2021. 2. Coverage and Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) On June 29, 2015, the President signed the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (TPEA) (Pub.

L. 114-27). Section 808(a) of the TPEA amended section 1861(s)(2)(F) of the Act to provide coverage for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2017, by a renal dialysis facility or a provider of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to an individual with acute kidney injury (AKI). Section 808(b) of the TPEA amended section 1834 of the Act by adding a new subsection (r) that provides for payment for renal dialysis services furnished by renal dialysis facilities or providers of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to individuals with AKI at the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2017. This rule updates the AKI payment rate for CY 2021.

3. End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) The End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) is authorized by section 1881(h) of the Act. The Program fosters improved patient outcomes by establishing incentives for dialysis facilities to meet or exceed performance standards established by the Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services (CMS). This final rule finalizes several updates for the payment year (PY) 2023.

Although no new requirements were proposed for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, this final rule includes policies continuing for PY 2024. B. Summary of the Major Provisions 1. ESRD PPS Update to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021. The final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13.

This amount reflects the application of the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor (.999485), the addition to the base rate of $9.93 to include calcimimetics, and a productivity-adjusted market basket increase as required by section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(I) of the Act (1.6 percent), equaling $253.13 (($239.33 × .999485) + $9.93) × 1.016 = $253.13). Annual update to the wage index. We adjust wage indices on an annual basis using the most current hospital wage data and the latest core-based statistical area (CBSA) delineations to account for differing wage levels in areas in which ESRD facilities are located. For CY 2021, we are updating the wage index values based on the latest available data.Start Printed Page 71399 2018 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations and 2-year transition policy. We are updating the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) delineations as described in the September 14, 2018 OMB Bulletin No.

18-04, beginning with the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index. In addition, we are finalizing the application of a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior CY. This transition will be phased in over 2 years, such that the reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index will be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021, and no cap will be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022. Update to the outlier policy. We are updating the outlier policy using the most current data, as well as updating the outlier services fixed-dollar loss (FDL) amounts for adult and pediatric patients and Medicare allowable payment (MAP) amounts for adult and pediatric patients for CY 2021 using CY 2019 claims data.

Based on the use of the latest available data, the final FDL amount for pediatric beneficiaries will increase from $41.04 to $44.78, and the MAP amount will decrease from $32.32 to $30.88, as compared to CY 2020 values. For adult beneficiaries, the final FDL amount will increase from $48.33 to $122.49, and the MAP amount will increase from $35.78 to $50.92. The 1.0 percent target for outlier payments was not achieved in CY 2019. Outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments rather than 1.0 percent. Inclusion of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate.

We are finalizing the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. Using the final methodology based on the latest available data, we are adding $9.93 to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate. Changes to the eligibility criteria for the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES). For CY 2021, we are finalizing the proposed changes to the TPNIES eligibility criteria in light of the changes implemented in CY 2020 to provide a biannual coding cycle for code applications for new Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes for durable medical equipment, orthotics, prosthetics and supplies (DMEPOS) items and services. We are finalizing that for purposes of eligibility for the TPNIES, a complete HCPCS code application must be submitted by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website.

In addition, a copy of the applicable Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing authorization must be submitted to CMS by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website in order for the equipment or supply to be eligible for the TPNIES the following year. We are also finalizing the proposed definition of “new” for purposes of the TPNIES policy as within 3 years beginning on the date of the FDA marketing authorization. Expansion of the TPNIES to include new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. We are expanding eligibility for the TPNIES to include certain capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. As with other renal dialysis equipment and supplies potentially eligible for the TPNIES, CMS will evaluate the application to determine whether the home dialysis machine represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries, and meets the other requirements under 42 CFR 413.236(b).

We are finalizing the additional steps that the Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) must follow to establish the basis of payment of the TPNIES for these capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home, including an offset to the pre-adjusted per treatment amount to account for the cost of the home dialysis machine that is already in the ESRD PPS base rate. We will pay 65 percent of the MAC-determined pre-adjusted per treatment amount reduced by an offset for 2-calendar years. We are finalizing that after the 2-year TPNIES period, the home dialysis machines will not become outlier services and that no change will be made to the ESRD PPS base rate. Low-Volume Payment Adjustment (LVPA). We are finalizing our proposal to hold harmless ESRD facilities that would otherwise qualify for the LVPA but for a temporary increase in dialysis treatments furnished in 2020 due to the Public Health Emergency (PHE) for the alcoholism disease 2019 (alcoholism treatment) antabuse.

For purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, we will only consider total dialysis treatments furnished for any 6 months of a facility's cost-reporting period ending in 2020. ESRD facilities will select those 6 months (consecutive or non-consecutive) during which treatments will be counted for purposes of the LVPA determination. We are finalizing that ESRD facilities will attest that their total dialysis treatments for those 6 months of their cost-reporting period ending in 2020 are less than 2,000 and that, although the total number of treatments furnished in the entire year otherwise exceeded the LVPA threshold, the excess treatments furnished were due to temporary patient shifting resulting from the alcoholism treatment PHE. MACs will annualize the total dialysis treatments for the total treatments reported in those 6 months by multiplying by 2. ESRD facilities will be expected to provide supporting documentation to the MACs upon request.

2. Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI We are updating the AKI payment rate for CY 2021. The final CY 2021 payment rate is $253.13, which is the same as the base rate finalized under the ESRD PPS for CY 2021. 3. ESRD QIP We are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology used to calculate the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities are scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, instead of facility-months.

We are also finalizing our proposal to reduce the number of records that facilities selected for National Health Safety Network (NHSN) validation are required to submit. This final rule also clarifies the timeline for facilities to make changes to their NHSN Bloodstream (BSI) clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure data for purposes of the ESRD QIP. This final rule also announces final performance standards and payment reductions that will apply for PY 2023. This final rule describes several policies continuing for PY 2024, but does not include any new requirements beginning with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP. C.

Summary of Costs and Benefits In section VI of this final rule, we set forth a detailed analysis of the impacts of the finalized changes for affected entities and beneficiaries. The impacts include the following:Start Printed Page 71400 1. Impacts of the Final CY 2021 ESRD PPS The impact chart in section VI.B of this final rule displays the estimated change in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 compared to estimated payments in CY 2020. The overall impact of the CY 2021 changes is projected to be a 2.0 percent increase in payments. Hospital-based ESRD facilities have an estimated 0.2 percent decrease in payments compared with freestanding facilities with an estimated 2.0 percent increase.

We estimate that the aggregate ESRD PPS expenditures will increase by approximately $250 million in CY 2021 compared to CY 2020. This reflects a $210 million increase from the payment rate update, a $50 million increase due to the updates to the outlier threshold amounts, and an $10 million decrease from the finalized addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics and no longer provide the transitional drug add-on payment adjustment (TDAPA) for calcimimetics. As a result of the projected 2.0 percent overall payment increase, we estimate there will be an increase in beneficiary co-insurance payments of 2.0 percent in CY 2021, which translates to approximately $60 million. These figures do not reflect increases or decreases in expenditures based on expanding the TPNIES to include certain capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. The fiscal impact of this cannot be determined because these new and innovative home dialysis machines are not yet identified and would vary in uniqueness and costs.

2. Impacts of the Final CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI The impact chart in section VI.B of this final rule displays the estimated change in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 compared to estimated payments in CY 2020. The overall impact of the final CY 2021 changes is projected to be a 5.7 percent increase in payments for individuals with AKI. Hospital-based ESRD facilities have an estimated 5.8 percent increase in payments compared with freestanding ESRD facilities with an estimated 5.7 percent increase. The overall impact reflects the effects of the updated wage index, the finalized addition to the ESRD PPS base rate of $9.93 to include calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, and the payment rate update.

We estimate that the aggregate payments made to ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to AKI patients at the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate will increase by $4 million in CY 2021 compared to CY 2020. 3. Impacts of the Final ESRD QIP We estimate that the overall economic impact of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP would be approximately $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized and the proposals we are finalizing in this final rule. The $224 million figure for PY 2023 includes costs associated with the collection of information requirements, which we estimate would be approximately $208 million, and $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities. We note that the total overall economic impact and the collection of information requirements have been updated from the estimates in the proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients.

We also estimate that the overall economic impact of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP would be approximately $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized. The $224 million figure for PY 2024 includes costs associated with the collection of information requirements, which we estimate would be approximately $208 million, and has been updated from the estimates in the proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. II. Calendar Year (CY) 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS) A. Background 1.

Statutory Background On January 1, 2011, we implemented the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Prospective Payment System (PPS), a case-mix adjusted bundled PPS for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities, as required by section 1881(b)(14) of the Social Security Act (the Act), as added by section 153(b) of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA). Section 1881(b)(14)(F) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA and amended by section 3401(h) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (the Affordable Care Act), established that beginning with CY 2012, and each subsequent year, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (the Secretary) shall annually increase payment amounts by an ESRD market basket increase factor, reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act. Section 632 of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (ATRA) (Pub. L. 112-240) included several provisions that apply to the ESRD PPS.

Section 632(a) of ATRA added section 1881(b)(14)(I) to the Act, which required the Secretary, by comparing per patient utilization data from 2007 with such data from 2012, to reduce the single payment for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2014 to reflect the Secretary's estimate of the change in the utilization of ESRD-related drugs and biologicals (excluding oral-only ESRD-related drugs). Consistent with this requirement, in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule we finalized $29.93 as the total drug utilization reduction and finalized a policy to implement the amount over a 3- to 4-year transition period (78 FR 72161 through 72170). Section 632(b) of ATRA prohibited the Secretary from paying for oral-only ESRD-related drugs and biologicals under the ESRD PPS prior to January 1, 2016. And section 632(c) of ATRA required the Secretary, by no later than January 1, 2016, to analyze the case-mix payment adjustments under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(i) of the Act and make appropriate revisions to those adjustments. On April 1, 2014, the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (PAMA) (Pub.

L. 113-93) was enacted. Section 217 of PAMA included several provisions that apply to the ESRD PPS. Specifically, sections 217(b)(1) and (2) of PAMA amended sections 1881(b)(14)(F) and (I) of the Act and replaced the drug utilization adjustment that was finalized in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72161 through 72170) with specific provisions that dictated the market basket update for CY 2015 (0.0 percent) and how the market basket should be reduced in CY 2016 through CY 2018. Section 217(a)(1) of PAMA amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA to provide that the Secretary may not pay for oral-only ESRD-related drugs under the ESRD PPS prior to January 1, 2024.

Section 217(a)(2) of PAMA further amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA by requiring that in establishing payment for oral-only drugs under the ESRD PPS, the Secretary must use data from the most recent year available. Section 217(c) of PAMA provided that as part of the CY 2016 ESRD PPS rulemaking, the Secretary shall establish a process for (1) determining when a product is no longer an oral-only drug. And (2) including new injectable and intravenous products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment.Start Printed Page 71401 Finally, on December 19, 2014, the President signed the Stephen Beck, Jr., Achieving a Better Life Experience Act of 2014 (ABLE) (Pub. L. 113-295).

Section 204 of ABLE amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA, as amended by section 217(a)(1) of PAMA, to provide that payment for oral-only renal dialysis services cannot be made under the ESRD PPS bundled payment prior to January 1, 2025. 2. System for Payment of Renal Dialysis Services Under the ESRD PPS, a single, per-treatment payment is made to an ESRD facility for all of the renal dialysis services defined in section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act and furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD in the ESRD facility or in a patient's home. We have codified our definitions of renal dialysis services at § 413.171, which is in 42 CFR part 413, subpart H, along with other ESRD PPS payment policies. The ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted for characteristics of both adult and pediatric patients and accounts for patient case-mix variability.

The adult case-mix adjusters include five categories of age, body surface area, low body mass index, onset of dialysis, four comorbidity categories, and pediatric patient-level adjusters consisting of two age categories and two dialysis modalities (§ 413.235(a) and (b)). The ESRD PPS provides for three facility-level adjustments. The first payment adjustment accounts for ESRD facilities furnishing a low volume of dialysis treatments (§ 413.232). The second adjustment reflects differences in area wage levels developed from core based statistical areas (CBSAs) (§ 413.231). The third payment adjustment accounts for ESRD facilities furnishing renal dialysis services in a rural area (§ 413.233).

The ESRD PPS provides a training add-on for home and self-dialysis modalities (§ 413.235(c)) and an additional payment for high cost outliers due to unusual variations in the type or amount of medically necessary care when applicable (§ 413.237). The ESRD PPS provides for a transitional drug add-on payment adjustment (TDAPA) for certain new renal dialysis drugs and biological products (§ 413.234(c)). The ESRD PPS also provides for a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES) for certain qualifying, new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies (§ 413.236(d)). 3. Updates to the ESRD PPS Policy changes to the ESRD PPS are proposed and finalized annually in the Federal Register.

The CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule was published on August 12, 2010 in the Federal Register (75 FR 49030 through 49214). That rule implemented the ESRD PPS beginning on January 1, 2011 in accordance with section 1881(b)(14) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA, over a 4-year transition period. Since the implementation of the ESRD PPS, we have published annual rules to make routine updates, policy changes, and clarifications. On November 8, 2019, we published a final rule in the Federal Register titled, “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program, Durable Medical Equipment, Prosthetics, Orthotics and Supplies (DMEPOS) Fee Schedule Amounts, DMEPOS Competitive Bidding Program (CBP) Amendments, Standard Elements for a DMEPOS Order, and Master List of DMEPOS Items Potentially Subject to a Face-to-Face Encounter and Written Order Prior to Delivery and/or Prior Authorization Requirements,” referred to as the “CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule”.

In that rule, we updated the ESRD PPS base rate, wage index, and outlier policy, for CY 2020. We also finalized revisions to the eligibility criteria for the TDAPA for certain new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing ESRD PPS functional category, modified the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics, established a new policy to condition the TDAPA payment on our receipt of average sales price (ASP) data, established the TPNIES to support ESRD facilities in their uptake of certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies, and discontinued the erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) monitoring policy under the ESRD PPS. For further detailed information regarding these updates, see 84 FR 60648. B. Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the Calendar Year (CY) 2021 ESRD PPS The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program.

End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020. In that proposed rule, we proposed to make a number of annual updates for CY 2021, including updates to the ESRD PPS base rate, wage index, and outlier policy. We also proposed to modify the ESRD PPS base rate to incorporate calcimimetics, revise the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES, and expand the TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home by a single patient. We also proposed revisions to the low-volume payment adjustment (LVPA) regulations in response to the Public Health Emergency (PHE) for the alcoholism disease 2019 (alcoholism treatment) antabuse. We received 114 public comments on our proposals, including comments from.

ESRD facilities. National renal groups, nephrologists and patient organizations. Patients and care partners. Manufacturers. Health care systems.

And nurses. We also received many comments related to issues that we either did not discuss in the proposed rule or that we discussed for the purpose of background or context, but for which we did not propose changes. These include, for example, refinements to modeling payment and accounting for new and innovative items and services under the ESRD PPS, incentives for home dialysis, reporting furnished services on the ESRD claim, network fee, and issues related to the alcoholism treatment antabuse. While we are not addressing those comments in this final rule because they are either out of scope of the proposed rule or concern topics for which we did not propose changes, we thank the commenters for their input and will consider the recommendations in future rulemaking. In this final rule, we provide a summary of each proposed provision, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS.

1. Inclusion of Calcimimetics Into the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment a. Background on Oral-Only Renal Dialysis Drugs Section 1881(b)(14)(A)(i) of the Act requires the Secretary to implement a payment system under which a single payment is made to a provider of services or a renal dialysis facility for renal dialysis services in lieu of any other payment. Section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act defines renal dialysis services, Start Printed Page 71402and clause (iii) of such section states that these services include other drugs and biologicals that are furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD and for which payment was made separately under this title, and any oral equivalent form of such drug or biological. We interpreted this provision as including not only injectable drugs and biological products used for the treatment of ESRD (other than ESAs and any oral form of ESAs, which are included under clause (ii) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act), but also all oral drugs and biological products used for the treatment of ESRD and furnished under Title XVIII of the Act.

We also concluded that, to the extent oral-only drugs or biological products used for the treatment of ESRD do not fall within clause (iii) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act, such drugs or biological products would fall under clause (iv) of such section, and constitute other items and services used for the treatment of ESRD that are not described in clause (i) of section 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act. We finalized and promulgated the payment policies for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49038 through 49053), where we defined renal dialysis services at § 413.171 as including other drugs and biological products that are furnished to individuals for the treatment of ESRD and for which payment was made separately prior to January 1, 2011 under Title XVIII of the Act, including drugs and biological products with only an oral form. We further described oral-only drugs as those that have no injectable equivalent or other form of administration (75 FR 49038 through 49039). Although we included oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products in the definition of renal dialysis services in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49044), we also finalized a policy to delay payment for these drugs under the PPS until January 1, 2014. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed and final rules (74 FR 49929 and 75 FR 49038, respectively), we noted that the only oral-only drugs and biological products that we identified were phosphate binders and calcimimetics, which fall into the bone and mineral metabolism ESRD PPS functional category.

We stated that there were certain advantages to delaying the implementation of payment for oral-only drugs and biological products, including allowing ESRD facilities additional time to make operational changes and logistical arrangements in order to furnish oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products to their patients. Accordingly, we codified the delay in payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products at § 413.174(f)(6), and provided that payment to an ESRD facility for renal dialysis service drugs and biological products with only an oral form is incorporated into the PPS payment rates effective January 1, 2014. Since oral-only drugs are generally not a covered service under Medicare Part B, this delay of payment under the ESRD PPS also allowed the coverage under Medicare to continue under Part D. On January 3, 2013, ATRA was enacted. Section 632(b) of ATRA precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.176(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2016.

Accordingly, in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72185 through 72186), we delayed payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS until January 1, 2016. We implemented this delay by revising the effective date at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2016. In addition, we changed the date when oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products would be eligible for outlier services under the outlier policy described in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) from January 1, 2014 to January 1, 2016. On April 1, 2014, PAMA was enacted. Section 217(a)(1) of PAMA amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA and precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.174(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2024.

We implemented this delay in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66262) by modifying the effective date for providing payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024. We also changed the date in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) regarding outlier payments for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs made under the ESRD PPS from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2024. Section 217(a)(2) of PAMA further amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA by requiring that in establishing payment for oral-only drugs under the ESRD PPS, the Secretary must use data from the most recent year available. On December 19, 2014, ABLE was enacted. Section 204 of ABLE amended section 632(b)(1) of ATRA, as amended by section 217(a)(1) of PAMA, and precluded the Secretary from implementing the policy under § 413.174(f)(6) relating to oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products prior to January 1, 2025.

We implemented this delay in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69027 through 69028) by modifying the effective date for providing payment for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS at § 413.174(f)(6) from January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025. We also changed the date in § 413.237(a)(1)(iv) regarding outlier payments for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs made under the ESRD PPS from January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025. B. ESRD PPS Drug Designation Process and Calcimimetics In addition to delaying implementation of the policy for oral-only renal dialysis service drugs and biological products under the ESRD PPS, discussed previously in this final rule, PAMA included section 217(c), which provided that as part of the CY 2016 ESRD PPS rulemaking, the Secretary shall establish a process for (1) determining when a product is no longer an oral-only drug. And (2) including new injectable and intravenous products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

Therefore, in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69013 through 69027), we finalized a process that allows us to recognize when an oral-only renal dialysis service drug or biological product is no longer oral-only, and a process to include new injectable and intravenous (IV) products into the ESRD PPS bundled payment, and when appropriate, modify the ESRD PPS payment amount to reflect the costs of furnishing that product. In accordance with section 217(c)(1) of PAMA, we established § 413.234(d), which provides that an oral-only drug is no longer considered oral-only if an injectable or other form of administration of the oral-only drug is approved by FDA. We defined an oral-only drug at § 413.234(a) to mean a drug or biological with no injectable equivalent or other form of administration other than an oral form. Additionally, in accordance with section 217(c)(2) of PAMA, we codified the drug designation process at § 413.234(b). In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69024), we finalized that the drug designation process is dependent upon the ESRD PPS functional categories, consistent with our policy since the implementation of the PPS in 2011.

We provided a detailed discussion on how we accounted for renal dialysis drugs and biological products in the ESRD PPS base rate Start Printed Page 71403since its implementation on January 1, 2011 (80 FR 69013 through 69015). We explained that, in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49044 through 49053), in order to identify drugs and biological products that are used for the treatment of ESRD and therefore meet the definition of renal dialysis services (defined at § 413.171) that would be included in the ESRD PPS base rate, we performed an extensive analysis of Medicare payments for Part B drugs and biological products billed on ESRD claims and evaluated each drug and biological product to identify its category by indication or mode of action. We stated in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule that categorizing drugs and biological products on the basis of drug action allows us to determine which categories (and therefore, the drugs and biological products within the categories) would be considered used for the treatment of ESRD (75 FR 49047). In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we also explained that, in CY 2011 ESRD PPS rulemaking, we grouped the injectable and IV drugs and biological products into ESRD PPS functional categories based on their action (80 FR 69014). This was done for the purpose of adding new drugs or biological products with the same functions to the ESRD PPS bundled payment as expeditiously as possible after the drugs become commercially available so that beneficiaries have access to them.

In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the definition of an ESRD PPS functional category in § 413.234(a) as a distinct grouping of drugs or biologicals, as determined by CMS, whose end action effect is the treatment or management of a condition or conditions associated with ESRD (80 FR 69077). We finalized a policy in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69017 through 69022) that, effective January 1, 2016, if a new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage a condition for which there is an ESRD PPS functional category, the new injectable or IV product is considered included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and no separate payment is available. The new injectable or IV product qualifies as an outlier service. The ESRD bundled market basket updates the PPS base rate annually and accounts for price changes of the drugs and biological products reflected in the base rate. We established in § 413.234(b)(2) that, if the new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage a condition for which there is not an ESRD PPS functional category, the new injectable or IV product is not considered included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and the following steps occur.

First, an existing ESRD PPS functional category is revised or a new ESRD PPS functional category is added for the condition that the new injectable or IV product is used to treat or manage. Next, the new injectable or IV product is paid for using the TDAPA described in § 413.234(c). Finally, the new injectable or IV product is added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment following payment of the TDAPA. In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy in § 413.234(c) to base the TDAPA on pricing methodologies under section 1847A of the Act and pay the TDAPA until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis for the new injectable or IV product are available, but not for less than 2 years. During the time a new injectable or IV product is eligible for the TDAPA, it is not eligible as an outlier service.

We established that, following payment of the TDAPA, the ESRD PPS base rate will be modified, if appropriate, to account for the new injectable or IV product in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. We also established, in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69024 through 69027), an exception to the drug designation process for calcimimetics. We noted that in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed and final rules (74 FR 49929 and 75 FR 49038, respectively), the only oral-only drugs and biological products we identified were phosphate binders and calcimimetics, which fall into the bone and mineral metabolism ESRD PPS functional category. We stated that we defined these oral-only drugs as renal dialysis services in our regulations at § 413.171 (75 FR 49044), delayed the Medicare Part B payment for these oral-only drugs until CY 2014 at § 413.174(f)(6), and continued to pay for them under Medicare Part D. We explained in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that, under § 413.234(b)(1), if injectable or IV forms of phosphate binders or calcimimetics are approved by FDA, these drugs would be considered reflected in the ESRD PPS bundled payment because these drugs are included in an existing functional category, so no additional payment would be available for inclusion of these drugs.

However, we recognized the uniqueness of these drugs and stated that we will not apply this process to injectable or IV forms of phosphate binders and calcimimetics when they are approved because payment for the oral forms of these drugs was delayed and dollars were never included in the ESRD PPS base rate to account for these drugs. Instead, we finalized a policy that once the injectable or IV phosphate binder or calcimimetic is FDA approved and has a Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) code, we will issue a change request to pay for all forms of the phosphate binder or calcimimetic using the TDAPA based on the payment methodologies under section 1847A of the Act, which could include ASP + 6 percent, for a period of at least 2 years. We explained in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that this will allow us to collect data reflecting current utilization of both the oral and injectable or IV forms of the drugs, as well as payment patterns and beneficiary co-pays, before we add these drugs to the ESRD PPS bundled payment. We stated that during this period we will not pay outlier payments for these drugs. We further stated that at the end of the 2 or more years, we will adopt the methodology for including the phosphate binders and calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS bundled payment through notice-and-comment rulemaking.

In 2017, FDA approved an injectable calcimimetic. In accordance with the policy finalized in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule, we issued a change request to implement payment under the ESRD PPS for both the oral and injectable forms of calcimimetics using the TDAPA. Change Request 10065, Transmittal 1889, issued August 4, 2017, replaced by Transmittal 1999, issued January 10, 2018, and implemented the TDAPA for calcimimetics effective January 1, 2018. In CYs 2019 and 2020 ESRD PPS final rules (83 FR 56927 through 56949 and 84 FR 60653 through 60677, respectively), we made several revisions to the drug designation process regulations at § 413.234. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, for example, we revised regulations at § 413.234(a), (b), and (c) to reflect that the process applies for all new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that are FDA approved regardless of the form or route of administration, that is, new injectable, IV, oral, or other form or route of administration (83 FR 56932).

In addition, we revised § 413.234(b) and (c) to expand the TDAPA to all new renal dialysis drugs and biological products, not just those in new ESRD PPS functional categories (83 FR 56942 through 56943). We also revised § 413.234(c) to reflect that we base the TDAPA on 100 percent of ASP (ASP + 0) instead of the pricing methodologies available under section 1847A of the Act (which includes ASP + 6). We explained that the 6 percent add-on to Start Printed Page 71404ASP has been used to cover administrative and overhead costs, however, the ESRD PPS base rate includes dollars for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products, so we believe ASP + 0 is a reasonable basis for the TDAPA under the ESRD PPS (83 FR 56943 through 56944). For circumstances when ASP data is not available, we finalized that the TDAPA is based on wholesale acquisition cost (WAC) + 0 and, when WAC is not available, the TDAPA is based on the drug manufacturer's invoice (83 FR 56948). We also finalized a revision to § 413.234(c) to reflect that the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics would continue to be based on the pricing methodologies available under section 1847A of the Act, which includes ASP + 6 (83 FR 56948).

These provisions all had an effective date of January 1, 2020. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we made several additional revisions to the ESRD PPS drug designation process regulations at § 413.234. For example, we revised § 413.234(b) and added paragraph (e) to codify certain eligibility criteria changes for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing ESRD PPS functional category. That is, we excluded certain drugs from being eligible for the TDAPA, effective January 1, 2020 (84 FR 60672). Specifically, as detailed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (85 FR 60565 through 60673), we excluded generic drugs approved by FDA under section 505(j) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) and drugs for which the new drug application (NDA) is classified by FDA as Type 3, 5, 7 or 8, Type 3 in combination with Type 2 or Type 4, or Type 5 in combination with Type 2, or Type 9 when the “parent NDA” is a Type 3, 5, 7 or 8—from being eligible for the TDAPA.

We also established at § 413.234(c) a policy to condition application of the TDAPA on our receipt of ASP data (84 FR 60681). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60673), we also discussed the duration of payment of the TDAPA for calcimimetics and changed the basis of the TDAPA for such products. We stated that in accordance with our policy for calcimimetics under the drug designation process, we would pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA for a minimum of 2 years until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis is available for these products. We noted that at the time of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule we were still in the process of collecting utilization claims data for both the oral and injectable form of calcimimetics. Therefore, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that we would continue to pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA in CY 2020 (84 FR 38347).

However, we also noted in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we had provided the TDAPA for calcimimetics at ASP + 6 percent for 2-full years (that is, January 1, 2018 through December 31, 2019), and we believed that was sufficient time for ESRD facilities to address any administrative complexities and overhead costs that may have arisen with regard to furnishing the calcimimetics. We noted that it was clear that ESRD facilities were furnishing calcimimetics because payment for them using the TDAPA had increased Medicare expenditures by $1.2 billion in CY 2018 (84 FR 60673). We explained that one of the rationales for the 6 percent add-on to ASP was to cover administrative and overhead costs, however, the ESRD PPS base rate has dollars included for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products. Therefore, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a revision to § 413.234(c) to reflect that the basis of payment for the TDAPA for calcimimetics, beginning in CY 2020, would be 100 percent of ASP (84 FR 60676). We explained this policy change provided a balance between supporting ESRD facilities in their uptake of these products and limiting the financial burden that increased payments place on beneficiaries and Medicare expenditures.

We also noted that this policy is consistent with the policy finalized for all other new renal dialysis drugs and biological products in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56948). C. Methodology for Modifying the ESRD PPS Base Rate to Account for Calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42138), under § 413.234(d), calcimimetics were no longer considered to be an oral-only drug once FDA approved an injectable calcimimetic in 2017. We explained that we have paid for calcimimetics under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA since January 1, 2018. We stated in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule that for calcimimetics—for which there is an ESRD PPS functional category, but no money in the base rate—we would utilize the TDAPA to collect utilization data before adding this drug to the ESRD PPS base rate.

This would allow us to collect data reflecting current utilization of both the oral and injectable or IV forms of the drug, as well as payment patterns and beneficiary co-pays. The collection of this data for 2 or more years would allow us, with sufficient data, to incorporate these drugs into the ESRD PPS bundled payment through notice-and-comment rulemaking. As we stated in the proposed rule, we believe we have collected sufficient claims data for a rate setting analysis for calcimimetics. Specifically, we have collected robust claims data for 2 full years and analyzed the utilization of every generic and brand name oral calcimimetic, along with the utilization of the injectable calcimimetic. We also monitored the ASP data for the calcimimetics coinciding with the specific utilization periods.

Our overall analysis of ESRD claims data for CYs 2018 and 2019 indicated an increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs and a steep decline in the utilization of brand-name oral calcimimetic. Weighting the ASP price data based on the utilization data resulted in an overall lower ASP because the generic calcimimetic drugs are less expensive than the brand calcimimetics. Since beneficiaries have a 20 percent co-pay under the ESRD PPS, a decrease in the payment for calcimimetics results in a decrease in the beneficiary co-pay. Therefore, as we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42138), we believed that we were at the step of the ESRD PPS drug designation process where we should propose to adopt the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, which we did in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. In this final rule, we are adding a per treatment amount to the ESRD PPS base rate to include the calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment amount.

In developing the methodology for including calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS base rate, we considered the methodology that we used when we included Part B drugs and biological products in the ESRD PPS base rate as part of our implementation of the ESRD PPS. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49074 through 49079), we discussed how we established which renal dialysis drugs and biological products would be reflected in the ESRD PPS base rate. We used the utilization of those drugs and biological products from Medicare claims data and applied ASP + 6 percent to establish the price for each drug. Then we inflated each drug's price to 2011 using the Producer Price Index (PPI) for prescription drugs.Start Printed Page 71405 In addition, as discussed in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49064), we established a dialysis treatment as the unit of payment. Consistent with the approach we used initially to include drugs and biological products into the ESRD PPS base rate and the ESRD PPS unit of payment, we proposed a similar methodology to calculate a one-time modification to the ESRD PPS base rate on a per-treatment basis to account for calcimimetics.

We stated that the methodology is similar to the CY 2011 approach because we would determine utilization of the drug, in this case, calcimimetics, along with the payment amounts associated with each oral and injectable form based on the ASP + 0 instead of ASP + 6, as discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule. The following sections discuss each element of our proposed methodology in detail. As an overview, we proposed to calculate a per-treatment amount for calcimimetics that would be added to the ESRD PPS base rate. We proposed to apply the value from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations at 100 percent of ASP (that is, ASP + 0) available to the public for calcimimetics to the utilization data for calcimimetics from CYs 2018 and 2019 Medicare ESRD claims data to provide the calcimimetic expenditure amount. We proposed to divide the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of hemodialysis (HD)-equivalent dialysis treatments paid in CYs 2018 and 2019 under the ESRD PPS.

We proposed to reduce this average per treatment amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy, since calcimimetics would be ESRD outlier services eligible for outlier payments beginning January 1, 2021. We proposed to add the resulting amount to the ESRD PPS base rate. We noted that this amount would be permanently included in the ESRD PPS base rate and be subject to the annual ESRD PPS payment updates (that is, the productivity-adjusted market basket increase and wage index budget neutrality adjustment factor). Under the proposal, CMS would stop paying for these drugs using the TDAPA for dates of service on or after January 1, 2021. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42141), we proposed to revise our drug designation regulation at § 413.234, by adding paragraph (f), to describe the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for the costs of calcimimetics, including the data sources and the steps we would take to calculate a per treatment amount.

We proposed, for dates of service on or after January 1, 2021, calcimimetics would no longer be paid for under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA (§ 413.234(c)) and would be paid for through the ESRD PPS base rate and eligible for outlier payments as ESRD outlier services under § 413.237. We noted that the proposed methodology would only modify the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetic drugs. As stated in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69022), the TDAPA would be paid for a minimum of 2 years, during which time we would collect and analyze utilization data. At the end of that time, the drug would be included within its new functional category and the base rate would potentially be modified to account for the cost of the drug, depending upon what the utilization data show. Accordingly, we explained, our policy is to propose and adopt this methodology when including any future eligible new renal dialysis drugs and biological products into the ESRD PPS base rate through notice-and-comment rulemaking.

(1) Determining Utilization of Calcimimetics For use in the proposed calculation, we analyzed the utilization of both the oral and injectable forms of calcimimetics reported on the ESRD facility claims for CYs 2018 and 2019. ESRD facilities report this information to CMS on Medicare ESRD facility claims, that is, the 837-institutional form with bill type 072X. The oral calcimimetic is reported as HCPCS J0604 (Cinacalcet, oral, 1 mg, (for ESRD on dialysis)) and the injectable calcimimetic is reported as HCPCS J0606 (Injection, etelcalcetide, 0.1 mg), that is, one unit of J0604 is 1 mg, and one unit of J0606 is 0.1 mg. For purposes of this rate setting analysis, we considered utilization of calcimimetics as the units of the product furnished to an ESRD beneficiary. For the CY 2018 utilization data for calcimimetics, we proposed to use the latest available claims data based on the CY 2018 ESRD facility claims updated through June 30, 2019 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2018, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the National Claims History (NCH) File as of June 30, 2019) to calculate 2018 utilization.

Claims that are received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file are considered to be “complete” because they have been adjudicated. For the CY 2019 utilization data for calcimimetics, we proposed to use the latest available claims data based on the CY 2019 ESRD facility claims updated through January 31, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH File as of January 31, 2020). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42139), we stated that for the final rule, the latest available CY 2019 ESRD facility claims are those updated through June 30, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH File as of June 30, 2020). We explained that while we have continued to pay the TDAPA for calcimimetics for dates of service in CY 2020, we did not propose to use utilization data from this period because practice patterns in CY 2020 have been altered due to the alcoholism treatment antabuse and the resulting impact on data was unknown at that time. However, we noted that our policy to continue paying for calcimimetics using the TDAPA in CY 2020 allowed us to analyze 2 full years of adjudicated Medicare claims since CY 2019 claims include those claims from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019.

We solicited comments on the proposed use of CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data to determine the utilization of calcimimetics for purposes of calculating the proposed addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics at proposed § 413.234(f). We stated that we believed using claims data from CYs 2018 and 2019 is appropriate because those years provide us with not only the most complete data set, but also the most accurate data set reflecting paid claims. We also solicited comments as to whether we should instead use a single year (CY 2018 or CY 2019) rather than both CYs 2018 and 2019 in our methodology. (2) Pricing of Calcimimetics—Methodology We proposed to set the price for calcimimetics using values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public, at 100 percent of ASP (ASP + 0). As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the ASP-based value is a CMS-derived weighted average of all of the National Drug Code (NDC) sales prices submitted by drug manufacturers and assigned by CMS to the two existing HCPCS codes for calcimimetics.

For each billing code, CMS calculates a weighted average sales price using data submitted by manufacturers, which includes the following. ASP data at the 11-digit NDC level, the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold and the ASP for those units. Next, the number of billing units in an NDC is determined by the Start Printed Page 71406amount of drug in the package. CMS uses the following weighting methodology to determine the payment limit. (1) Sums the product of the manufacturer's ASP and the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold for each NDC assigned to the billing and payment code.

(2) divides this total by the sum of the product of the number of units of the 11-digit NDC sold and the number of billing units in that NDC for each NDC assigned to the billing and payment code, and (3) weights the ASP for an NDC by the number of billing units sold for that NDC. This calculation methodology is discussed in the CY 2009 Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) final rule (73 FR 69752). The general methodology for determining ASP-based payments for the PFS is authorized in section 1847A of the Act. We noted that ASP-based payment limits published in the quarterly ASP Drug Pricing files include a 6 percent add-on as required in section 1847A of the Act. However, consistent with the TDAPA basis of payment for CY 2020, we proposed to use 100 percent of the weighted ASP value, in other words, ASP + 0.

In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we noted that the ESRD PPS accounts for storage and administration costs and that ESRD facilities do not have acquisition price variation issues when compared to physicians. We explained that we believed ASP + 0 is reasonable for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that fall within an existing functional category because there are already dollars in the per treatment base rate for a new drug's respective category. We also explained that we believed ASP + 0 is a reasonable basis for payment for the TDAPA for new renal dialysis drugs and biological products that do not fall within the existing functional category because the ESRD PPS base rate has dollars built in for administrative complexities and overhead costs for drugs and biological products (83 FR 56946). As stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe using a value based on the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for both oral and injectable versions of the calcimimetics provides an accurate representation of the price of calcimimetics for ESRD facilities because it uses manufacturer sales information that includes discounts (that is, rebates, volume discounts, prompt payment, cash payment specified in section 1847A of the Act). Every calendar quarter, CMS publishes ASP-based payment limits for certain Part B drugs and biological products that are used for payment of such Part B covered drugs and biological products for a specific quarter.

The amount that we proposed to use for the base rate modifications associated with the oral and injectable versions of the calcimimetics is based on the most recent information on average sales prices net of discounts specified in section 1847A submitted by the manufacturers of each of the drugs. For the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public was the second quarter of 2020,[] and as a result of the two-quarter data lag this reflects manufacturer sales data submitted into CMS for the fourth quarter of 2019. We stated that for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available to the public would be the fourth quarter of 2020, which reflects manufacturer sales data submitted into CMS for the second quarter of 2020, and we would use that value for purposes of our final calculation. We proposed to update these prices by the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate update to reflect the estimated costs in CY 2021. That is, we would first add the calculated per treatment payment amount to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and then we would apply the annual payment rate update.

The proposed calculation for the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate is discussed in the following section. Therefore, we proposed to add § 413.234(f) to specify that CMS would use 100 percent of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for the oral and injectable calcimimetic to calculate a price for each form of the drug. We solicited comments on the proposed use of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics for setting the price and the proposed language at § 413.234(f). (3) Calculation of the Addition to the ESRD PPS Base Rate To Include Calcimimetics To calculate the proposed amount for calcimimetics that would be added to the ESRD PPS base rate, we applied the values from the most recent calendar quarter 2020 ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics to CYs 2018 and 2019 calcimimetic utilization data to calculate the calcimimetic expenditure amount for both years. As stated in the proposed rule and section II.B.1.c.(1) of this final rule, one unit of J0604 (oral calcimimetic, cinacalcet) is 1 mg and one unit of J0606 (injectable calcimimetic etelcalcetide) is 0.1 mg.

That is, we determined that 1,824,370,957 total units (mg) of oral calcimimetics were used in CYs 2018 and 2019. With regard to injectable calcimimetics, we determined that 306,714,207 total units (0.1 mg) were used in CYs 2018 and 2019. This use indicates that 33.9 percent of ESRD beneficiaries received calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019. For the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we used the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public, which at the time of rulemaking was the second quarter of 2020. This information can be found on the ESRD Payment website.

Https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​ESRD-Transitional-Drug. We used $0.231 per mg for the oral calcimimetic and $2.20 per 0.1 mg for the injectable calcimimetic. The prices per unit correspond to 1 mg and 0.1 mg for cinacalcet and etelcalcetide respectively. (We noted that, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, we would update the ASP + 0 based value on the most recent calendar quarter calculations available to the public.) Multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective ASP and then adding the expenditure amount for both forms of calcimimetics together would be the total 2-year (CYs 2018 and 2019) calculated calcimimetic expenditure amount. That is, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we calculated the total calcimimetic expenditure amount of $1,096,200,947.

The total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished to Medicare ESRD beneficiaries in CYs 2018 and 2019 was 90,014,098. This total number of paid treatments reflects all paid dialysis treatments regardless of whether a calcimimetic was furnished. Dividing the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments provides an average per treatment payment amount of $12.18. We then reduced this amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 to get a total of $12.06 ($12.18 × .99 = $12.06). Under our proposal, we would apply this 1 percent reduction before increasing the base rate to account for outlier payments that would be paid beginning January 1, 2021 for calcimimetics since they would become ESRD outlier services eligible Start Printed Page 71407for outlier payments under § 413.237.

As we discussed in the proposed rule and section II.B.1.c of this final rule, in developing the proposed methodology for including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate, we considered the methodology applied when we developed the ESRD PPS base rate. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49074 through 49075), we explained the budget neutrality adjustments applied to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for statutorily mandated reductions. Because calcimimetics would become ESRD outlier services beginning January 1, 2021, we focused on the outlier adjustment. That is, in CY 2011 we applied a 1 percent reduction to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for outlier payments. In order for the application of the 1 percent outlier to be maintained, we stated that we believe the 1 percent must be excluded from the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics.

Then, to determine the estimated costs in CY 2021 we proposed to inflate the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics ($12.06) to 2021 using the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate update. As discussed in section II.B.4.d of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42164), the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate was $255.59. This amount reflected a proposed CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .998652, a proposed base rate addition of $12.06 to include calcimimetics, and the proposed CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update of 1.8 percent. We stated that using the annual payment rate update effectively updates the prices set for calcimimetics from CY 2020 to CY 2021 because this is consistent with how the other components of the base rate are updated for inflation each year, which includes drugs. We noted, that the inflation factor used for drugs and biological products for the ESRD bundled market basket is the Producer Price Index as discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56958 through 56959).

Therefore, we proposed to add § 413.234(f) to specify that CMS would multiply the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective prices and add the expenditure amount for both forms together to calculate the total calcimimetic expenditure amount. Then, CMS would divide the total calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments in CYs 2018 and 2019, to calculate the average per-treatment payment amount. CMS would reduce the average per-treatment payment amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 in order to determine the amount added to the ESRD PPS base rate. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that, in keeping with the principles of a PPS, which include motivating healthcare providers to structure cost-effective, efficient patient care that avoids unnecessary services, thereby reining in costs, we believe the cost of the calcimimetics should be spread across all the dialysis treatments, rather than be directed only to the patients receiving the calcimimetics. We solicited comments on the proposed revisions to § 413.234 to add paragraph (f) to § 413.234 to establish the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

As an alternative methodology, we considered dividing the total Medicare expenditures for all calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019 (approximately $2.3 billion) by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished during that same time period. However, we noted that this approach would not factor in the impact of oral generic calcimimetics, which entered the market from late December 2018 through early January 2019. For example, under the proposed methodology, the ASP calculations incorporate the more recent pricing of the oral generic calcimimetics into the weighting which has resulted in a significant decline in the ASP-based value. In addition, this alternative methodology would not reflect our current policy to base the TDAPA on ASP + 0, since in CYs 2018 and 2019 we paid for calcimimetics using the TDAPA at ASP + 6. We stated that we believe it is more appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect the values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available since that aligns with how ESRD facilities would be purchasing and furnishing the oral calcimimetics rather than using expenditure data from previous periods.

We further stated that we believe that ESRD facilities would want to support CMS's goal of lower drug and biological products prices for its beneficiaries. In addition, we noted, this alternative methodology would have a more significant impact on beneficiary cost sharing in terms of a higher 20 percent co-pay than the methodology in the proposed rule. We solicited comment on this alternative methodology, which would entail dividing the total Medicare expenditures (that is, actual spend) for all calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019 by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished during that same time period. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed methodology for including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate are set forth below. Comment.

The majority of commenters recommended that CMS trim the analysis data set to exclude data that is not representative of steady utilization trends. The commenters were supportive of CMS collecting 2 full years of data for rate-setting purposes, but disagreed with the methodology to incorporate the full data set into the analysis. Specifically, the commenters recommended CMS remove CY 2018 claims utilization from the analysis because it includes early utilization data from CY 2018, the first year that CMS began paying for calcimimetics under the ESRD PPS using the TDAPA. Commenters described various changes occurring with regard to calcimimetics, including changes in prescriber behavior, facility operational systems, and the use of oral and IV calcimimetic products. The commenters asserted that the following factors make utilization data from 2018 inaccurate because the data fails to account for.

(1) Slow adoption of the intravenous form of calcimimetics due to the change in payment for the drugs under Part D to Part B. (2) the time it takes for ESRD facilities to adopt new treatment methods. And (3) a recent steady increase in clinical utilization. The commenters stated that the first quarter of 2018 is not an accurate depiction of utilization because many beneficiaries had a supply of oral calcimimetics that was paid under the Part D benefit from 2017, being used at the start of 2018, which reduced utilization under Part B. The commenters also stated that moving the payment from Medicare Part D to Part B disrupted business and billing practices for ESRD facilities.

The commenters maintained that small and independent ESRD facilities had a difficult time incorporating calcimimetics into clinical practice compared to larger and hospital-based facilities. The commenters explained that ESRD facilities usually need a longer time to institute system modifications and adjust business practices when new treatment methods become available. The commenters stated that in the beginning of 2018 the new intravenous form of calcimimetics was approved for treatment, and clinical adoption has been gradual because it was a new form of treatment, which is evidenced by Start Printed Page 71408very low utilization in the early part of CY 2018 followed by steady growth throughout the year, as shown in the Part B claims data. The commenters stated that, while use of the intravenous drug increased each quarter in 2018, the pace of that increase flattened out during CY 2019. The commenters stated that due to these challenges and shifts in utilization, they believed that claims data from CY 2018 reflected lower units of calcimimetics being reported.

A few commenters who disagreed with including CY 2018 claims in the analysis, suggested CMS trim the first and second quarter of 2018 utilization data from the data set. However, another subset of commenters recommended CMS remove the entire year of 2018 data and use CY 2019 data only, since their analysis shows that year of data to be stable. The majority of the commenters who disagreed with including the CY 2018 data recommended that CMS use the most recent 12 months for which complete claims data are available for rate-setting purposes. In addition, the commenters asserted that using the most recent utilization data would align with the proposed approach to use the most recent ASP. MedPAC supported increasing the ESRD PPS base rate to include the costs of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

However, MedPAC recommended refinements to CMS's proposed methodology to use units reported on claims from both CYs 2018 and 2019 to determine utilization for calcimimetics. MedPAC recommended that CMS use only the single year of claims data that would result in the lowest add-on payment amount for these products. MedPAC stated that this approach would be consistent with the methodology used to establish the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2011, as required under MIPPA, which provided that the estimated amount of total payments under the ESRD PPS for 2011 must be made based on the lowest per patient utilization data from 2007, 2008, or 2009. (Based on CMS's analysis in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule, claims data from CY 2007 reflected the lowest utilization of ESRD services.) MedPAC noted the increase of utilization in ESAs prior to the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule and recommended that our methodology to include calcimimetics in the base rate be consistent with the lowest per patient utilization methodology. Therefore, MedPAC recommended that CMS use the year that would result in the lowest average payment amount per treatment for calcimimetics.

Response. We appreciate the feedback on our proposal and the viewpoints expressed by the commenters. Based on the recommendations we received to use a single year or the most recent 12 months of claims data, we re-examined the most recently available data. First, an approach that uses the most recent 12 months of claims data would result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both 2018 and 2019 data are used. Second, using the most recent 12 months of claims data would not sufficiently capture the developments with calcimimetics that took place at the end of 2018.

For these reasons, we believe this is not the better approach. Next, using only 2019 claims data would diminish the impact of the entry of oral generic calcimimetics into the market in mid-2018. In examining the 2 full years of data, we see a continued increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs, a steep decline in the brand-name oral calcimimetic, and a slow increase in the brand-name injectable version. Using only CY 2019 claims data would also result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both CYs 2018 and 2019 data are used. We recognize the 2018 claims data may have demonstrated low uptake for the injectable calcimimetic, but it also may reflect that the significant upswings in utilization of the injectable calcimimetic in 2019 were from ESRD facilities anticipating CMS ending the TDAPA for calcimimetics beginning January 2020.

As MedPAC noted, when the ESRD PPS was implemented in 2011, there had been a pattern of ESA overutilization before the ESRD PPS bundled payment was implemented and a decline in utilization of ESAs post-implementation of the ESRD PPS that required a rebasing of the amount included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment for ESAs. We believe it is appropriate to consider both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics, following the loss of the exclusivity of the brand name product in addition to the anticipation of the TDAPA ending in 2019. If we used only CY 2019 data, we believe that we would be overestimating the use of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. For these reasons, we also believe using only 2019 claims data for rate setting is not the better approach. Lastly, we examined an approach that would take into account some commenters' request for the lowest add-on payment amount, other commenters' request to focus on more recent data, and CMS's goal to use a robust data set that accounts for the different types of medication and innovation.

For this approach, we examined 18 months of claims data starting with the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019. In reviewing the 18 months of data, we continue to capture the increase in the utilization of the oral generic calcimimetic drugs and the decline in the brand-name oral calcimimetic, which, as we noted above, was apparent to us when we examined the full 2 years of data. Using the 18 months of data from the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 would result in a base rate increase that is larger than when both CYs 2018 and 2019 data are used, but smaller than when only CY 2019 is used. We believe the data set should reflect both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics. We also believe that the commenters are reasonable in wanting to incorporate more recent data in the utilization, and view the use of 18 months of data as a mid-point between the proposal and what commenters suggested is appropriate.

Accordingly, we have concluded that using 18 months of claims data is the most appropriate approach. We also agree with commenters that there have been shifts in the utilization of calcimimetics. We believe that the shifts in utilization reveal a rapidly changing market. We plan to revisit the calcimimetic Medicare expenditures in the future, such as when a generic injectable comes on the market. We believe using 18 months of claims data provides us with the most accurate data set reflecting paid claims for generic and brand-name oral calcimimetic, along with the injectable calcimimetic.

Therefore, for this final rule, we used adjudicated claims from the third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 in the final calculation of the modification to the base rate. For the CY 2018 utilization data for calcimimetics, we used the latest available claims data based on the third and fourth quarters of CY 2018 ESRD facility claims, updated through June 30, 2019 (that is, claims with dates of service from July 1 through December 31, 2018, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file as of June 30, 2019). For CY 2019 utilization data, we used the latest available CY 2019 ESRD facility claims, updated through June 30, 2020 (that is, claims with dates of service from January 1 through December 31, 2019, that were received, processed, paid, and passed to the NCH file as of June 30, 2020). Comment. MedPAC recommended that we set the price for calcimimetics Start Printed Page 71409using values from the calendar quarter of ASP data that would result in the lowest total expenditures for these drugs, at ASP+0.

MedPAC also stated that using the most recent calendar quarter of 2020 ASP data would best reflect the increasing use of oral generic calcimimetics, which entered the market in late December 2018, and how ESRD facilities are likely to purchase and furnish the oral calcimimetics in the future. MedPAC recommended this methodology because it is consistent with how CMS bases the price for calcimimetics under current regulations. MedPAC strongly supported pricing for calcimimetics under the proposed methodology at ASP+0. The majority of the commenters recommended that CMS calculate the price using the most recent quarter ASP data available at ASP+6 because they believed this would more accurately reflect the cost ESRD facilities incur when purchasing and administering these drugs. Commenters stated that most small and independent providers experience less favorable acquisition costs for calcimimetics than other provider types, with costs that exceed 100 percent of ASP.

The commenters stated that CMS's methodology should account for actual acquisition costs incurred by providers, especially small and independent providers with limited resources, and for these reasons, recommended that the methodology be refined to add the price for calcimimetics at ASP+6 rather than ASP+0. Response. We appreciate the feedback we received from the commenters with regard to our proposal to base pricing for calcimimetics at ASP+0. We agree with MedPAC that ASP+0 is appropriate as the basis for calcimimetics. Although some commenters suggested that the base pricing for calcimimetics should be ASP + 6, we believe this would be a duplicative payment because the 6 percent accounts for storage and administration of drugs and drug products, along with routine administrative costs, and these costs are already included in the ESRD PPS base rate.

We understand the concerns expressed by the commenters about ASP, and the difficulties that small ESRD facilities may encounter if they are unable to negotiate the lower drug prices attributed to volume, and inaccessibility to supply chain discounts. However, we do not think this overrides the concern about providing duplicative payment. As we discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56945), the intent of the TDAPA is to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of the drugs and biological products that are eligible for the add-on payment adjustment. In addition to the reasons discussed previously, and since our payment policy for the TDAPA is based on ASP+0, we believe basing the price for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate on ASP+0 is appropriate and consistent with our policy. Therefore we are finalizing as proposed.

Comment. A few commenters recommended CMS create a methodology for a beneficiary-targeted add-on payment to the ESRD PPS base rate. The commenters recommended a targeted adjustment for the oral calcimimetic and a separate adjustment for the intravenous calcimimetic, given that only a subset of beneficiaries receive calcimimetics and the costs of calcimimetics would be targeted to only beneficiaries receiving the drug. MedPAC agreed with our proposal to spread the cost of calcimimetics across all dialysis treatments, rather than just for the treatments of beneficiaries receiving the drugs. Response.

The ESRD PPS is a payment system based on the “average patient,” which means it is based on the costs of the average patient. Currently, payment under the ESRD PPS is not targeted towards patients who utilize specific drugs, items, or services. Our proposed methodology would result in a flat increase to the base rate for all treatments and would not vary when facilities use more or less than the average amount. We believe the proposed methodology aligns with how other services are paid under the bundled payment system and reflects the average cost for furnishing renal dialysis services to patients. Therefore, we are finalizing this aspect of our proposal as proposed.

Comment. A few commenters disagreed with the proposed methodology to reduce the average per-treatment payment amount by 1 percent. The commenters stated that it would be harder for ESRD facilities to meet the eligibility requirements for outlier payments in CY 2021 and beyond. Response. Beginning January 1, 2021, calcimimetics are eligible for outlier payments.

In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule, we applied a 1 percent reduction to the unadjusted ESRD PPS base rate to account for outlier payments. An ESRD facility that treats beneficiaries with unusually high resource requirements, as measured by their use of identified services beyond a specified threshold, is entitled to outlier payments. In order for the application of the 1 percent outlier to be maintained, we believe 1 percent must be excluded from the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics. We continue to believe that a 1 percent outlier payment adjustment balances the need to pay for unusually costly resource-intensive cases, while also ensuring an adequate add-on to the base rate for beneficiaries who do not qualify for outlier payments. Therefore, we are finalizing this aspect of our proposal as proposed.

Comment. Some commenters stated that CMS should not use the alternative method discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, under which total calcimimetic expenditures would be divided by the total number of HD-equivalent dialysis treatments in 2018 and 2019. The commenters stated that the alternative method expenditures for calcimimetics is based upon the previous policy of paying ASP+6 percent and does not reflect ASP+0. The commenters stated that the alternative method would likely result in a much higher increase to the base rate, which in turn would result in higher cost-sharing for beneficiaries. The commenters agreed that the alternative method does not factor in the impact of the oral generic calcimimetics, whereas the proposed methodology incorporates the recent pricing of oral generic calcimimetics into the weighting.

Response. We agree with the commenters' assessment of the alternative methodology, that it does not factor in the impact of oral generic calcimimetics and does not reflect ASP+0, and we are not adopting it in this final rule. We continue to believe that it is more appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect the values from the most recent calendar quarter of ASP calculations available, since that aligns with how ESRD facilities would be purchasing and furnishing the oral calcimimetics, rather than using expenditure data from previous periods. Further, including the higher payment for oral calcimimetics that have lower priced generic equivalents is not in keeping with the agency's overall goals of lowering drug prices. Comment.

We received several comments that were beyond the scope of the proposed rule. Some commenters stated that CMS should apply the 3-year data collection policy to all TDAPA-eligible therapies in the future because it is critical for CMS to have 2-full calendar years of claims data (which requires 3 years of payment of the TDAPA to address data lags) to enable an appropriate understanding of actual product utilization in clinical care. Response. Currently, the TDAPA payment is applicable for a minimum period of 2 years. For new drugs and biological products that are eligible for the TDAPA in the future and are not considered included in the ESRD PPS Start Printed Page 71410base rate, CMS will continue to require that the TDAPA is paid until sufficient claims data for rate setting analysis is available, as required by the regulations.

When a new renal dialysis drug or biological product is already included in a functional category, then the purpose of the TDAPA is to facilitate uptake of the new product into the business process of the ESRD facility. Although we would collect the data for purposes of analyzing utilization, we would not collect it for purposes of a potential modification to the base rate. Therefore we would not need 3 years of data for those drugs. Comment. Some commenters stated concerns with the payment increase to the patient's out-of-pocket cost due to the proposed increase to the ESRD PPS bundled payment for calcimimetics, and recommended CMS keep the financial burden to the beneficiary population in consideration.

Response. We understand that beneficiary coinsurance is a concern. When evaluating the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate for calcimimetics, we were cognizant of the burden of beneficiary co-insurance and worked to strike a balance with beneficiary need for access at a reasonable price, and supporting a new therapy for a significant portion of the dialysis population. We believe the final policy for the inclusion of dollars in the base rate strikes the balance we are seeking. Final Rule Action.

After consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing § 413.234 to add paragraph (f), which establishes the methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, as proposed, with one modification. We are using claims data from the third quarter of CY 2018 through the fourth quarter of CY 2019, instead of CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data, to determine the utilization of calcimimetics for purposes of our methodology. Specifically, to calculate the final amount for calcimimetics to be added to the ESRD PPS base rate beginning January 1, 2021, we applied the values from the most recent calendar quarter 2020 ASP + 0 calculations available to the public for calcimimetics to the utilization period of third quarter of 2018 through the fourth quarter of 2019 to calculate the calcimimetic expenditure amount for 18 months. We determined that 1,350,414,515 total units (mg) of oral calcimimetics were used from Q3 2018 through Q4 2019. With regard to injectable calcimimetics, we determined that 280,998,916 total units (0.1 mg) were used from Q3 2018 through Q4 2019.

We used the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP + 0 calculations available to the public, which is the fourth quarter of 2020. We used $0.085 per mg for the oral calcimimetic and $2.023 per 0.1 mg for the injectable calcimimetic. The prices per unit correspond to 1 mg and 0.1 mg for cinacalcet and etelcalcetide, respectively. Multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics by their respective ASP and then adding the expenditure amount for both forms of calcimimetics together results in the total 18-months (Q3 2018 through Q4 2019) calculated calcimimetic expenditure amount. That is, for this final rule, we calculated the total calcimimetic expenditure amount to be $683,246,041.

The total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished to Medicare ESRD beneficiaries from the third quarter of CY 2018 through the fourth quarter of CY 2019 was 68,148,651. This total number of paid treatments reflects all paid dialysis treatments regardless of whether a calcimimetic was furnished. Dividing the calcimimetic expenditure amount by the total number of paid HD-equivalent dialysis treatments provides an average per treatment payment amount of $10.03. We then reduced this amount by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237 to get a total of $9.93 ($10.03 × .99 = $9.93). Due to the effect of generic calcimimetics in lowering the drug prices for calcimimetics, $9.93 is the final amount added to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

2. Changes to the TPNIES Eligibility Criteria a. Background In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60681 through 60698), CMS established a transitional add-on payment adjustment for certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS, under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv) of the Act, in order to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to these new technologies. We established this payment adjustment to help address the unique circumstances experienced by ESRD facilities when incorporating new and innovative equipment and supplies into their businesses and to support ESRD facilities transitioning or testing these products during the period when they are new to market. We added § 413.236 to establish the eligibility criteria and payment policies for the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies, which we call the TPNIES.

We established in § 413.236(b) that for dates of service occurring on or after January 1, 2020, CMS will provide the TPNIES to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. (1) Has been designated by CMS as a renal dialysis service under § 413.171, (2) is new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, (3) is commercially available by January 1 of the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect, (4) has a HCPCS application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year, (5) is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) and related guidance, and (6) is not a capital-related asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired). Regarding the innovation requirement in § 413.236(b)(5), in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60690), we stated that CMS will use the following criteria to evaluate substantial clinical improvement (SCI) for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS, based on the inpatient hospital prospective payment system (IPPS) SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1) and related guidance. Section 412.87(b)(1) includes the criteria used under the IPPS new technology add-on payment (NTAP) to determine whether a new technology represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. The totality of the circumstances is considered when making a determination that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries.

A determination that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries means one of the following. The new renal dialysis equipment or supply offers a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments. OrStart Printed Page 71411 The new renal dialysis equipment or supply offers the ability to diagnose a medical condition in a patient population where that medical condition is currently undetectable, or offers the ability to diagnose a medical condition earlier in a patient population than allowed by currently available methods, and there must also be evidence that use of the new renal dialysis service to make a diagnosis affects the management of the patient. Or The use of the new renal dialysis equipment or supply significantly improves clinical outcomes relative to renal dialysis services previously available as demonstrated by one or more of the following. (1) A reduction in at least one clinically significant adverse event, including a reduction in mortality or a clinically significant complication.

(2) a decreased rate of at least one subsequent diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. (3) a decreased number of future hospitalizations or physician visits. (4) a more rapid beneficial resolution of the disease process treatment including, but not limited to, a reduced length of stay or recovery time. (5) an improvement in one or more activities of daily living. (6) an improved quality of life.

Or (7) a demonstrated greater medication adherence or compliance. Or, The totality of the circumstances otherwise demonstrates that the new renal dialysis equipment or supply substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Evidence from the following published or unpublished information sources from within the United States (U.S.) or elsewhere may be sufficient to establish that a new renal dialysis equipment or supply represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Clinical trials, peer reviewed journal articles. Study results.

Meta-analyses. Consensus statements. White papers. Patient surveys. Case studies.

Reports. Systematic literature reviews. Letters from major healthcare associations. Editorials and letters to the editor. And public comments.

Other appropriate information sources may be considered. The medical condition diagnosed or treated by the new renal dialysis equipment or supply may have a low prevalence among Medicare beneficiaries. The new renal dialysis equipment or supply may represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of a subpopulation of patients with the medical condition diagnosed or treated by the new renal dialysis equipment or supply. We also established a process modeled after IPPS's process of determining if a new medical service or technology meets the SCI criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1). Specifically, similar to the IPPS NTAP, we wanted to align our goals with the agency's efforts to transform the healthcare delivery system for the ESRD beneficiary through competition and innovation to provide patients with better value and results.

As we discuss in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60682), we believe it is appropriate to facilitate access to new and innovative equipment and supplies through add-on payments similar to the IPPS NTAP program and to provide innovators with standard criteria for both inpatient and outpatient settings. In § 413.236(c), we established a process for our announcement of TPNIES determinations and a deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications under the ESRD PPS. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b) and summarize the applications received in the annual ESRD PPS proposed rules. Then, after consideration of public comments, we will announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual updates and changes to the ESRD PPS in the ESRD PPS final rule. The TPNIES applications for CY 2021 were discussed in section II.C.2 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as well as section II.C.2 of this final rule.

CMS will only consider a complete application received by CMS by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect, and FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year. We stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 60690) that we would establish a workgroup of CMS medical and other staff to review the studies and papers submitted as part of the TPNIES application, the public comments we receive, and the FDA marketing authorization and HCPCS application information and assess the extent to which the product provides SCI over current technologies. We established § 413.236(d) to provide a payment adjustment for a new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply. Section 413.236(d)(1) states that the TPNIES is paid for 2-calendar years. Section 413.236(d)(2) provides that, following payment of the TPNIES, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will become an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237.

Under § 413.236(e)(1), the Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs), on behalf of CMS, will establish prices for the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that meet the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b) using verifiable information from the following sources of information, if available. (1) The invoice amount, facility charges for the item, discounts, allowances, and rebates. (2) the price established for the item by other MACs and the sources of information used to establish that price. (3) payment amounts determined by other payers and the information used to establish those payment amounts. And (4) charges and payment amounts required for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant.

B. Changes to Eligibility for the TPNIES Currently, in § 413.236(b)(2), one eligibility requirement for the TPNIES is that an equipment or supply must be new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020. In establishing this requirement, we tied what is considered new to January 1, 2020, the effective date of the TPNIES policy. We explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60685) that by including FDA marketing authorizations on or after January 1, 2020, we intended to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to renal dialysis equipment and supplies. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, while we continue to believe it is appropriate to tie the newness requirement to the date of the FDA marketing authorization for the reasons discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we do not believe newness should be tied to the effective date of the TPNIES policy going forward, for the reasons discussed below.

In addition, we believe this eligibility criterion should address when an equipment or supply is no longer considered new. Under the current requirement at § 413.236(b)(2), we could receive an application for the TPNIES for equipment and supplies many years after FDA marketing authorization, when the equipment is no longer new. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38353), while we proposed to define new renal dialysis equipment Start Printed Page 71412and supplies as those that are granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, we also solicited comment on whether a different FDA marketing authorization date, for example, on or after January 1, 2019, might be appropriate. We explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60688 through 60689) that while some commenters expressed support for the proposed definition, most of the comments were focused on the merits of establishing a date for newness that precedes the effective date of the TPNIES policy and whether all renal dialysis equipment and supplies must seek FDA marketing authorization. None of the comments addressed whether tying TPNIES eligibility to the TPNIES policy effective date or any fixed date would limit the TPNIES to new and innovative equipment and supplies.

After careful consideration of these comments, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the proposed definition of new to mean the renal dialysis equipment or supply was granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020. We stated that while we appreciated that manufacturers of renal dialysis equipment and supplies that were granted FDA marketing authorization in prior years would want these products to be eligible for the TPNIES, our goal is not to provide a payment adjustment for all the products that have received FDA marketing authorization or for products that have had limited market uptake, but rather to establish an add-on payment adjustment for certain new and innovative products in order to support uptake by ESRD facilities of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies. In addition, we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule that we appreciated the complex issues the commenters raised if we were to select an earlier FDA marketing authorization date, and believed our approach will avoid the need to address those issues. We noted that the ESRD PPS is a prospective payment system, in which changes are generally made prospectively, including eligibility requirements for add-on payment adjustments. In addition, we noted that this FDA marketing authorization date of January 1, 2020 or later is consistent with the TDAPA's definition of a new renal dialysis drug or biological product.

As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42142 through 42143), we no longer believe an item should be considered new, based on the TPNIES policy effective date of January 1, 2020. Rather, we believe that it is important for the TPNIES policy to provide a window of time when a new renal dialysis equipment or supply is considered new to provide transparency to potential applicants. We noted that, under the proposal, the TPNIES policy would still be effective as of January 1, 2020 and therefore no equipment or supply receiving FDA marketing authorization before January 1, 2020 would be eligible for the TPNIES. However, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(2) to remove “on or after January 1, 2020” and to reflect the definition of new to mean, within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization. By defining new in this manner, we would be giving entities wishing to apply for the TPNIES for their equipment or supply 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in which to submit their applications, while still limiting eligibility for the TPNIES to new technologies.

We proposed a 3-year newness window to be consistent with the timeframes under the IPPS NTAP requirements in § 412.87(b)(2). Under the NTAP, new technologies are considered to be new for 2 to 3 years after the point at which data begin to become available reflecting the inpatient hospital code assigned to the new service or technology. We noted that under the hospital outpatient PPS the pass-through payment application for a medical device must also be submitted within 3 years from the date of the initial FDA approval or clearance, if required, unless there is a documented, verifiable delay in U.S. Market availability after FDA approval or clearance is granted, in which case CMS will consider the pass-through payment application if it is submitted within 3 years from the date of market availability. In addition, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b) to remove “For dates of service occurring on or after January 1, 2020” and to revise § 413.236(a) to reflect the January 1, 2020 effective date of the TPNIES policy finalized in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule.

We also proposed other revisions to this paragraph, which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(1) of this final rule. We sought comment on our proposal to define new for purposes of the TPNIES eligibility as within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization. In addition, we stated that we understood there may be situations in which a manufacturer has FDA marketing authorization for an item, but the process of manufacturing the item has been delayed, for example, by a PHE, such as the current alcoholism treatment antabuse. Therefore, we also sought comment on the number of years for an item to be considered new, or if newness should be based on different criteria such as the later of marketing availability or the date of FDA marketing authorization. Currently, § 413.236(b)(4) requires applicants for the TPNIES to have a HCPCS application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year.

Section 413.236(c) currently requires applicants for TPNIES to have the FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year. After publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, CMS updated its HCPCS Level II coding procedures to enable shorter and more frequent HCPCS code application cycles. Beginning in January 2020, CMS implemented quarterly HCPCS code application opportunities for drugs and biological products, and biannual application opportunities for durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies (DMEPOS) and other non-drug, non-biological items and services. As the Administrator of CMS announced [] in May 2019, this change is part of CMS' broader, comprehensive initiative to foster innovation and expedite adoption of and patient access to new medical technologies. CMS' delivery on this important goal necessitated procedural changes that balance the need to code more frequently with the amount of time necessary to accurately process applications.

CMS has released two documents with detailed information on the updated HCPCS Level II coding procedures, application instructions, and deadlines for 2020. Both documents, HCPCS Level II Coding Procedures [] , and HCPCS Level II Code Modification Application Instructions for the 2020 Coding Cycle [] are available on the CMS website. Under the new guidance, coding cycles for DMEPOS items and services will occur no less frequently than biannually. For 2020, the deadline for HCPCS Level II code applications for biannual Coding Cycle 1 for DMEPOS items and services was January 6, 2020 with issuance of final code decisions occurring July 2020. Start Printed Page 71413These final code decisions are effective October 1, 2020.

For biannual Coding Cycle 2, the code application deadline for DMEPOS items and services is June 29, 2020 with issuance of final code decisions occurring January 2021 or earlier. These final code decisions are effective April 1, 2021. These dates are specific for 2020 and may change annually. Specific dates for biannual Coding Cycles 1 and 2 for future years will be published on the HCPCS website annually. Under the new biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services, in order to obtain a final HCPCS Level II code decision by January 1, 2021, the applicant must have submitted a complete HCPCS Level II code application along with the FDA marketing authorization documentation to CMS by June 29, 2020.

In light of the change to biannual coding cycles, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we reassessed the TPNIES eligibility criterion in § 413.236(b)(4), which is related to submission of the HCPCS Level II code application as well as § 413.236(c), which discusses the deadlines for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications and found that they conflict with the current HCPCS Level II coding guidelines. Because our HCPCS Level II coding guidelines require that applicants submit complete code applications for DMEPOS items and services to CMS by the deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website in order for a final HCPCS Level II code decision to be made by the following January 1 and require that documentation of FDA marketing authorization be submitted by the applicant to CMS by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline, we proposed to align the TPNIES regulation at § 413.236(b)(4) and (c) with these guidelines. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42144) that we believe this alignment would provide consistency across CMS processes and transparency on deadlines for applicants for the TPNIES. We further stated that in the event of a delay in the final HCPCS Level II coding decision, a miscellaneous code will be used in the interim until a final coding decision is made. We also proposed to correct a technical error in § 413.236(b)(4), which requires the HCPCS application to be submitted by September 1 “of” the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect.

As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42144), in accordance with the TPNIES policy, we would need to have the HCPCS application submitted “prior to” the particular calendar year to be able to make a determination of TPNIES eligibility for payment to occur in the particular calendar year. Therefore, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) to add the word “complete” and to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website,” and replace the word “of” with “prior to” to reflect that the HCPCS code application for biannual Coding Cycle 2 must be complete and submitted as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year. We explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that this HCPCS application submission deadline for a HCPCS Level II code application may result in a final HCPCS code determination by January 1, when the TPNIES payment would begin. We noted that, for 2020 biannual Coding Cycle 2, final decisions on HCPCS Level II codes issued by January 1, 2021 are not effective until April 1, 2021. For this reason, during this interim period, we proposed to use a miscellaneous HCPCS code to provide the TPNIES payment.

We stated that in the event of a delay in the final HCPCS Level II coding decision, a miscellaneous code will be used in the interim until the later effective date. In addition, we proposed a technical change to § 413.236(b)(4) to be consistent with how CMS references the HCPCS Level II coding procedures. That is, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) from “official Level II HCPCS coding procedures” to “HCPCS Level II coding procedures on the CMS website”. In addition, we proposed to revise § 413.236(c) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website” to reflect that FDA marketing authorization for the new and innovative equipment or supply must accompany the HCPCS application prior to the particular calendar year in order for the item to qualify for the TPNIES in the next calendar year. Although applicants for the TPNIES may submit a TPNIES application while the equipment or supply is undergoing the FDA marketing authorization process (since the deadline for the TPNIES application is February 1), under our proposal, FDA marketing authorization of the equipment or supply must be granted prior to the HCPCS Level II code application deadline.

If FDA marketing authorization is not granted prior to the HCPCS Level II code application deadline, the TPNIES application would be denied and the applicant would need to reapply and submit an updated application by February 1 of the following year or within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization, in accordance with the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b)(2) discussed previously in this final rule. Currently, § 413.236(b)(5) requires that the new equipment or supply be innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter and related guidance. As discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this final rule, § 412.87(b)(1) includes the criteria used under the IPPS NTAP to determine whether a new technology represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to technologies previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. In § 413.236(b)(5) we adopted the same SCI criteria to determine if a new renal dialysis equipment or supply is innovative for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS. We also stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60690) our intention to adopt any future modifications to the IPPS SCI criteria so that innovators would have standard criteria to meet for both settings.

While we adopted the IPPS SCI criteria under § 412.87(b)(1), we did not adopt the alternative pathway for breakthrough devices (84 FR 42296) under the ESRD PPS. In the fiscal year (FY) 2020 IPPS final rule (84 FR 42180 through 42181), CMS codified additional SCI criteria that had been included in manuals and other sub-regulatory guidance. In accordance with the reference to § 412.87(b)(1), we adopted the FY 2020 IPPS changes to the SCI criteria, and any future changes to the SCI criteria, by reference, unless and until we make any changes to the criteria through notice-and-comment rulemaking. Although the codification of the related guidance for the IPPS SCI occurred prior to the publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we inadvertently included a reference to related guidance in § 413.236(b)(5). Therefore, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has now been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1).

The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed changes Start Printed Page 71414to the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES are set forth below. Comment. Several national associations of dialysis stakeholders, including organizations representing large dialysis organizations (LDO) and non-profit facilities, expressed support for the proposal to change the current definition of “new” to give entities wishing to apply for the TPNIES 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in which to submit their applications. An LDO requested that CMS monitor this window to ensure that 3 years is sufficient to allow manufacturers time to gather high-quality evidence of SCI for their technologies. However, a software company that developed a renal product that has demonstrated SCI, but was approved by the FDA almost 7 years ago, commented that 3 years is not long enough for its product to qualify for TPNIES consideration.

The software company asked CMS to consider a longer period of eligibility for the TPNIES primarily because the dialysis industry is slow to uptake innovations. The company suggested that CMS could extend the window selectively if the applicant can show that an innovative technology has no other FDA-authorized counterpart with similar technology. The software company asserted that by lengthening the period of eligibility for the TPNIES program, with added criteria to maintain a high level of selectivity, CMS would allow that company and other worthy innovators to receive the TPNIES. The company asked that CMS consider making changes to the eligibility criteria for TPNIES that will open up the potential for providers to receive reimbursement for the use of technologies that can still be proven to be innovative and demonstrate SCI even though their FDA authorization is beyond the 3-year period. Response.

We appreciate the commenters' support for the proposal and want to point out that TPNIES applicants may submit an application while the equipment or supply is pending marketing authorization by the FDA, however, FDA marketing authorization must be submitted with the HCPCS application. We believe that 3 years is sufficient time for manufacturers to gather high-quality evidence of SCI for their product and establish their manufacturing, marketing, and distribution strategies. This is consistent with the period of time during which qualifying items and services under the Hospital Inpatient Prospective Payment System NTAP are considered new. We intend to monitor the process to ensure we provide the TPNIES to new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies. Regarding the suggestion that CMS extend the window of TPNIES eligibility if the applicant can show an innovative technology has no other FDA-authorized counterpart with similar technology, we thank the commenter for this input.

We did not propose this policy in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, but will take this into consideration for future rulemaking. Comment. Several national associations of dialysis stakeholders, including organizations representing LDOs and non-profit facilities, expressed support for the proposal to align the TPNIES with the new biannual Coding Cycle 2 application deadline as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website. One commenter pointed out the alignment of the TPNIES and HCPCS processes can promote developer and manufacturer confidence by enabling them to better navigate multiple processes, specifically, marketing authorization at the FDA and HCPCS coding at CMS, both critical to bringing a product to market. Response.

We appreciate the support for the proposal. Comment. We did not receive comments on the proposed technical change to § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1). However, several commenters expressed their views about the SCI criteria. While most commenters expressed support for the use of the SCI criteria to target the increase in Medicare payments and beneficiary coinsurance to clinically meaningful and innovative items, others stated that the criteria are overly restrictive.

One commenter stated that some of the SCI criteria do not seem relevant to home dialysis machines and suggested that the user-friendly nature of these devices should be considered in the SCI criteria. Several commenters requested that CMS establish a two-way process for the review of evidence for TPNIES applicants that allows for rapid patient access to new and innovative products and that CMS provide reasonable and clear parameters in discussions with applicants on the types of evidence and studies technical expert panel reviewers want to see. Several organizations recommended that the TPNIES process follow the NTAP program and exempt home dialysis devices classified as “breakthrough” by the FDA from the SCI requirement for the two-year TPNIES period. One association asserted that requiring these devices to navigate approval processes in both the FDA and CMS creates another disincentive to parties entering the kidney care arena. Another commenter stated that evaluation of home dialysis machines is not the same as evaluation of medications by the FDA where the evidence of efficacy and safety can be readily attributed to medication exposure.

The commenter noted that, in evaluating home dialysis machines, clinical outcomes cannot be so readily attributed to the machine itself because the effect of a home dialysis prescription is a complex function of three factors. The technical specifications of the machine. The dialysis prescription. And how patients and care partners interact with the machine. The commenter disagreed with an exclusive focus on clinical outcomes in evaluating TPNIES applications and suggested an approach that involves evaluation of whether the home dialysis machine improves access to home dialysis, the length of home dialysis, and clinical outcomes.

Response. We note that the SCI criteria were put into regulation with the establishment of the TPNIES in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule. We did not propose changes to § 413.236(b)(5) beyond the technical change described previously or to the SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1). We note that, as we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60691), since renal dialysis services are routinely furnished to hospital inpatients and outpatients, we believe the same SCI criteria should be used to assess whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply warrants additional payment under the ESRD PPS. However, we appreciate the information provided by the commenters and will take the comments regarding SCI criteria for the TPNIES into consideration in future rulemaking.

Final Rule Action. After consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing the changes to § 413.236(b) introductory text, (b)(2) through (5), and (c), as proposed, with the following modification. As we stated previously, we proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(4) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website.” However, we inadvertently omitted the word “items” from the proposed regulation text. In this final rule, we are adding the word “items” to § 413.236(b)(4) consistent with our proposal.Start Printed Page 71415 3. Expansion of the TPNIES for New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient a.

Background In response to the proposed expansion of the TDAPA in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we received several comments regarding payment under the ESRD PPS for certain new, innovative equipment and supplies used in the treatment of ESRD. For example, as we described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56972), a device manufacturer and device manufacturer association asked CMS to establish a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new FDA devices that have received FDA marketing authorization. They commented on the lack of new devices that have received FDA marketing authorization for use in an ESRD facility, highlighting the need to promote dialysis device innovation. Other commenters, including a professional association and a LDO urged CMS and other relevant policymakers to prioritize the development of a clear pathway to add new devices to the ESRD PPS bundled payment (83 FR 56973). A home dialysis patient group also expressed concern regarding the absence of a pathway for adding new devices to the ESRD PPS bundled payment, stating that it left investors and industry wary of investing in the development of new devices for patients.

In response, we expressed appreciation for the commenters' thoughts regarding payment for new and innovative devices, and stated that because we did not include any proposals regarding this issue in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we considered these suggestions to be beyond the scope of that rule. However, in response to this feedback, in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38354 through 38355), we agreed that additional payment for certain renal dialysis equipment and supplies may be warranted under specific circumstances. We proposed to provide the TPNIES for certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies furnished by ESRD facilities, but excluded from eligibility capital-related assets, which are defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1) as assets that a provider has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which they were acquired). The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929. Examples of capital-related assets for ESRD facilities are dialysis machines and water purification systems.

As we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38354), we did not believe capital-related assets should be eligible for additional payment through the TPNIES because the cost of these items is captured in cost reports, they depreciate over time, and they are generally used for multiple patients. In addition, we noted that since the costs of these items are reported in the aggregate, there is considerable complexity in establishing a cost on a per treatment basis. For these reasons, we therefore believed capital-related assets should be excluded from eligibility for the TPNIES at that time, and we proposed an exclusion to the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b)(6). However, we noted that CMS uses capital-related asset cost data from cost reports in regression analyses to refine the ESRD PPS so that the cost of any new capital-related assets is accounted for in the ESRD PPS payment. In response to the proposed exclusion of capital-related assets, we received comments from a device manufacturers' association, which stated that since most medical equipment is purchased as a capital-related asset, the TPNIES effectively would exclude the innovative equipment identified in the title of the adjustment.

The association asserted that meaningful clinical improvements and patient experience improvements are arguably more likely to come from innovation outside single-use supplies. The association maintained that expanding the TPNIES to include medical equipment, regardless of how it is purchased by the provider, would stimulate greater investment in a broader array of new technologies for ESRD patients. In response, we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60688) that we recognize that accounting for renal dialysis service equipment can vary depending on the individual ESRD facility's business model. For example, when the owner of the capital-related asset retains title, then the renal dialysis service equipment is a depreciable asset and depreciation expense could be itemized. When there is no ownership of the renal dialysis service equipment, then the item is recorded as an operating expense.

In addition, in response to comments regarding capital leases, we noted that regulations at § 413.130(b)(1) specify that leases and rentals are includable in capital-related costs if they relate to the use of assets that would be depreciable if the provider owned them outright. We stated that in the future, we will be closely examining the treatment of capital-related assets under Medicare, including our regulations at § 412.302 regarding capital costs in inpatient hospitals and § 413.130, as they relate to accounting for capital-related assets, including capital leases and the newly implemented guidance for finance lease arrangements, to determine if similar policies would be appropriate under the ESRD PPS. B. Additional Payment for New and Innovative Capital-related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient Following publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, in which we finalized the TPNIES policy, we continued to study the issue of payment for capital-related assets under the ESRD PPS, taking into account information from a wide variety of stakeholders and recent developments and initiatives regarding kidney care. For example, we received additional comments and information from dialysis equipment and supply manufacturers, and a Technical Expert Panel (TEP) meeting held in December 2019, regarding the need for additional payment for capital-related assets under the ESRD PPS.

We also took into account the President's Executive order, signed on July 10, 2019, aimed at transforming kidney care in America. The Executive order discussed many new initiatives, including the launch of a public awareness campaign to prevent patients from going into kidney failure and proposals for the Secretary to support research regarding preventing, treating, and slowing progression of kidney disease and encouraging the development of breakthrough technologies to provide patients suffering from kidney disease with better options for care than those that are currently available. Currently, most dialysis is furnished at ESRD facilities. In-center dialysis can be time-consuming and burdensome for patients. In addition, the current system prioritizes payment to in-center dialysis and the goal of the agency is to incentivize in-home dialysis.

A key focus of the Executive order is the effort to encourage in-home dialysis. The Executive order is available at. Https://www.whitehouse.gov/​presidential-actions/​executive-order-advancing-american-kidney-health/​. In conjunction with the Executive order, HHS laid out three goals for improving kidney health (see https://www.hhs.gov/​about/​news/​2019/​07/​10/​hhs-launches-president-trump-Start Printed Page 71416advancing-american-kidney-health-initiative.html). Reducing the number of Americans developing ESRD by 25 percent by 2030.

Having 80 percent of new ESRD patients in 2025 either receiving dialysis at home or receiving a transplant. And Doubling the number of kidneys available for transplant by 2030. In addition, in connection with the President's Executive order, on July 10, 2019, CMS issued a proposed rule (84 FR 34478) to implement a new mandatory payment model, known as the ESRD Treatment Choices (ETC) Model, which would provide new incentives to encourage the provision of dialysis in the home. The ETC Model, which CMS finalized in a final rule published in the Federal Register on September 29, 2020 (85 FR 61114), is a mandatory payment model, focused on encouraging greater use of home dialysis and kidney transplants for ESRD beneficiaries among ESRD facilities and Managing Clinicians located in selected geographic areas. Lastly, as we noted in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, ESRD patients who receive in-center dialysis are particularly vulnerable during a PHE and other disasters, and greater use of home dialysis modalities may expose these patients to less risk.

The U.S. Is responding to an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) alcoholism that was first detected in China and which has now been detected in more than 215 countries internationally, and all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The antabuse has been named “severe acute respiratory syndrome alcoholism 2” (alcoholism) and the disease it causes has been named “alcoholism disease 2019” (`alcoholism treatment'). On January 30, 2020, the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a “Public Health Emergency of international concern.” On January 31, 2020, the Secretary determined that a PHE exists for the U.S. To aid the nation's healthcare community in responding to alcoholism treatment and on April 21, 2020, the Secretary renewed, effective April 26, 2020, the determination that a PHE exists.

On March 11, 2020, the WHO publicly declared alcoholism treatment a antabuse. On March 13, 2020, the President of the U.S. Declared the alcoholism treatment antabuse a national emergency. As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the experience of multiple countries across the globe has demonstrated that older patients and patients with multiple comorbidities and underlying health conditions are patients who are more susceptible to the antabuse and have a higher risk of morbidity than younger patients without underlying health conditions. Per the CDC, the risk factors for alcoholism treatment include older adults and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis.

Medicare's ESRD population aligns with the profile of patients who are more susceptible to alcoholism treatment. Therefore, it is important to reduce the risk of and this can be done through isolating patients from in-center exposure by encouraging home dialysis. We also noted that home dialysis would mitigate the risks associated with dialysis for these patients if the antabuse lasts longer than expected or is refractory in some way. (1) Expansion of the TPNIES to Certain New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient In response to the President's Executive order, the various HHS home dialysis initiatives, and the particular benefits of home dialysis for ESRD beneficiaries during PHEs like the current alcoholism treatment antabuse, which we discussed in the previous section, and in consideration of the feedback we have received from stakeholders, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we agree that additional payment through the TPNIES for certain capital-related assets may be warranted under specific circumstances outlined in the proposed rule. We noted that in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60607), we specifically excluded capital-related assets from the TPNIES.

In commenting on the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule, most stakeholders expressed concern that the TPNIES would exclude capital-related assets. In our response to commenters, we acknowledged that significant innovation and technology improvement is occurring with dialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis (PD) cyclers, as well as innovation in the efficiency and effectiveness of water systems. However, at that time we did not have enough information regarding current usage of the various financial and leasing arrangements, such as those involving capital leases for depreciable assets versus operating leases recorded as operating expenses. In addition, we noted that we would need to assess methodological issues regarding depreciation to determine whether TPNIES eligibility for these items would be appropriate. We stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule that we needed to further study the specifics of the various business arrangements for equipment related to renal dialysis services.

This would include items that are. (1) Purchased in their entirety and owned as capital-related assets. (2) assets that are acquired through a capital lease arrangement. (3) equipment obtained through a finance lease and recorded as an asset per the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) guidance on leases (Topic 842) effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018; [] or (4) equipment obtained through an operating lease and recorded as an operating expense. In addition to the variety of business arrangements, we noted, there are unknown issues relating to ownership of the item and who retains title, which may affect the equipment's maintenance expenses for capital-related assets.

Further, we noted the issue of single use versus multiple use for capital-related assets used for renal dialysis services. For example, some capital-related assets used in-center and in the home setting, such as skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and nursing facilities, may be used by multiple patients in a day, and by multiple patients over their useful lifetime. Specifically, equipment classified as capital-related assets may be refurbished and used by another patient. For example, capital-related assets used by multiple patients in a day could be Hoyer lifts to transfer patients and wheelchair scales. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we did not propose to include capital-related assets with multi-patient usage as being eligible for the TPNIES because we aimed to support the President's Executive order and HHS goals of promoting home dialysis, which involves a single machine for patient use.

In addition, as we discussed earlier in this section, it is more complicated to develop a per treatment payment amount for those items. However, we sought comments on this aspect of our proposal, and stated our intention to gather additional information about how ESRD facilities obtain their capital-related assets that have multi-patient usage in future meetings with the TEP. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that as we further studied this issue, we determined that one business arrangement, that is, where the capital-related assets are purchased in their entirety and owned as capital-related assets, could be considered for Start Printed Page 71417TPNIES eligibility. We noted that we continued to analyze other business arrangements, but we understood this arrangement is more straightforward due to ownership being clear, retained at the end of the TPNIES period, and on the facility's balance sheet. CMS' intent would be to pay for assets that are owned, whether purchased or attained through a capital lease.

The entity who holds the title to the asset is the legal owner. At the end of the TPNIES period, the entity retains ownership of the asset. We stated we would not pay the TPNIES for equipment that is leased, as the ESRD facility has no ownership rights. We stated that we believe this is an appropriate initial step to support home dialysis. In support of the HHS goals and initiatives to increase home dialysis following the President's Executive order, we proposed to provide the TPNIES for eligible new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home.

We would limit the payment for new and innovative dialysis machines to those used for home dialysis in order to target the additional payment through the TPNIES to equipment that supports the various home dialysis initiatives currently underway, as discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this section of this final rule. As more ESRD patients and their nephrologists and other clinicians opt for home dialysis modalities, we would seek to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to HD and PD home dialysis machines. As we explained in prior ESRD PPS rules establishing the TDAPA and TPNIES, ESRD facilities face unique challenges in incorporating new renal dialysis drugs, biological products, equipment and supplies into their businesses and these add-on payment adjustments are intended to support ESRD facilities' use of new technologies during the uptake period for these new products. To codify our proposals for expanding the TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we proposed further revisions to § 413.236, in addition to the revisions finalized earlier in section II.B.2 of this final rule. Specifically, we proposed to revise the heading at § 413.236(a) and add paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to distinguish this paragraph as both the “basis and definitions.” We proposed to define “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2) as an asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired) and is subject to depreciation.

Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets. This proposed definition was based on the definition of “depreciable assets” in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1). The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929. We proposed to define “home dialysis machines” at § 413.236(a)(2) as hemodialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis cyclers in their entirety, meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new, that receive FDA marketing authorization for home use and when used in the home for a single patient. FDA provides a separate marketing authorization for equipment intended for home use, and our proposal was focused on supporting efforts to increase home dialysis.

We proposed to define “particular calendar year” at § 413.236(a)(2) as the year in which the payment adjustment specified in paragraph (d) of § 413.236 would take effect. We also proposed to include definitions for the terms “depreciation,” “straight-line depreciation method,” and “useful life,” which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(2) of this final rule. We proposed to revise § 413.236(b)(6) to provide an exception to the general exclusion for capital-related assets from eligibility for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the other eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b). We also proposed to remove “that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired)” in § 413.236(b)(6) since we proposed a separate definition for “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2). Under the proposal, we continued to exclude other capital-related assets from the TPNIES that are not home dialysis machines when used in the home because those items would not be advancing HHS's goal of increasing home dialysis.

Examples of capital-related assets that would continue to be excluded from TPNIES are water purification systems and dialysis machines when they are used in-center. We stated that we continue to believe we should not provide additional payment for these capital-related assets because the cost of these items are captured in cost reports and reported in the aggregate, depreciate over time, are generally used for multiple patients and, most importantly, it would not support the goal of increasing use of home dialysis. However, capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home are intended for use by a single patient and can be reported on a per treatment basis on the ESRD facility's claim. These characteristics provide for a simple methodology for aligning the use of the asset with the per treatment TPNIES payment. As we stated previously in this section, we did not propose to expand the TPNIES eligibility to in-center dialysis machines or home dialysis machines when they are used in-center.

Currently, our focus is promoting the increase in home dialysis rather than in-center dialysis. In addition, in-center dialysis machines are used by multiple patients each day and would require additional analysis, along with 72X claims and cost report modifications, in order to provide payment. For this same reason, we did not propose to provide the TPNIES for home dialysis machines when they are used in SNFs and nursing facilities that are used by multiple patients each day. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that we believe the SCI criteria required under § 413.236(b)(5), with our proposed revisions, and the process used to evaluate SCI currently applicable to TPNIES equipment and supplies are also appropriate for identifying new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines that are worthy of temporary additional payment under the ESRD PPS. This approach would provide consistent criteria and evaluation for all equipment and supplies that are potentially eligible for the TPNIES.

In addition, we noted that we want to ensure we do not pay the TPNIES for new home dialysis machines that are substantially similar to existing machines and not truly innovative. We proposed to utilize the determination process we established in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule for the TPNIES and those requirements we proposed to revise in section II.B.2 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. That is, pursuant to § 413.236(c), interested parties would submit all information necessary for determining that the home dialysis machine meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria listed in § 413.236(b). This would include FDA marketing authorization information, the HCPCS application information, and studies submitted as part of these two standardized processes, an approximate date of commercial availability, and any information necessary for SCI criteria evaluation. For example, clinical trials, Start Printed Page 71418peer reviewed journal articles, study results, meta-analyses, systematic literature reviews, and any other appropriate information sources can be considered.

We noted, for purposes of determining whether the home dialysis machine is new under § 413.236(b)(2), we would look at the date the machine is granted marketing authorization by FDA for home use. We stated that, using our current process at § 413.236(c), we would provide a description of the new home dialysis machine and pertinent facts in the ESRD PPS proposed rule so the public may comment on them and then publish the results in this ESRD PPS final rule. We would consider whether the new home dialysis machine meets the eligibility criteria specified in the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b) and announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual updates and changes to the ESRD PPS. Per § 413.236(c), we would only consider, for additional payment using the TPNIES for a particular calendar year, an application for a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine we receive by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year. If the application is not received by February 1, the application would be denied and the applicant would need to reapply within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization in order to be considered for the TPNIES, in accordance with the proposed revisions to § 413.236(b)(2).

We noted, applicants are expected to submit information on the price of their home dialysis machine as part of the TPNIES application. While we recognize this information is proprietary, CMS requests this information along with the equipment or supply's projected utilization. For example, under our proposed revisions to § 413.236, in order for a particular home dialysis machine to be eligible for the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS beginning in CY 2022, CMS must receive a complete application meeting our requirements no later than February 1, 2021. FDA marketing authorization and submission of the HCPCS Level II code application for Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services must occur as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website. We would include a discussion of the new capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule and the CMS final determination would be announced in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS final rule.

If the home dialysis machine qualifies for the TPNIES, the payment adjustment would begin January 1, 2022 with a miscellaneous code and the designated HCPCS code would be effective April 1, 2022. In accordance with § 413.236(c), the CMS TPNIES final determinations for CY 2021 are presented in section II.C of this final rule. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed expansion of the TPNIES to include certain home dialysis machines are set forth below. Comment. Most commenters generally supported expanding the eligibility for TPNIES to include capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines and provided suggestions on ways to improve the proposal.

However, MedPAC and LDOs did not support the proposal. MedPAC and other commenters stated that, instead of paying the TPNIES for new home dialysis machines, CMS should address the clinical and nonclinical factors known to affect home dialysis use. They stated that CMS's proposal to expand the TPNIES as proposed would undermine the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment and limit the competitive forces that generate price reductions. They stated that if CMS proceeds with the proposal, eligible equipment should be innovative and payment should not be duplicative. They urged CMS to take more time and engage the industry to develop a comprehensive policy and indicated there were more meaningful ways to support the Executive order.

One LDO commented that access to home dialysis machines is not currently a roadblock to home therapy, and proposed add-on payments to purchase home machines will not address any of the real barriers to home dialysis or further the goals of the Executive order. Another LDO expressed concerns about the proposed exclusion of dialysis machines used in-center and urged CMS to expand the capital-related assets policy before it is finalized. However, several device manufacturers and a home dialysis patient organization urged CMS to not make patients wait over a year to have access to the newest innovative home dialysis machines. Instead, they proposed that CMS, in the final rule, allow a new application submission period to consider applicants under the capital-related home dialysis machines pathway for eligibility for payment beginning April 1, 2021, and provide for a 30-day comment period. They believe proceeding in such a way would satisfy the Administrative Procedure Act requirements for notice and comment and put CMS on a faster pathway to success in meeting the rapidly growing demand from patients for home dialysis, given the alcoholism treatment antabuse, by providing them with new options to perform treatments safely and easily in their homes.

The patient organization noted that patients need choices and, currently, if a patient fails to thrive on a home dialysis machine, often the patient has no choice but to return to in-center dialysis. The patient organization stated that new home dialysis machines in the pipeline will be critical to achieving the Executive order goal of moving dialysis patients home. Another commenter urged CMS to act boldly and without delay. Response. In order to support the goals of the Executive order, we believe that providing the TPNIES for new and innovative home dialysis machines is a good start because it will increase home dialysis by leading to technological change in those machines, which will make a difference in patient-related outcomes and long-term adherence to home dialysis.

For example, beneficiary feedback reveals that one of the most significant drawbacks to home dialysis is fear of self-cannulation. Despite training, this remains a significant drawback. A new and innovative home dialysis machine that is able to cannulate the dialysis recipient would substantially improve the treatment of ESRD beneficiaries and be a huge advancement toward increasing home dialysis. With regard to the suggestion that we issue the final rule with a comment period in order to accept new applications for capital-related home dialysis machines for payment eligibility beginning April 1, 2021, we note that our process of evaluating substantial clinical improvement is lengthy. An IFC published in November 2020, and accepting applications for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines used in the home by February 1, 2021, with a payment eligibility date of April 1, 2021 would not provide adequate time for review of SCI.

We note that a commenter indicated there at least 3 home dialysis machines currently under development. Providing eligibility for home dialysis machines earlier than our proposed effective date would give an unfair advantage to the current applicant that has already received FDA marketing authorization for home use. Had the other companies known about an earlier effective date, they may have altered their testing protocols and marketing plans. We thank MedPAC and the LDOs for their comments and share their concern about maintaining the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment. We have tried to strike a balance between supporting the uptake of new and Start Printed Page 71419innovative home dialysis machines that demonstrate substantial clinical improvement, while maintaining the integrity of the ESRD PPS bundled payment.

As discussed later in this section, as part of our final methodology, we are offsetting the TPNIES payment for home dialysis machines used in the home by $9.32, the amount currently included in the base rate for the dialysis machine. Regarding the expansion of capital-related assets to include in-center dialysis machines, at this time we are striving to support the Executive order for payment incentives for greater use of home dialysis. Comment. Several commenters, including both LDOs and small dialysis organizations, asked CMS to affirm in the final rule that the TPNIES will attach to the device and not to the initial patient utilizing the device. They acknowledged that CMS seeks to develop a policy for home dialysis machines that are used by a single patient, however, they pointed out that it is the current standard of care and practice that such home dialysis machines are repurposed during their lifetimes to serve successive patients who have the exclusive use of the machine while it is in the patient's custody.

They asked CMS to affirm in the final rule that a facility may continue to claim the TPNIES for that specific device until the facility reaches the maximum allowable TPNIES amount pursuant to the adopted methodology. The organization of LDOs also recommended that CMS modify the policy to ensure that ESRD facilities are held harmless for missed treatments. The commenter stated that the proposed methodology ties TPNIES to the per-treatment claim for a patient. If a patient misses a treatment, whether due to personal choice, hospitalization, travel, or otherwise, the facility will lose a portion of the TPNIES payment. They suggested that CMS consider an alternate methodology that would allow providers to continue to claim these TPNIES payments for missed treatments.

For example, they suggested that CMS could allow each facility to continue to claim the TPNIES payment on an ongoing basis until the facility reaches the maximum allowable TPNIES amount pursuant to the adopted methodology. Response. The TPNIES is paid based on the HCPCS code and as such is attached to the device, when the HCPCS code is billed. In addition, we are aware that patients may, for various reasons, no longer require the home dialysis machine, or may become unable to do home dialysis, and that, when a patient no longer uses the home dialysis machine, the machine may be refurbished and given to another home patient. With regard to the suggestion that facilities bill Medicare for the machine even though it wasn't used because the treatment was not furnished, it is not appropriate for payment purposes since payment is only made for services furnished and when the device is used.

Such an approach would not comport with the False Claims Act. We note that the calculated TPNIES amount based on the invoice, is not a guarantee for a maximum allowable reimbursement. Payment is tied to the dialysis treatment provided. If the machine is purchased and not used in a treatment, the TPNIES is not paid. The TPNIES is a payment adjustment to the ESRD PPS base rate and is dependent on the ESRD facility providing the dialysis treatment.

Comment. One commenter stated that although the phrase “in the home for a single patient” is clear, the phrase causes confusion about whether CMS is encouraging on-site dialysis in a SNF. The commenter noted that in the ESRD Treatment Choices payment model proposal, CMS included condition code 80 (home dialysis furnished in a SNF or nursing facility) in its definition of home dialysis, suggesting that CMS recognizes that dialysis in a SNF ought to be classified as home dialysis—on par with home dialysis in a private residence. However, the commenter stated that CMS's proposal seems to take the position that the TPNIES expansion will not apply to on-site dialysis in the SNF, apparently because a single machine there may be used by multiple patients. The commenter recommended that, if the concern is that a single machine may be used by multiple patients, resulting in excess payment to the ESRD facility, then CMS could reduce the TPNIES amount by a factor commensurate with the average number of treated patients per machine.

The commenter stated that it is in the interest of CMS and patients alike to promote on-site dialysis in the SNF and recommended using the TPNIES expansion to do so. Response. It is our longstanding policy [] under the ESRD PPS (and the composite rate system that preceded it) that a skilled nursing facility (SNF) or a nursing facility (NF) can be considered a patient's home for dialysis. As a result, ESRD facilities may furnish home dialysis to individual patients who are residing in these facilities. Therefore, for purposes of the TPNIES, our longstanding policy holds.

That is, ESRD facilities may furnish home dialysis to patients residing in SNFs and NFs, and we would provide the TPNIES for home dialysis machines when they are used in SNFs and NFs and are used by a single patient. Per the 1981 Committee on United States Senate Finance Report,[] home dialysis machines were intended for single patient use. While we have provided additional flexibilities [] during the current PHE for ESRD facilities to furnish in-center dialysis to groups of ESRD patients residing in SNFs or NFs, we would not provide the TPNIES for the use of home dialysis machines for multiple patients. Comment. We received comments from stakeholders across the ESRD industry asking that CMS consider other factors that are critical to successful home dialysis as we assess innovative home dialysis machines for TPNIES eligibility.

For example, one commenter stated that some of these machines may require patients to have internet and broadband services so that data can easily transfer from the patient's home to the ESRD facility managing the home dialysis. The commenter stated that in rural areas particularly, access to internet and broadband services may be challenging and patients in rural areas in many ways could most benefit from new access to innovative home dialysis machines, which could help them avoid frequent extended travel times to and from ESRD facilities to receive in-center treatment. Another commenter recommended expansion of the TPNIES to include water and sewer systems, explaining that innovation in the efficiency and effectiveness of water systems would both improve patient quality of care, as well as reduce costs for facilities and reduce the amount of water that ESRD facilities currently waste, helping to preserve the nation's water supply. One organization expressed appreciation that CMS is refining TPNIES and considering ways to include some capital-related assets in the TPNIES policy, but stated the final rule should recognize the option for other capital-related assets to qualify for the TPNIES potentially in the future. The organization asked that CMS gather Start Printed Page 71420additional information about home dialysis machines that may be eligible for the TPNIES, as well as other types of capital-related assets, and construct a policy that supports the TPNIES for more than one narrow type of product.

The organization suggested that we seek additional information about how ESRD facilities obtain their capital-related assets that have multi-patient usage through a request for information, as well as convening a technical expert panel(s). An LDO and LDO organization stated that the TPNIES policy should be focused on transition payment for new equipment that represents SCI, and not skewed by site of service. They stated that to combine the requirement for SCI with an in-home only requirement would likely discourage investment in new technology, undercutting the entire TPNIES policy. They also agreed, stating that the ESRD program's fundamental purpose is to service all patients. The LDO urged CMS not to establish a policy that benefits only those ESRD patients who are clinically suited for and have the social support structure necessary to elect home dialysis.

Rather, CMS should adopt a comprehensive TPNIES capital-related expenses policy that supports technological advances across all treatment modalities and provides adequate and sustained payment upon a TPNIES's expiration. They encouraged CMS to establish a working group or a TEP to inform the development of a broader TPNIES eligibility to include in-center capital-related assets. We received many comments from patient groups, device manufacturers, dialysis organizations, health plans and a pharmacy regarding the requirement that the home dialysis machine must be owned by the ESRD facility and not leased equipment. One commenter stated that financial incentives for acquiring breakthrough dialysis innovations should not be limited only to the facilities that have the financial reserves to outright purchase this equipment, that is, the larger dialysis providers in the marketplace. They stated that smaller and medium-size ESRD facilities may lack the capital to be able to purchase the latest home dialysis technologies, and thus may prefer to rely on operating leases to obtain it.

A pharmacy stated that smaller and medium-size facilities and their patients must not be disadvantaged compared to larger facilities with regard to financial incentives to propel use of the latest, clinically optimal home dialysis equipment. The pharmacy commented that facilities might choose to obtain the new home dialysis devices via operating leases because technical support services are available under that arrangement, which benefits both the facility and the patient. In addition, operating leases can provide clinics the ability to more quickly scale and increase the volume of available new devices, as more patients choose home therapies. They believe these business arrangements complement the accelerated trend toward home dialysis, and therefore should be supported under the TPNIES policy. Another commenter urged CMS to consider business arrangements other than outright purchase of home dialysis machines and equipment, stating that many facilities maintain subscriptions with manufacturers or lease equipment, and the commenter believes that these arrangements should be accounted for under TPNIES.

Response. We thank the commenters for their suggestions. We will take these suggestions under consideration for future rulemaking. We believe it is appropriate to implement a narrow capital-related asset eligibility under the TPNIES at this time to advance the goals of the Executive order. We believe we will gain valuable information through implementation of the TPNIES for home dialysis machines that are owned in their entirety by the ESRD facility and used for a single patient.

We are continuing to analyze and consider how to account for depreciation for multi-patient use machines and other capital-related assets, such as water and sewer systems. We will also consider the commenters' suggestion regarding a TEP or RFI to get information from ESRD facilities about the machines they use and how they acquire them. When there is no ownership of the renal dialysis service equipment, then the item is recorded as an operating expense. Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets. The proposed definition of capital-related assets is based on the definition of “depreciable assets” in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104.1).

The Provider Reimbursement Manual is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Regulations-and-Guidance/​Guidance/​Manuals/​Paper-Based-Manuals-Items/​CMS021929. We did not propose to make an add-on payment adjustment for operating expenses, but appreciate the suggestion and will consider it in future rulemaking. We appreciate the suggestions that we consider other factors than SCI for TPNIES eligibility and allow the TPNIES for in-center treatments. While we considered other factors than SCI for TPNIES eligibility, our focus on the beneficiary and clinical improvement was a primary factor. As we stated previously in the background section of this final rule, at this point we believe it is important we use the same criteria used under the NTAP so there are consistent standards for manufacturers and CMS.

At this time, our focus is on supporting the goals of the Executive order to increase home dialysis as opposed to in-center dialysis. Comment. A health plan expressed appreciation for CMS's efforts to encourage innovation through new technology payments, and especially supported the proposed addition of in-home dialysis equipment to the TPNIES program, as there has been very little innovation in this arena in the past decade. However, the health plan expressed concern about the financial barriers to ESRD facilities adopting new technology. As an example, the commenter stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System described in section II.C of this final rule can cost approximately $40,000 which is twice the cost of alternative home dialysis systems.

The health plan explained that, although there may be benefits to the new Tablo® system, the cost is financially prohibitive to many small ESRD facilities. Even if the system (or components of the system) are approved for the new technology add-on payment adjustment, CMS will only pay for 65 percent of the cost, leaving the remainder to be covered by the dialysis provider. They stated that this arrangement will be cost-prohibitive for most small and rural dialysis providers and will discourage the use of new technology. The health plan is also concerned that providing new technology add-on payment adjustments will discourage other companies from developing similar, less expensive alternatives until the add-on period has ended. They believe it is imperative for CMS to encourage both competition and innovation.

Response. The intent of the TPNIES is to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of new and innovative equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS that provide substantial clinical improvements to patients, which will facilitate beneficiary access to those renal dialysis equipment and supplies. Additionally, consistent with CMS's longstanding goals, our goal with the TPNIES policy is to support better care at lower costs. We expect ESRD facilities to be judicious in the selection of new machines, balancing the cost of the machine with the promised clinical Start Printed Page 71421improvement the machine would provide. We also expect increased competition for market share through both lower acquisition costs and TPNIES dollars will enhance access to machines providing clinical improvement for ESRD patients.

We disagree that improvements would not occur when the TPNIES is being paid for a particular home dialysis machine. We anticipate that manufacturers will continue to develop equipment that can compete for market share. While we do not control what manufacturers charge ESRD facilities, as new machines in the development pipeline come to market, there is likely to be significant competition among manufacturers which should lead to lower prices as the manufacturers compete for the home dialysis market. Comment. Another commenter strongly encouraged CMS to include the perspectives of current home dialysis patients in its evaluation of new home dialysis machines.

The commenter stated that CMS staff, nephrologists, allied health care professionals, and epidemiologists cannot collectively evaluate whether machines are truly innovative and truly life-changing if patient perspectives are not solicited. The commenter stated that, while patients are often invited to submit letters during a public comment period following a proposed rule at the behest of manufacturers, these letters often involve formulaic content, not personal perspectives. The commenter asserted that most patients are unaware of rulemaking and do not submit comments. The commenter advised CMS to convene a TEP that includes patients to evaluate each application and encouraged town hall forums for active patient input. Response.

We appreciate the commenter's input regarding patient perspective. The TPNIES payment was modeled after the IPPS NTAP system, which process includes a public meeting. We did not have a public meeting as part of the TPNIES this first year, but a public meeting for future TPNIES applications could draw the patient participation and perspective the commenter suggests and we will consider adding a patient representative to the workgroup that reviews TPNIES applications in future rulemaking. Final Rule Action. After consideration of public comments, we are finalizing the revision to § 413.236(b)(6) to provide an exception to the general exclusion for capital-related assets from eligibility for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the other eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b), as proposed.

We are also finalizing the revision to the heading at § 413.236(a) and the addition of the paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) to distinguish this paragraph as both the “basis and definitions.” We are finalizing the definitions for “capital-related asset,” “depreciable assets,” “particular calendar year,” “depreciation,” “straight-line depreciation method,” and “useful life,” which are discussed in section II.B.3.b.(2) of this final rule, as proposed. With regard to the definition of “home dialysis machines,” we are revising the proposed definition to include parentheses to make the sentence more readable in the preamble and the regulation text. We are also finalizing the removal of “that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired)” in § 413.236(b)(6), as proposed, since we are finalizing a separate definition for “capital-related asset” at § 413.236(a)(2) as discussed below. (2) Pricing of New and Innovative Capital-Related Assets That are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home As we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692), we are not aware of pricing compendia currently available to price renal dialysis equipment and supplies for the TPNIES. We also noted that, unlike new renal dialysis drugs and biological products eligible for the TDAPA, ASP and WAC pricing do not exist for renal dialysis equipment and supplies, including capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines.

In addition, as we explained in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692), ESRD facility charges are gross values. That is, charges before the application of allowances and discounts deductions. We believe the TPNIES payment amount should reflect the discounts, rebates and other allowances the ESRD facility (or its parent company) receives. These terms are defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 8).[] If the TPNIES payment amount does not reflect discounts, rebates and other allowances, the price would likely exceed the facility's cost for the item and result in higher co-insurance obligations for beneficiaries. For this reason, in § 413.236(e), we established an invoice-based approach for MACs to use on behalf of CMS to price new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that meet the eligibility criteria for the TPNIES.

We require the MACs to establish a price, using verifiable information from the following sources of information, if available. (1) The invoice amount, facility charges for the item, discounts, allowances, and rebates. (2) the price established for the item by other MACs and the sources of information used to establish that price. (3) payment amounts determined by other payers and the information used to establish those payment amounts. And (4) charges and payment amounts required for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant.

As discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692 through 60693), in order to maintain consistency with the IPPS NTAP payment policy and to mitigate the Medicare expenditures incurred as a result of the TPNIES, we finalized a policy at § 413.236(d) to base the TPNIES payment on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price. As we explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42148 through 42149), we believe that the invoice-based approach established for the TPNIES also should be applied to capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines, which are the focus of the TPNIES expansion. However, capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient are depreciable assets as defined in the Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, section 104), which defines depreciation as “that amount which represents a portion of the depreciable asset's cost or other basis which is allocable to a period of operation.” The Provider Reimbursement Manual provides the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant's definition of depreciation as a process of cost allocation. €œDepreciation accounting is a system of accounting which aims to distribute the cost or other basic value of tangible capital assets, less salvage (if any), over the estimated useful life of the unit (which may be a group of assets) in a systematic and rational manner. It is a process of allocation, not of valuation.

Depreciation for the year is the portion of the total charge under such a system that is allocated to the year.” Because capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient are depreciable assets, we proposed to apply a 5-year straight-line depreciation method to determine the basis of the TPNIES for these items. The Provider Reimbursement Manual (chapter 1, Start Printed Page 71422section 116.1) discusses the straight-line depreciation method as a method where the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life. Section 104.17 of the Provider Reimbursement Manual discusses that the useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the provider, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life. Further, the manual provides that under the Medicare program, only the American Hospital Association (AHA) guidelines may be used in selecting a proper useful life for computing depreciation. Using the Provider Reimbursement Manual definitions as the basis, we proposed to define the following terms at § 413.236(a)(2).

€œdepreciation” as the amount that represents a portion of the capital-related asset's cost and that is allocable to a period of operation. €œstraight-line depreciation method” as a method in accounting in which the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life. And “useful life” as the estimated useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the ESRD facility, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life. In keeping with the Medicare policy, we proposed to rely on the AHA guidelines to determine the useful life of a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine. That is, the useful life of a home dialysis machine is 5 years.

Since we proposed a methodology using the Provider Reimbursement Manual's guidance, we believe these terms are appropriate to codify for purposes of calculating the price of a home dialysis machine that is a capital-related asset. That is, under § 413.236(e), MACs, on behalf of CMS, would establish prices, using verifiable information as described above, for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient that meet the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b). This price would be the only element used to determine the total cost basis for applying the straight-line depreciation method. For example, we would exclude financing, sales tax, freight, installation and testing, excise taxes, legal or accounting fees, and maintenance. This specific price element would act as the proxy for the all-encompassing cost basis in other accounting methodologies.

Using the straight-line depreciation method, we would divide the MAC-determined price by the useful life of the capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine when used in the home for a single patient. The resulting number is the annual allowance. We considered other depreciation methods, such as units of production and accelerated depreciation methods such as double declining balance and sum-of-the-years-digits, but concluded that these methods would be more complex to implement and that the simpler method would be preferable for the calculation of an add-on payment adjustment. In addition, we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that since we are not reimbursing the cost of the equipment, nor are we revising the ESRD PPS at the end of the two-year add-on payment period, based on the information gathered, we believe this policy is appropriate for encouraging and supporting the uptake of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies. In order to determine the basis of payment for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we proposed certain additional steps that MACs would take after determining the price to develop the TPNIES per treatment payment amount.

That is, we proposed to add paragraph (f) to § 413.236 to establish the pricing for the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient that meet the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b). We proposed in § 413.236(f)(1) that, using the price determined under § 413.236(e), the MACs would follow a 2-step methodology for calculating a pre-adjusted per treatment amount. Under the first step, the MACs would determine the annual allowance that represents the amount of the MAC-determined price that is allocable to 1 year. To calculate the annual allowance, we proposed that the MACs would use the straight-line depreciation method by dividing the MAC-determined price by the useful life of the home dialysis machine. In accordance with the straight-line depreciation method, the MAC would divide the MAC-determined price by 5 (the useful life for dialysis machines established by the AHA is 5 years).

Under the second step, the MACs would calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance by the expected number of treatments to yield a pre-adjusted per treatment amount. That is, the MACs would establish a pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance by the number of treatments expected to be furnished in a year. For home dialysis machines that are expected to be used 3 times per week, the annual number of treatments is 156 (3 treatments/week × 52 weeks = 156 treatments/year). We noted, for purposes of calculating this TPNIES add-on payment adjustment, MACs do not determine the number of expected treatments. This information will be provided by CMS through the Change Request.

(a) Alternative To Offset the Pre-Adjusted Per Treatment Amount In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49075), we stated that when we computed the ESRD PPS base rate, we used the composite rate payments made under Part B in 2007 for dialysis in computing the ESRD PPS base rate. These are identified in Table 19 of the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49075) as “composite rate services.” Sections 1881(b)(14)(A)(i) and 1881(b)(14)(B) of the Act specify the renal dialysis services that must be included in the ESRD PPS bundled payment, which includes items and services that were part of the composite rate for renal dialysis services as of December 31, 2010. As we indicated in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS proposed rule (74 FR 49928), the case-mix adjusted composite payment system represents a limited PPS for a bundle of outpatient renal dialysis services that includes maintenance dialysis treatments and all associated services including historically defined dialysis-related drugs, laboratory tests, equipment, supplies and staff time (74 FR 49928). In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49062), we noted that total composite rate costs in the per treatment calculation included costs incurred for training expenses, as well as all home dialysis costs. In addition, as we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42150 through 42151), these composite rate payments, and consequently the ESRD PPS base rate, include an amount associated with the costs of capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines.

As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe that capital-related assets are distinguishable from drugs and biological products and supplies, which are single-use or disposable items, whereas ESRD facilities can continually use a home dialysis machine past its expected useful life and for multiple patients (consecutively). Therefore, we stated that an offset of the proposed TPNIES pre-adjusted per treatment amount may be warranted so that the TPNIES would cover the estimated marginal costs of new and innovative home dialysis machines. That is, ESRD facilities using the new and innovative Start Printed Page 71423home dialysis machine would receive a per treatment payment to cover some of the cost of the new machine per treatment minus a per treatment payment amount that we estimate to be included in the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that they already own. To account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own, we considered an alternative to our proposal that would include an additional step to calculating the TPNIES. That is, we would apply an offset to the pre-adjusted per treatment amount.

We noted in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that if we were to adopt an offset in the final rule, we would add language to the proposed § 413.236(f) specifying the methodology used to compute the offset and its place—the final step—in the computation of the TPNIES for new and innovative home dialysis machines that meet the eligibility criteria. (b) Methodology for Estimating Home Machine and Equipment Cost Per Home Treatment In order to establish the value of the offset, which would be an estimate of an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment to use as the offset amount, we proposed the following methodology. First, we would estimate annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost and treatment counts from cost reports for each ESRD facility for 2018. Next, we would compute an HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage for each ESRD facility by dividing the annualized HD-equivalent home treatment counts by the annualized HD-equivalent treatment counts across all modalities. Then we would apply the home dialysis treatment percentage to the annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost to derive an estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost for each ESRD facility.

Next, we would aggregate the home dialysis machine and equipment costs and the HD-equivalent home treatment counts to derive an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment across all ESRD facilities. Finally, we would inflate the 2018 average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home treatment to 2021 using the ESRDB market basket update less productivity for CY 2019, CY 2020, and CY 2021, and scale the costs to ESRD PPS payments using the ratio of total cost per treatment for CY 2021, which is obtained by scaling the CY 2018 cost per treatment to CY 2021 using the ESRDB market basket update less productivity for CY 2019, CY 2020, and CY 2021, to the total ESRD PPS payment per treatment projected for CY 2021. We would obtain annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost and treatment counts from freestanding and hospital-based ESRD cost reports. For independent/freestanding ESRD facilities, we would use renal facility cost reports (CMS form 265-11). We would obtain dialysis machine and equipment cost [] from Worksheet B, Column 4, and sum up Lines 8.01 through 17.02.

We would obtain dialysis treatment counts by modality from Worksheet D, Column 1, Lines 1 through 10. Since home continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) treatment counts are reported in patient weeks, we would multiply them by 3 to get HD-equivalent counts. Finally, we would aggregate all home dialysis treatment counts to obtain each ESRD facility's HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts and we would aggregate the treatment counts to obtain each freestanding ESRD facility's HD-equivalent dialysis treatment counts for all modalities. For hospital-based ESRD facilities, we would use hospital cost reports (CMS form 2552-10). We would obtain dialysis machine and equipment cost from Worksheet I-2, Column 2, and then sum up Lines 2 through 11.

We would derive dialysis treatment counts by modality from Worksheet I-4, Column 1, Lines 1 through 10. Home Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis treatment counts are reported in patient weeks, so we would multiply them by 3 to get HD-equivalent counts. We would aggregate all home treatment counts to obtain each hospital-based ESRD facility's HD-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts. Then we would aggregate all treatment counts to obtain each hospital-based ESRD facility's HD-equivalent dialysis treatment counts for all modalities. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that using this methodology for both freestanding and hospital-based ESRD facilities would result in an offset of $9.23.

We noted that if we were to adopt this approach, the MAC would apply this additional step in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. That is, the MAC would offset the pre-adjusted per treatment amount by deducting $9.23 to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own. We stated that we believe this methodology would provide an approximation of the cost of the home dialysis machine in the base rate. Further, we noted that we believe deducting this amount from the calculated pre-adjusted per treatment amount would be reasonable because the beneficiary would not be using two home dialysis machines at the same time and at the end of the 2 years, the ESRD facility would retain ownership of the asset, specifically, the home dialysis machine. We solicited comments on this alternative approach to apply an offset to the proposed pre-adjusted per treatment amount and specifically solicited comments on the methodology we would use to compute the value of the offset.

Finally, consistent with the policies finalized last year in § 413.236(d) for the TPNIES, we proposed to revise § 413.236(d) to reflect that we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. That is, as discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60692 through 60693), we finalized a policy to base the TPNIES payment on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price in order to maintain consistency with the IPPS NTAP payment policy and to mitigate the Medicare expenditures incurred as a result of the TPNIES. Therefore, we proposed to pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount for these machines. For example, for a home dialysis machine that has a MAC-determined price of $25,000 and a 5-year useful life, using the proposed straight-line depreciation method, the annual allowance would equate to $5,000 per year. At 156 treatments per year, the pre-adjusted per treatment amount is $32.05 ($5,000/156) and 65 percent of that amount equals a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $20.83 ($32.05 × .65).

We noted that, currently, the useful life of 5 years and the expected number of treatments of 156 is fixed since these variables have been established by CMS. That is, as we discussed previously in this section with regard to the use of the AHA Start Printed Page 71424guidance that dialysis machines have a 5-year useful life. With regard to the expected number of treatments, this is based on the current payment policy of 3 treatments per week. Under the alternative proposal, we would reduce the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount ($32.05) by $9.23 to offset the amount for a dialysis machine included in the base rate ($32.05−$9.23 = $22.82). Then 65 percent of that amount would equal a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $14.83 ($22.82 × .65).

We explained in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that in the future, if an innovative home dialysis machine is designed to require fewer treatments per week relative to existing machines, MACs, using the same methodology could account for fewer treatments in the denominator in the calculation of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. This change to the denominator would allow the total TPNIES amount paid at the end of the year to be equivalent to the annual allowance and we would then proceed with the calculation to achieve the targeted 65 percent of that annual allowance. For a PD cycler that is used 7 times per week, the annual allowance for TPNIES would remain at $5,000 per year. A daily modality, or 7 treatments per week, equals 364 treatments per year (7 treatments per week × 52 weeks = 364 treatments per year). The annual allowance (numerator) would be divided by the number of treatments (denominator).

At 364 treatments per year, the pre-adjusted per treatment amount would be $13.74 ($5,000/364 treatments = $13.74). And 65 percent of that amount would yield a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment of $8.93. Under the alternative proposal, we would reduce the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount ($13.74) by an offset to reflect the amount for a dialysis machine included in the base rate. We would apply the HD-equivalency calculation, that is used to convert PD treatments for payment purposes, to the offset since the per treatment amount in this example is a daily modality. Therefore, the offset would be $3.96 ($9.23*(3/7) = $27.69/7 = $3.96).

Then the pre-adjusted per treatment add-on payment amount would be $9.51 ($13.47−$3.96 = $9.51). Then 65 percent of that amount would equal a TPNIES per treatment add-on payment amount of $6.18 ($9.51 × .65 = $6.18). The methodology is the same. The two variables, regardless of modality, are. (1) The cost of the machine used to calculate annual allowance (2) the number of treatments the machine is expected to deliver per year.

We invited public comment on using the proposed and alternative method for determining the pricing of capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and that meet the eligibility criteria in § 413.236(b), including the revisions discussed in section II.B.3.b.(1) of this final rule. Consistent with the TPNIES policy and in accordance with § 413.236(d)(1), we proposed that we would apply the TPNIES for these home dialysis machines for 2-calendar years from the effective date of the change request, which would coincide with the effective date of a future CY ESRD PPS final rule. In the change request we would specify that the add-on payment adjustment would be applicable to home dialysis treatments and provide the billing guidance on how to report the miscellaneous code for the eligible item on the claim until a permanent HCPCS is available. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we believe the duration of the application of the TPNIES for all equipment and supplies determined eligible for this payment adjustment should be consistent, and that 2 years would be a sufficient timeframe for ESRD facilities to set up or adjust business practices so that there is seamless access to the new and innovative home dialysis machines. In addition, we noted that in light of the current alcoholism treatment antabuse, stakeholders are increasingly aware of the importance of having home dialysis readily available and in place to prevent ESRD patients from being exposed to asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic s that contribute to alcoholism treatment transmission by having to utilize in-center dialysis.

We further stated that we believe that providing the TPNIES for 2 years for these machines would address the stakeholders' concerns regarding additional payment to account for higher cost of more new and innovative home dialysis machines that they believe may not be adequately captured by the dollars allocated in the ESRD PPS base rate. That is, we believe that the TPNIES would help remove barriers to market penetration and foster competition with other dialysis machines that are already on the market. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we noted that this proposal would increase Medicare expenditures, which would result in increases to ESRD beneficiary co-insurance, since we have not previously provided a payment adjustment for any capital-related assets in the past. However, to support HHS's goals and initiatives to increase home dialysis and the President's Executive order of July 10, 2019, we stated that we believe that the proposed expansion of the TPNIES to capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient would be appropriate to support ESRD facility uptake in furnishing new and innovative renal dialysis equipment to ESRD patients. We noted that the intent of the proposed TPNIES for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home would be to provide a transition period to support ESRD facility use of these machines when they are new and innovative to the market.

We stated that, at this time, we do not believe that it would be appropriate to add dollars to the ESRD PPS base rate for new and innovative home dialysis machines because, as noted previously, the ESRD PPS base rate includes the cost of equipment and supplies used to furnish a dialysis treatment. While we would monitor renal dialysis service utilization trends during the TPNIES payment period, we proposed that these capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home would not be eligible outlier services as provided in § 413.237. As assets, capital-related home dialysis machines are distinct from operating expenses such as the disposable supplies and leased equipment with no conveyed ownership rights. These expenses are generally accounted for on a per patient basis and therefore, when used in excess of the average constitute outlier use, which makes them eligible for outlier payments. Therefore, we proposed revisions at § 413.236(d)(2) to reflect that following payment of the TPNIES for new and innovative capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the equipment would not be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237.

In addition, we proposed revisions at § 413.237(a)(1)(v) to exclude capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient from outlier eligibility after the TPNIES period ends. We also proposed minor editorial changes to paragraph (a)(1)(i) to remove the semicolon at the end of the sentence and add a period in its place. And in paragraph (a)(1)(iv) to remove “. And” and add a period in its place. With regard to the TPNIES application, we would post any final Start Printed Page 71425changes to both the timing of the various eligibility criteria and the content of the TPNIES application to the TPNIES website, along with information about all renal dialysis equipment and supplies that CMS has determined are eligible for the TPNIES, consistent with the policies we finalize in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule.

The TPNIES website is available at. Https://www.cms.gov/​medicare/​esrd-pps/​esrd-pps-transitional-add-payment-adjustment-new-and-innovative-equipment-and-supplies-tpnies. The comments we received and our responses to the comments on our proposed and alternative pricing methodology are set forth below. Comment. A group of organizations, representing the kidney and medical technology communities recommended that CMS extend the TPNIES period from 2 years to at least 3 years.

They stated that 2 years is an inadequate amount of time after taking into account the scale of resources and time necessary to build a responsible support and distribution infrastructure nationwide. This is especially true for companies in their earlier stages, for example, small manufacturers that tend to lack the type of distribution and support infrastructure that their larger, more established counterparts may feature. Furthermore, staffing constraints could mean the technology would take too long to come to market, causing the ESRD facility to be unable to get the TPNIES for 2 years. Accordingly, the commenter stated that a 2-year TPNIES period creates a level of risk that would discourage smaller start-up companies from pursuing the development of new and innovative equipment and supplies. These commenters stated that extending the TPNIES period would help level the playing field between small innovators and large, global manufacturers with an existing support and distribution footprint.

They pointed out that the new technology add-on payment that applies under the hospital inpatient setting allows for technologies to qualify for the add-on payment up to three years to account for the lag time in data collection to be reflected in updated MS-DRGs. Given that it takes significantly longer for devices, particularly home dialysis machines, to achieve significant adoption, they stated that CMS should align with the hospital inpatient policy and allow for an additional year of TPNIES. Many commenters urged CMS to reconsider the proposed policy to limit the TPNIES to only 2 years and not adjust the base rate when truly innovative renal equipment and supplies are added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment. They noted that, experience with the TDAPA for calcimimetics demonstrates that having a three-year transition period is important for data collection purposes, giving CMS adequate time to review claims and determine whether the base rate should be adjusted. Commenters reported that small, independent and low-volume ESRD facilities continue to experience low to negative Medicare margins and that, while TDAPA and TPNIES can provide helpful transitional add-on payment adjustments for limited periods of time, they do not account for incorporating innovative renal drugs, equipment and supplies into high-quality clinical care over the long term.

Commenters suggested that CMS could increase the base rate by the difference between the cost of the TPNIES-eligible device and the amount to dollars already in the base rate for similar devices and that this methodology would recognize the dollars already in the base rate, but still establish a fair, yet competitive, playing field allowing for long-term stability. Other commenters pointed out that if a new home dialysis machine is eligible for the TPNIES in 2022 and 2023, only a machine that is used continuously between January 2022 and December 2023 will be reimbursed at an amount equivalent to 26 percent of the MAC-determined price. In contrast, a machine that is used continuously between January 2023 and December 2023 will be reimbursed at an amount equivalent to only 13 percent of the MAC-determined price. The commenter encouraged CMS to consider the following adaptation. If a home dialysis machine is eligible for the TPNIES in 2022 and 2023, then an ESRD facility may collect TPNIES payments for two years after the first use of the machine among all patients in the facility.

In other words, an ESRD facility that collects its first TPNIES payment for a home dialysis machine in October 2022 will be eligible for continued payments through September 2024. Nevertheless, that ESRD facility must collect its first TPNIES payment no later than December 2023. The commenter stated that this adaptation would allow all ESRD facilities to have an opportunity to collect 26 percent of the MAC-determined price. Response. We believe the commenter is requesting that we pay the TPNIES for 3 years, similar to the length of time we paid the TDAPA for calcimimetics, and that like calcimimetics we then adjust the base rate to account for the cost of such products.

Since we are not adjusting the base rate for the equipment and supplies eligible for the TPNIES, the collection of data for a 3-year period of time is not necessary. We believe the payment of the TPNIES for 2 years is adequate time for ESRD facilities to incorporate new products into their business model. With regard to the commenters' concern with the duration of the TPNIES and when it would begin for ESRD facilities that are unable to obtain and report the equipment or supply on the claim beginning January 1, we understand the commenters' concern and will consider refinements to the TPNIES to address this issue in future rulemaking. We continue to believe that 2 years is adequate since the purpose of TPNIES is to support facility uptake of these items and that this policy strikes an appropriate balance between supporting ESRD facilities and limiting the financial burden that increased payments place on beneficiaries and Medicare expenditures. In addition, we note that this is the first year of implementing the TPNIES for capital related assets that are home dialysis machines and we intend to monitor the use and payments for the TPNIES to assess whether new and innovative machines are adopted by the ESRD facilities.

With regard to small manufacturers that may take longer to have their equipment or supply come to market, we note that the purpose of the TPNIES is to facilitate ESRD facility uptake of the new and innovative equipment and supplies. Unlike the IPPS NTAP that will end in an adjustment to the MS-DRG, there will be no change in the ESRD PPS base rate when TPNIES ends, therefore, the data collection needs are not the same. We believe providing 2 years of an add-on payment adjustment for supplies and equipment is sufficient time for market uptake if the manufacturers prepare in advance of the TPNIES application. Doing so will allow ESRD facilities to align their business plan to obtain 2 full years of TPNIES payments. Comment.

A commenter expressed concern that home dialysis machines were being defined as in their entirety, meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new. The commenter explained that PD patients often have issues related to handling and storage of PD solution and if an innovator develops a machine that generates PD solution that interfaces with an existing cycler, the machine could not be considered for TPNIES eligibility. The commenter recommended that CMS finalize a TPNIES expansion that will offer a clear pathway to approval of machines that Start Printed Page 71426produce on-demand PD solution. The commenter also questioned the disqualification of water purification systems, but recognized that the application of such systems to the home setting is unclear. Response.

The commenter is correct that a piece of equipment that is used along with a PD cycler or HD machine would not meet our definition of a home dialysis machine, however, such equipment could be considered for the TPNIES as renal dialysis equipment (which was finalized in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60691 through 60692) and implemented January 1, 2020). We note that the exclusion of other capital-related assets, such as water purification systems, applies to the systems used in ESRD facilities for in-center dialysis and benefits all in-center patients. Our payment methodology for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines addresses individual patient use in the home and is not geared to assets that benefit all patients. Comment. A group of organizations representing the kidney and medical technology communities requested that CMS instruct MACs to provide public, timely, and consistent payment determinations.

They recommended that CMS exclude the language in the regulation that gives MACs flexibility to determine the pricing of any TPNIES supply, equipment or capital-related asset that meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria based on charges and payment amounts for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant. They stated that the regulatory language undermines CMS approvals for applicants of the TPNIES as, by definition, approved products have achieved SCI over existing products. They also recommended that CMS more clearly define the payment parameters and instruct the MACs to publish a database online that provides a discrete TPNIES payment amount no later than March 31 of the first year of TPNIES eligibility. MedPAC supported the proposal to base the TPNIES amount on the price established by the MACs (using information from invoices and other relevant sources of information) but only for the first two calendar quarters after CMS begins applying the TPNIES. Thereafter, they recommended that CMS set the price of new equipment and supplies using a method based on pricing data collected directly from each manufacturer, similar to how the agency establishes the ASP for Part B drugs.

They explained that the ASP for a Part B drug reflects the average price realized by the manufacturer for its sales broadly across different types of purchasers, for patients with different types of insurance coverage, and based on the manufacturer's sales to all purchasers (with certain exceptions) net of manufacturer rebates, discounts, and price concessions. They stated that an approach similar to how CMS collects ASP data would increase the consistency of pricing data and should lead to more accurate payment rates for items paid under the TPNIES. They further recommended that CMS link payment of the TPNIES to a requirement that equipment and supply manufacturers submit ASP-like data to the agency, similar to the TDAPA policy. Response. We continue to believe that the payment amounts for other equipment and supplies that may be comparable or otherwise relevant, as described at § 413.236(e)(1)(iv) of this final rule, as an important consideration for the MACs to determine the price of any TPNIES supply, equipment or capital-related asset that meets the TPNIES eligibility criteria.

While we recognize that TPNIES items will have demonstrated SCI over existing items, we seek to avoid Medicare paying 65 percent of an excessively inflated price, for example, a dialysis machine that is 3 times the cost of current machines. Since the manufacturer will determine the price to be paid by the provider, the MACs' consideration of charges and payment for comparable equipment and supplies serves as a guard rail for the use of invoice pricing. With regard to the suggestion that we instruct the MACs to publish an online database with TPNIES payment amounts, we are working with MACs on mechanisms for pricing transparency. We will consider the suggestion for future rulemaking. With regard to the suggestion for an ASP-like reporting system, we think the idea has merit and will take it into consideration for future rulemaking.

Comment. An organization of LDOs stated they are supportive of CMS fixing the expected number of treatments at 156 for the purpose of calculating the TPNIES value, however, they expressed significant concerns about any policy changes that would undermine the ability of treating physicians to prescribe the frequency of dialysis that is clinically appropriate for their patients. They suggested that CMS may be interested in capping the TPNIES payment for a device. They proposed that CMS adopt a modification to the methodology that would respect both the TPNIES cap and the importance of physician prescribing with regard to frequency of dialysis. For example, CMS could cap total TPNIES payments for a specific device at the maximum allowable TPNIES payment pursuant to the adopted methodology, even if that amount is achieved prior to the end of the 2-year TPNIES period.

Response. The purpose of the 156 treatments is to compute a per treatment amount. An ESRD patient's nephrologist may order additional reasonable and necessary dialysis treatments beyond 3 per week. When a MAC has determined that the additional treatments are reasonable and necessary, we would pay the TPNIES on each covered treatment that is furnished. At this time, we do not believe it is necessary to adopt the commenter's suggested modification to the proposed methodology that takes into account both the TPNIES cap and the prescribed frequency of dialysis.

However, we will monitor use of the TPNIES and consider if such a policy is necessary for future rulemaking. Comment. A group of organizations, representing the kidney and medical technology communities recommended that we establish a formal appeals process for the manufacturers whose applications for the TPNIES are denied. They expressed concern that, without an opportunity to review CMS' initial determination, situations may arise in which new technologies fail to obtain a favorable TPNIES determination due to technical errors or insufficient information necessary in the initial TPNIES application. They asserted that a formal appeals process would ensure that TPNIES applicants would have an opportunity to seek additional, independent review as necessary.

They noted that the standard process for seeking review of Medicare Part A/B claims under 42 CFR part 405, subpart I, may not apply, and encouraged CMS to allow for administrative appeals of TPNIES determinations to be conducted within the Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals (that is, a hearing before the Departmental Appeals Board). Response. We did not propose a formal appeals process for the manufacturers whose applications for TPNIES are denied for CY 2021 and therefore we are not adopting the suggestion. However, we thank the commenters for this suggestion and will consider it for future rulemaking. We note that applicants may reapply for the TPNIES if their application is denied as long as they reapply within 3 years of the date of FDA marketing authorization or approval.

Comment. A commenter expressed confusion about the discussion in the proposed rule on treatment frequency insofar as it is determinative of TPNIES payment. The commenter stated that, while the discussion is easier to Start Printed Page 71427contemplate for PD, as most patients undergo treatment 6 or 7 days per week, it does not make sense for HD. The commenter noted that HD prescriptions can be written for as few as 2 days or as many as 7 days per week, and there is no concept of an “ordinary” treatment frequency for a HD machine, whether it is used in a facility or at home. The commenter recommended that CMS simply issue a TPNIES payment on a monthly basis according to whether the ESRD facility claim includes a condition code that indicates that a qualifying home dialysis machine has been used.

Response. We disagree with the commenter's assertion that there is no ordinary treatment frequency for HD machines. In-center HD machines are designed to be used 3 times per week to achieve adequate dialysis. Our intention of providing examples in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule using various annual treatments was to clarify that the methodology for calculating the TPNIES per treatment payment can also be used if a new home dialysis machine was designed to achieve adequate dialysis in fewer treatments per week. We note that, when questioned specifically about frequency, a home dialysis machine manufacturer confirmed that adequate dialysis can be achieved in 3 treatments per week, however, the treatments may take longer to administer.

Comment. An LDO recommended that we set the useful life for home dialysis machines at 7 years rather than the 5 years we proposed. The organization noted that standard accounting practice is to depreciate dialysis equipment, for the center or the home, over a period of at least 7 years. Response. Medicare policies [] hold providers to strict AHA guidelines with respect to the useful life.

Under AHA guidelines, useful life for dialysis machines is 5 years. ESRD facilities are allowed to use more or less than the AHA guidelines for business financial reporting but they must use the AHA guidelines for Medicare. Comment. MedPAC did not support expanding the TPNIES to include home dialysis equipment, but stated that, if CMS finalizes its proposal, it should remove the portion of payment attributable to home dialysis machines from the base rate for those cases receiving the TPNIES because paying for new home dialysis machines under the TPNIES for two years is duplicative of payment for items with a similar purpose or use that are already paid under the ESRD PPS base rate. MedPAC stated that it supported the proposal if CMS subtracted the amount for capital-related machines already included in the ESRD PPS base rate for those cases receiving the TPNIES.

While some commenters expressed support for the offset, an organization of renal professionals, providers and manufacturers, an organization of LDOs, and an individual objected to offsetting the TPNIES with the cost of the home dialysis machine already included in the base rate, stating that the purpose of a transitional add-on payment is to incentivize the adoption of innovative products. These commenters stated that the purpose of the TPNIES is not to reimburse providers dollar for dollar for their costs. In their view, the government assumes the risk of making an additional payment during the TPNIES period with the presumed reward of beneficiaries experiencing clinical improvement, as claimed by the applicant. Following the end of the TPNIES period, the providers assume that risk. The commenters asserted that this is true of the inpatient and outpatient hospital payment systems, as well as the TPNIES.

They stated, given that the proposed TPNIES amount is only a portion of the cost providers incur when using the device, further reducing the TPNIES amount with the offset would only further reduce the likelihood of adoption of the machine. Response. We agree with MedPAC that the TPNIES payment is duplicative of payment for items with a similar purpose or use that are already paid under the ESRD PPS base rate. For this reason, we are finalizing an offset to the TPNIES payment, which we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS rule, to reflect the value of the dialysis machine included in the ESRD PPS base rate. We disagree with the commenters who stated that applying an offset to reflect the amount for a dialysis machine in the base rate would reduce the likelihood the new machine will be purchased by ESRD facilities.

We believe that ESRD facilities will need to buy additional dialysis machines to support the goals of the Executive order and the ETC model and that the TPNIES payment will help support ESRD facility uptake of new home dialysis machines. Final Rule Action. After careful consideration of the comments we received, we are finalizing our proposed pricing methodology for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient and the proposed changes to § 413.236(f) requiring MACs to calculate the annual allowance and the pre-adjusted per treatment amount with revisions. Since we are finalizing an offset to the TPNIES payment to reflect the value of a dialysis machine in the ESRD PPS base rate, we revised the proposed changes to § 413.236(f) to reflect the additional step of calculating a per treatment amount for use in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount. We also revised paragraph (f) to reflect that the pre-adjusted per treatment amount is reduced by an estimated average per treatment offset amount to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our intention to further amend § 413.236(f) if we finalized the offset. Since we are finalizing the offset, we are adding the data sources and methodological steps for computing the offset in paragraph (f). In the proposed rule the $9.23 offset was based on the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket less the multifactor productivity adjustment. For this final rule, we have recomputed the offset to reflect the final CY 2021 payment rate update factor (1.6 percent). The final offset for CY 2021 is $9.32.

We will continue to update the offset amount on an annual basis so that it is consistent with how the ESRD PPS base rate is updated. We are also finalizing the revision to § 413.236(d) to reflect that we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount minus the offset for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. 4. CY 2021 ESRD PPS Update a. CY 2021 ESRD Bundled (ESRDB) Market Basket Update, Productivity Adjustment, and Labor-Related Share In accordance with section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, as added by section 153(b) of MIPPA and amended by section 3401(h) of the Affordable Care Act, beginning in 2012, the ESRD PPS payment amounts are required to be annually increased by an ESRD market basket increase factor and reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act.

The application of the productivity adjustment may result in the increase factor being less than 0.0 for a year and may result in payment rates for a year being less than the payment rates for the preceding year. The statute also provides that the market basket increase factor should reflect the changes over time in the prices of an appropriate mix of goods and services used to furnish renal dialysis services. As required under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, CMS developed an all-inclusive ESRD Start Printed Page 71428Bundled (ESRDB) input price index (75 FR 49151 through 49162). In the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule we rebased and revised the ESRDB input price index to reflect a 2012 base year (79 FR 66129 through 66136). Subsequently, in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a rebased ESRDB input price index to reflect a 2016 base year (83 FR 56951 through 56962).

Although “market basket” technically describes the mix of goods and services used for ESRD treatment, this term is also commonly used to denote the input price index (that is, cost categories, their respective weights, and price proxies combined) derived from a market basket. Accordingly, the term “ESRDB market basket,” as used in this document, refers to the ESRDB input price index. We proposed to use the CY 2016-based ESRDB market basket as finalized and described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56951 through 56962) to compute the CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase factor based on the best available data. Consistent with historical practice, we proposed to estimate the ESRDB market basket update based on IHS Global Inc.'s (IGI's), forecast using the most recently available data. IGI is a nationally recognized economic and financial forecasting firm that contracts with CMS to forecast the components of the market baskets.

Using this methodology and IGI's first quarter 2020 forecast of the CY 2016-based ESRDB market basket (with historical data through the fourth quarter of 2019), the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase factor was 2.2 percent. Under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act, for CY 2012 and each subsequent year, the ESRD market basket percentage increase factor shall be reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act. The growth in multifactor productivity (MFP) is derived by subtracting the contribution of labor and capital input growth from output growth. We finalized the detailed methodology for deriving the MFP projection in the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 40503 through 40504). The most up-to-date MFP projection methodology is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/​Statistics-Trends-and-Reports/​MedicareProgramRatesStats/​Downloads/​MFPMethodology.pdf.

Using this methodology and IGI's first quarter 2020 forecast, the proposed MFP adjustment for CY 2021 (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021) was projected to be 0.4 percent. As a result of these provisions, the proposed CY 2021 ESRD market basket adjusted for MFP was 1.8 percent. The proposed market basket increase is calculated by starting with the proposed CY 2021 ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor of 2.2 percent and reducing it by the proposed MFP adjustment (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021) of 0.4 percentage point. We also proposed that if more recent data become available after the publication of this proposed rule and before the publication of the final rule (for example, a more recent estimate of the market basket update or MFP), we would use such data, if appropriate, to determine the final CY 2021 market basket update and/or MFP adjustment (85 FR 42152). The comments and our responses to the comments on the proposed ESRD market basket update and MFP adjustment for CY 2021 are set forth below.

Comment. Several commenters stated that with new drugs being added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment, it is more important than ever to use the most appropriate price proxies for determining the base rate and update each year. The commenters urged the adoption of a better price proxy for non-ESAs that are not over-the-counter (OTC) vitamins and recommended that CMS use the BLS Series ID. WPS063 Series Title. PPI Commodity Data for Chemicals and Allied Products-Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, seasonally adjusted.

One commenter stated that the timing of addressing the price proxy used for non-ESA drugs in the ESRD market basket is relevant since new drugs in the pipeline could be added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment during the next few years because of the TDAPA provisions. Response. We appreciate the commenters' suggestion that we use the most appropriate price proxy for non-ESA drugs in the ESRD market basket. We did not propose changes to the price proxies in the ESRD market basket for CY 2021, so we will not be adopting such changes in this final rule. However, as described in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56960 through 56961), we believe the PPI for Vitamins, Nutrients, and Hematinic Preparation (VNHP) is the most appropriate price proxy for non-ESA drugs and analysis of the ASP data for Non-ESA drugs in the bundle suggests the trends in the PPI VNHP trends are reasonable.

We appreciate the commenters' concern for the potential shifts in the mix of drugs within the ESRD PPS bundled payment amount as a result of the TDAPA provisions. We will continue to monitor the impact that these changes have on the relative cost share weights and the mix of non-ESA drugs included in the bundled payment in the ESRDB market basket. Comment. One commenter expressed support for the annual update to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021 and recognized that CMS does not have the authority to eliminate the productivity adjustment, but wanted to highlight their continued concern about the overall negative Medicare margins. The commenter stated that the experience of ESRD facilities disputes the idea that productivity in ESRD facilities can be improved year over year at the rate of economy-wide productivity.

Response. Section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Act requires the application of the MFP adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act to the ESRD PPS market basket update for 2012 and subsequent years. We will continue to monitor the impact of the payment updates, including the effects of the MFP adjustment, on ESRD provider margins as well as beneficiary access to care as reported by MedPAC. However, any changes to the productivity adjustment would require a change to current law. In the March 2020 Report to Congress, MedPAC found most indicators of payment adequacy to be positive, and recommend that for 2021, the ESRD PPS base rate should be updated by the amount determined under current law.

Final Rule Action. Consistent with our historical practice and our proposal, we are estimating the market basket increase and the MFP adjustment based on IGI's forecast using the most recent available data. Based on IGI's third quarter 2020 forecast with historical data through the second quarter of 2020, the 2016-based ESRDB market basket percentage increase for CY 2021 is 1.9 percent. We note that the first quarter 2020 forecast used for the proposed market basket update was developed prior to the economic impacts of the alcoholism treatment antabuse. This lower update (1.9 percent) for CY 2021 relative to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (2.2 percent) is primarily driven by slower anticipated compensation growth for both health-related and other occupations as labor markets are expected to be significantly impacted during the recession that started in February 2020 and throughout the anticipated recovery.

Based on the more recent data available for this CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, the current estimate of the 10-year moving average growth of MFP for CY 2021 is projected to be 0.3 percent. Start Printed Page 71429This MFP estimate is based on the most recent macroeconomic outlook from IGI at the time of rulemaking (released September 2020) in order to reflect more current historical economic data. IGI produces monthly macroeconomic forecasts, which include projections of all of the economic series used to derive MFP. In contrast, IGI only produces forecasts of the more detailed price proxies used in the 2016-based ESRDB market basket on a quarterly basis. Therefore, IGI's third quarter 2020 forecast is the most recent forecast of the 2016-based ESRD market basket percentage increase factor.

We note that it has typically been our practice to base the projection of the market basket price proxies and MFP in the final rule on the third quarter IGI forecast. For this CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule, we are using the IGI September macroeconomic forecast for MFP because it is a more recent forecast, and it is important to use more recent data during this period when economic trends, particularly employment and labor productivity, are notably uncertain because of the alcoholism treatment antabuse. However, we also note that the 10-year moving average of MFP based on the third quarter 2020 forecast is also 0.3 percent. Therefore, the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent. That is, the CY 2021 ESRD market basket percentage increase factor of 1.9 percent less the 0.3 percentage point MFP adjustment (the 10-year moving average of MFP for the period ending CY 2021).

For the CY 2021 ESRD payment update, we proposed to continue using a labor-related share of 52.3 percent for the ESRD PPS payment, which was finalized in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56963). We did not receive any public comments on this proposal and therefore, we are finalizing the continued use of a 52.3 percent labor-related share for CY 2021. B. The CY 2021 ESRD PPS Wage Indices (1) Background Section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act provides that the ESRD PPS may include a geographic wage index payment adjustment, such as the index referred to in section 1881(b)(12)(D) of the Act, as the Secretary determines to be appropriate. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49200), we finalized an adjustment for wages at § 413.231.

Specifically, CMS adjusts the labor-related portion of the base rate to account for geographic differences in the area wage levels using an appropriate wage index, which reflects the relative level of hospital wages and wage-related costs in the geographic area in which the ESRD facility is located. We use the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) core-based statistical area (CBSA)-based geographic area designations to define urban and rural areas and their corresponding wage index values (75 FR 49117). OMB publishes bulletins regarding CBSA changes, including changes to CBSA numbers and titles. The bulletins are available online at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​omb/​information-for-agencies/​bulletins/​. For CY 2021, we updated the wage indices to account for updated wage levels in areas in which ESRD facilities are located using our existing methodology.

We used the most recent pre-floor, pre-reclassified hospital wage data collected annually under the inpatient PPS. The ESRD PPS wage index values are calculated without regard to geographic reclassifications authorized under sections 1886(d)(8) and (d)(10) of the Act and utilize pre-floor hospital data that are unadjusted for occupational mix. For CY 2021, the updated wage data are for hospital cost reporting periods beginning on or after October 1, 2016 and before October 1, 2017 (FY 2017 cost report data). We have also adopted methodologies for calculating wage index values for ESRD facilities that are located in urban and rural areas where there is no hospital data. For a full discussion, see CY 2011 and CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rules at 75 FR 49116 through 49117 and 76 FR 70239 through 70241, respectively.

For urban areas with no hospital data, we compute the average wage index value of all urban areas within the state to serve as a reasonable proxy for the wage index of that urban CBSA, that is, we use that value as the wage index. For rural areas with no hospital data, we compute the wage index using the average wage index values from all contiguous CBSAs to represent a reasonable proxy for that rural area. We apply the statewide urban average based on the average of all urban areas within the state to Hinesville-Fort Stewart, Georgia (78 FR 72173), and we apply the wage index for Guam to American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands (78 FR 72172). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42152), we noted that for the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we did not apply the statewide urban average to Carson City, Nevada as we did in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS proposed rule (84 FR 38359) because hospital data was available to compute the wage index. A wage index floor value (0.5000) is applied under the ESRD PPS as a substitute wage index for areas with very low wage index values.

Currently, all areas with wage index values that fall below the floor are located in Puerto Rico. However, the wage index floor value is applicable for any area that may fall below the floor. A description of the history of the wage index floor under the ESRD PPS can be found in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56964 through 56967). An ESRD facility's wage index is applied to the labor-related share of the ESRD PPS base rate. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56963), we finalized a labor-related share of 52.3 percent, which is based on the 2016-based ESRDB market basket.

Thus, for CY 2021, the labor-related share to which a facility's wage index would be applied is 52.3 percent. For CY 2021, in addition to updating the ESRD PPS wage index to use more recent hospital wage data, we also proposed to adopt newer OMB delineations and a transition policy in a budget-neutral manner as discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and sections II.B.4.b.(2) and II.B.4.b.(3), respectively, of this final rule. (2) Implementation of 2018 OMB Labor Market Delineations As discussed previously in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and this final rule, the wage index used for the ESRD PPS is calculated using the most recent pre-floor, pre-reclassified hospital wage data collected annually under the inpatient PPS and is assigned to an ESRD facility on the basis of the labor market area in which the ESRD facility is geographically located. ESRD facility labor market areas are delineated based on the CBSAs established by the OMB. In accordance with our established methodology, we have historically adopted through rulemaking CBSA changes that are published in the latest OMB bulletin.

Generally, OMB issues major revisions to statistical areas every 10 years, based on the results of the decennial census. However, OMB occasionally issues minor updates and revisions to statistical areas in the years between the decennial censuses. Start Printed Page 71430 In the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66137 through 66142), we finalized changes to the ESRD PPS wage index based on the newest OMB delineations, as described in OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 [] issued on February 28, 2013. We implemented these changes with a 2-year transition period (79 FR 66142).

OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 established revised delineations for U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas based on the 2010 Census. OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 also provided guidance on the use of the delineations of these statistical areas using standards published on June 28, 2010 in the Federal Register (75 FR 37246 through 37252).

On July 15, 2015, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 15-01,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 issued on February 28, 2013. The attachment to OMB Bulletin No. 15-01 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since February 28, 2013.

These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2012 and July 1, 2013. On August 15, 2017, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 17-01,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 15-01 issued on July 15, 2015.

The attachment to OMB Bulletin No. 17-01 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since July 15, 2015. These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2014 and July 1, 2015. In OMB Bulletin No.

17-01, OMB announced a new urban CBSA, Twin Falls, Idaho (CBSA 46300). On April 10, 2018, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 18-03 [] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 17-01 issued on August 15, 2017. The attachment to OMB Bulletin No.

18-03 provided detailed information on the update to statistical areas since August 15, 2017. On September 14, 2018, OMB issued OMB Bulletin No. 18-04,[] which updated and superseded OMB Bulletin No. 18-03 issued on April 10, 2018. OMB Bulletin Numbers 18-03 and 18-04 established revised delineations for Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and provided guidance on the use of the delineations of these statistical areas.

These updates were based on the application of the 2010 Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas to the U.S. Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2015 and July 1, 2016. As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), while OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 is not based on new census data, there were some material changes to the CBSA-based geographic area designations based on the 2018 OMB delineations. For example, some new CBSAs and urban counties would become rural, rural counties would become urban, and existing CBSAs would be split apart.

We explained that we believe that the 2018 OMB delineations accurately reflect the local economies and wage levels of the areas where ESRD facilities are located. We also explained that we believe it is important for the ESRD PPS to use the most recent OMB delineations practicable in order to maintain a more accurate and up-to-date payment system that reflects the reality of population shifts and labor market conditions. We further believe that using the newer OMB delineations would increase the integrity of the ESRD PPS wage index system by creating a more accurate representation of geographic variations in wage levels. Therefore, we proposed to adopt the newer OMB delineations established in OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 effective for CY 2021 under the ESRD PPS.

We also proposed a wage index transition applicable to all ESRD facilities that experience negative impacts due to the proposed implementation of the 2018 OMB delineations. This transition policy is discussed in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), we noted that, on March 6, 2020, OMB issued OMB Bulletin 20-01 (available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2020/​03/​Bulletin-20-01.pdf). While the March 6, 2020 OMB Bulletin 20-01 was not issued in time for development of the proposed rule, we were able to review the updates it provides and have determined that they were minor. We stated that while we do not believe the minor updates included in OMB Bulletin 20-01 would impact our CY 2021 updates to the CBSA-based labor market area delineations, if appropriate, we would propose any updates from this Bulletin in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule.

As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153), to implement the newer OMB delineations established in OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 under the ESRD PPS beginning in CY 2021, it is necessary to identify the new labor market area delineation for each affected county and ESRD facility in the U.S. We discuss these changes in more detail in the following sections. (a) Urban Counties That Would Become Rural Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42153 through 42155), we proposed to implement the 2018 OMB labor market area delineations (based upon the 2010 Decennial Census data) beginning in CY 2021. Our analysis of the 2018 OMB delineations showed that a total of 34 counties (and county equivalents) that are currently considered part of an urban CBSA would be considered located in a rural area, beginning in CY 2021.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42154), we listed the 34 urban counties as set forth in Table 1, which would be rural if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 1—CY 2021 Proposed Urban to Rural CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentStateCurrent CBSACBSA title01127WALKERAL13820Birmingham-Hoover, AL.12045GULFFL37460Panama City, FL.13007BAKERGA10500Albany, GA.Start Printed Page 7143113235PULASKIGA47580Warner Robins, GA.15005KALAWAOHI27980Kahului-Wailuku-Lahaina, HI.17039DE WITTIL14010Bloomington, IL.17053FORDIL16580Champaign-Urbana, IL.18143SCOTTIN31140Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN.18179WELLSIN23060Fort Wayne, IN.19149PLYMOUTHIA43580Sioux City, IA-NE-SD.20095KINGMANKS48620Wichita, KS.21223TRIMBLEKY31140Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN.22119WEBSTERLA43340Shreveport-Bossier City, LA.26015BARRYMI24340Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI.26159VAN BURENMI28020Kalamazoo-Portage, MI.27143SIBLEYMN33460Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI.28009BENTONMS32820Memphis, TN-MS-AR.29119MC DONALDMO22220Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR-MO.30037GOLDEN VALLEYMT13740Billings, MT.31081HAMILTONNE24260Grand Island, NE.38085SIOUXND13900Bismarck, ND.40079LE FLOREOK22900Fort Smith, AR-OK.45087UNIONSC43900Spartanburg, SC.46033CUSTERSD39660Rapid City, SD.47081HICKMANTN34980Nashville-Davidson—Murfreesboro—Franklin, TN.48007ARANSASTX18580Corpus Christi, TX.48221HOODTX23104Fort Worth-Arlington, TX.48351NEWTONTX13140Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX.48425SOMERVELLTX23104Fort Worth-Arlington, TX.51029BUCKINGHAMVA16820Charlottesville, VA.51033CAROLINEVA40060Richmond, VA.51063FLOYDVA13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA.53013COLUMBIAWA47460Walla Walla, WA.53051PEND OREILLEWA44060Spokane-Spokane Valley, WA. We proposed that the wage data for all ESRD facilities located in the counties listed above would be considered rural, beginning in CY 2021, when calculating their respective state's rural wage index. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42155) that we recognize that rural areas typically have lower area wage index values than urban areas, and ESRD facilities located in these counties may experience a negative impact in their payment under the ESRD PPS due to the proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations.

A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. (b) Rural Counties That Would Become Urban Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42155 through 42157), we proposed to implement the 2018 OMB labor market area delineations (based upon the 2010 Decennial Census data) beginning in CY 2021. Our analysis of the 2018 OMB delineations showed that a total of 47 counties (and county equivalents) that are currently considered located in rural areas would be considered located in urban CBSAs, beginning in CY 2021. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42156), we listed the 47 rural counties that would be urban, as set forth in Table 2, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 2—CY 2021 Proposed Rural to Urban CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentState nameProposed CBSAProposed CBSA title01063GREENEAL46220Tuscaloosa, AL.01129WASHINGTONAL33660Mobile, AL.05047FRANKLINAR22900Fort Smith, AR-OK.12075LEVYFL23540Gainesville, FL.13259STEWARTGA17980Columbus, GA-AL.13263TALBOTGA17980Columbus, GA-AL.16077POWERID38540Pocatello, ID.17057FULTONIL37900Peoria, IL.17087JOHNSONIL16060Carbondale-Marion, IL.18047FRANKLININ17140Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN.18121PARKEIN45460Terre Haute, IN.18171WARRENIN29200Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN.19015BOONEIA11180Ames, IA.19099JASPERIA19780Des Moines-West Des Moines, IA.20061GEARYKS31740Manhattan, KS.21043CARTERKY26580Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH.Start Printed Page 7143222007ASSUMPTIONLA12940Baton Rouge, LA.22067MOREHOUSELA33740Monroe, LA.25011FRANKLINMA44140Springfield, MA.26067IONIAMI24340Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI.26155SHIAWASSEEMI29620Lansing-East Lansing, MI.27075LAKEMN20260Duluth, MN-WI.28031COVINGTONMS25620Hattiesburg, MS.28051HOLMESMS27140Jackson, MS.28131STONEMS25060Gulfport-Biloxi, MS.29053COOPERMO17860Columbia, MO.29089HOWARDMO17860Columbia, MO.30095STILLWATERMT13740Billings, MT.37007ANSONNC16740Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC.37029CAMDENNC47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.37077GRANVILLENC20500Durham-Chapel Hill, NC.37085HARNETTNC22180Fayetteville, NC.39123OTTAWAOH45780Toledo, OH.45027CLARENDONSC44940Sumter, SC.47053GIBSONTN27180Jackson, TN.47161STEWARTTN17300Clarksville, TN-KY.48203HARRISONTX30980Longview, TX.48431STERLINGTX41660San Angelo, TX.51097KING AND QUEENVA40060Richmond, VA.51113MADISONVA47894Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV51175SOUTHAMPTONVA47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.51620FRANKLIN CITYVA47260Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC.54035JACKSONWV16620Charleston, WV.54065MORGANWV25180Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV.55069LINCOLNWI48140Wausau-Weston, WI.72001ADJUNTASPR38660Ponce, PR.72083LAS MARIASPR32420Mayagüez, PR.

We proposed that when calculating the area wage index, beginning with CY 2021, the wage data for ESRD facilities located in these counties would be included in their new respective urban CBSAs. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42157) that typically, ESRD facilities located in an urban area receive a higher wage index value than or equal wage index value to ESRD facilities located in their state's rural area. A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. (c) Urban Counties That Would Move to a Different Urban CBSA Under the 2018 OMB Delineations In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42157 through 42158), we stated that in certain cases, adopting the 2018 OMB delineations would involve a change only in CBSA name and/or number, while the CBSA continues to encompass the same constituent counties. For example, we noted that CBSA 19380 (Dayton, OH) would experience both a change to its number and its name, and become CBSA 19430 (Dayton-Kettering, OH), while all of its three constituent counties would remain the same.

We also stated that in other cases, only the name of the CBSA would be modified, and none of the currently assigned counties would be reassigned to a different urban CBSA. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42158), we listed the CBSAs where there would be a change either in CBSA name or CBSA number, as set forth in Table 3, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 3—CY 2021 Proposed Change in CBSA Name and/or Number CrosswalkCurrent CBSA codeCurrent CBSA titleProposed CBSA codeProposed CBSA title10540Albany, OR10540Albany-Lebanon, OR.11500Anniston-Oxford-Jacksonville, AL11500Anniston-Oxford, AL.12060Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA12060Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA.12420Austin-Round Rock, TX12420Austin-Round Rock-Georgetown, TX.13460Bend-Redmond, OR13460Bend, OR.13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford, VA13980Blacksburg-Christiansburg, VA.14740Bremerton-Silverdale, WA14740Bremerton-Silverdale-Port Orchard, WA.15380Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY15380Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY.19430Dayton-Kettering, OH19380Dayton, OH.24340Grand Rapids-Wyoming, MI24340Grand Rapids-Kentwood, MI.24860Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin, SC24860Greenville-Anderson, SC.25060Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, MS25060Gulfport-Biloxi, MS.25540Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT25540Hartford-East Hartford-Middletown, CT.25940Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC25940Hilton Head Island-Bluffton, SC.Start Printed Page 7143328700Kingsport-Bristol-Bristol, TN-VA28700Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA.31860Mankato-North Mankato, MN31860Mankato, MN.33340Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI33340Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI.34940Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL34940Naples-Marco Island, FL.35660Niles-Benton Harbor, MI35660Niles, MI.36084Oakland-Hayward-Berkeley, CA36084Oakland-Berkeley-Livermore, CA.36500Olympia-Tumwater, WA36500Olympia-Lacey-Tumwater, WA.38060Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ38060Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ.39150Prescott Valley-Prescott, AZ39140Prescott, AZ.23224Frederick-Gaithersburg-Rockville, MD43524Silver Spring-Frederick-Rockville, MD.44420Staunton-Waynesboro, VA44420Staunton, VA.44700Stockton-Lodi, CA44700Stockton, CA.45940Trenton, NJ45940Trenton-Princeton, NJ.46700Vallejo-Fairfield, CA46700Vallejo, CA.47300Visalia-Porterville, CA47300Visalia, CA.48140Wausau, WI48140Wausau-Weston, WI.48424West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL48424West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach, FL. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42159), we explained that ESRD facilities located in an urban area that, due to the 2018 OMB delineations, involves a change only in the CBSA name or number would not experience a consequential change in their wage index value. However, we also stated that in other cases, if we adopted the 2018 OMB delineations, counties would shift between existing and new CBSAs, changing the constituent makeup of the CBSAs.

We considered these types of changes, where CBSAs are split into multiple new CBSAs or a CBSA loses one or more counties to another urban CBSAs, to be significant modifications. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), we listed the urban counties that would move from one urban CBSA to another a newly proposed or modified CBSA, as set forth in Table 4, if we finalized our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021. Table 4—CY 2021 Proposed Urban to a Different Urban CBSA CrosswalkFIPS county codeCounty/county equivalentStateCurrent CBSACurrent CBSA nameProposed CBSA codeProposed CBSA name17031COOKIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17043DU PAGEIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17063GRUNDYIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17093KENDALLIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL20994Elgin, IL.17111MC HENRYIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.17197WILLIL16974Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL16984Chicago-Naperville-Evanston, IL.34023MIDDLESEXNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34025MONMOUTHNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34029OCEANNJ35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.34035SOMERSETNJ35084Newark, NJ-PA35154New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ.36027DUTCHESSNY20524Dutchess County-Putnam County, NY39100Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY.36071ORANGENY35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ39100Poughkeepsie-Newburgh-Middletown, NY.36079PUTNAMNY20524Dutchess County-Putnam County, NY35614New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ.47057GRAINGERTN28940Knoxville, TN34100Morristown, TN.54043LINCOLNWV26580Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH16620Charleston, WV.72055GUANICAPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72059GUAYANILLAPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72111PENUELASPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR.72153YAUCOPR38660Ponce, PR49500Yauco, PR. Start Printed Page 71434 We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), that if ESRD facilities located in these counties move from one CBSA to another under the 2018 OMB delineations, there may be impacts, both negative and positive, to their specific wage index values. A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule.

(d) Changes to the Statewide Rural Wage Index In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160), we stated that ESRD facilities currently located in a rural area may remain rural under the 2018 OMB delineations but experience a change in their rural wage index value due to the movement of constituent counties. If ESRD facilities located in these counties move from one CBSA to another under the 2018 OMB delineations, there may be impacts, both negative and positive, upon their specific wage index values. A discussion of the proposed wage index transition policy is available in section II.B.4.b.(3) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.b.(3) of this final rule. We explained that we believe these revisions to the CBSA-based labor market area delineations as established in OMB Bulletin 18-04 would ensure that the ESRD PPS area wage level adjustment most appropriately accounts for and reflects the relative wage levels in the geographic area of the ESRD facility. Therefore, we proposed to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS, effective January 1, 2021 and invited public comment on this proposal.

(3) Transition for ESRD Facilities Negatively Impacted In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42160 through 42161), we stated that in the past we provided for transition periods when adopting changes that have significant payment implications, particularly large negative impacts, in order to mitigate the potential impacts of proposed policies on ESRD facilities. For example, we have proposed and finalized budget-neutral transition policies to help mitigate negative impacts on ESRD facilities following the adoption of the OMB delineations as described in the February 28, 2013 OMB Bulletin No. 13-01 (79 FR 66142). Specifically, as part of the CY 2015 ESRD PPS rulemaking, we implemented a 2-year transition blended wage index for all ESRD facilities. ESRD facilities received 50 percent of their CY 2015 wage index value based on the OMB delineations for CY 2014 and 50 percent of their CY 2015 wage index value based on the newer OMB delineations.

This resulted in an average of the two values. Then, in CY 2016, an ESRD facility's wage index value was based 100 percent on the newer OMB delineations. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), we considered having no transition period and fully implementing the 2018 OMB delineations beginning in CY 2021, which would mean that all ESRD facilities would have payments based on updated hospital wage data and the 2018 OMB delineations starting on January 1, 2021. However, because the overall amount of ESRD PPS payments would increase slightly due to the 2018 OMB delineations, the wage index budget neutrality factor would be higher. This higher factor would reduce the ESRD PPS per treatment base rate for all ESRD facilities paid under the ESRD PPS, despite the fact that the majority of ESRD facilities would be unaffected by the 2018 OMB delineations.

Thus, we explained that we believe it would be appropriate to provide for a transition period to mitigate the resulting short-term instability of a lower ESRD PPS base rate as well as consequential negative impacts to ESRD facilities that experience reduced payments. For example, ESRD facilities currently located in CBSA 35614 (New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ) that would be located in new CBSA 35154 (New Brunswick-Lakewood, NJ) under the proposed changes to the OMB delineations would experience a nearly 17 percent decrease in the wage index as a result of the proposed change. Therefore, under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act and consistent with past practice, we proposed a transition policy to help mitigate any significant, negative impacts that ESRD facilities may experience due to our proposal to adopt the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS. Specifically, as a transition for CY 2021, we proposed to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year. This transition would allow the effects of our proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations to be phased in over 2 years, where the estimated reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index would be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021, and no cap would be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022.

We explained that we believe a 5 percent cap on the overall decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index value, regardless of the circumstance causing the decline, would be an appropriate transition for CY 2021 as it would provide predictability in payment levels from CY 2020 to the upcoming CY 2021 and additional transparency because it is administratively simpler than our prior 2-year 50/50 blended wage index approach. We further explained that we believe 5 percent is a reasonable level for the cap because it would effectively mitigate any significant decreases in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021. We solicited comment on the proposal to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021 from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year, CY 2020. (4) Budget Neutrality Adjustments for Changes to the ESRD PPS Wage Index In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), we stated that consistent with the historical wage index budget-neutrality adjustment policy finalized in the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70241 through 70242) under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act, we proposed that the proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations and the proposed transition policy would not result in any change of estimated aggregate ESRD PPS payments by applying a budget neutrality factor to the ESRD PPS base rate. We noted budget neutrality was also applied to the adoption of newer OMB delineations and transition policy in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66128 through 66129).

Our methodology for calculating this budget neutrality factor is discussed in section II.B.4.d.(2) of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.d.(2) of this final rule. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations are set forth below. Comment. Several commenters supported the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations under the ESRD PPS, effective January 1, 2021. Response.

We appreciate the comments supporting the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations. Comment. A national non-profit dialysis organization expressed concern that its analysis of the proposal indicates that it will have multiple facilities negatively impacted by the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations, which is worsened by the current alcoholism treatment antabuse. Response. We appreciate the detailed concerns described by the commenter Start Printed Page 71435regarding the impact that the 2018 OMB delineations would have on its specific facilities.

While we understand the commenter's concern regarding the potential financial impact, we believe that implementing the 2018 OMB delineations will result in a more accurate representation of labor market areas nationally and in ESRD facility wage index values being more representative of the actual costs of labor in a given area. We believe that the OMB standards for delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas are appropriate for determining area wage differences and that the values computed under the revised delineations will result in more appropriate payments to ESRD facilities by more accurately accounting for and reflecting the differences in area wage levels. We recognize that using the updated OMB delineations will mean there are areas that will experience a decrease in their wage index. As such, it is our longstanding policy to provide a temporary transition to mitigate negative impacts from the adoption of new policies or procedures. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we proposed a 2-year transition in order to mitigate the resulting short-term instability and negative impacts on certain ESRD facilities and to provide time for facilities to adjust to their new labor market delineations.

We continue to believe that the 1-year 5-percent cap transitional policy provides an adequate safeguard against any significant payment reductions, allows for sufficient time for facilities to make operational changes for future CYs, and provides a reasonable balance between mitigating some short-term instability in ESRD PPS payments and improving the accuracy of the payment adjustment for differences in area wage levels. We also recognize the impact that the alcoholism treatment PHE is having on all health care providers, which is why we have issued waivers and flexibilities [] to ease burden and allow providers to respond effectively during the alcoholism treatment PHE. Comment. Several commenters supported the use of a transition policy to mitigate the impact of changes to the wage index values and the proposed transition methodology. Some of these commenters, including MedPAC, suggested alternatives to the methodology.

MedPAC suggested that the 5 percent cap limit should apply to both increases and decreases in the wage index so that no ESRD facility would have its wage index value increase or decrease by more than 5 percent for CY 2021. A patient organization acknowledged the reasoning of CMS proposing a less administratively complex methodology of managing the transition given the relatively small proportion of ESRD facilities that will be affected. The commenter noted that if the total change in payment is 10 percent or less for all facilities, a methodology that caps the decrease in a facility's wage index at 5 percent in the first year makes sense. However, the commenter expressed concern that at least one facility will see a 17 percent decrease in the wage index, which would defer the burden of the transition to the second year. The commenter noted that while providing an extra year for the facility to adjust to the change is helpful, for ESRD facilities that see a drop in wage index payments in the second year and that are located in states without staffing requirements, the negative implications for hiring and retention of staff will be significant.

The commenter indicated that it would prefer for CMS to apply the 50/50 blended wage index to manage the transition, but could support the 5 percent cap approach if staff time saved by using a less complex methodology is redirected to addressing higher priority issues, such as securing staff assistance for home dialysis patients or developing a flexible approach to interpretation of the SCI criteria for the TPNIES. Finally, a national non-profit dialysis organization recommended that CMS provide an extended transition period, beyond the proposed 5 percent limit for 2021, for at least 3 years. Response. We appreciate the comments supporting the proposed transition methodology. Further, we appreciate MedPAC's suggestion that the 5 percent cap should also be applied to increases in the wage index.

However, as we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42161), the purpose of the proposed transition policy, as well as those we have implemented in the past, is to help mitigate the significant negative impacts of certain wage index changes, not to curtail the positive impacts of such changes, and thus we do not believe it would be appropriate to apply the 5 percent cap on wage index increases as well. To the extent that an ESRD facility's wage index would increase under the 2018 OMB delineations, this means that the ESRD facility is currently being paid less than their reported wage data suggests is appropriate. We believe the transition policy, as proposed, would help ensure these ESRD facilities do not receive a wage index adjustment that is lower than appropriate and that payments are as accurate as possible. With regard to recommendation that we apply the 50/50 blended wage index to manage the transition since some facilities will see a wage index decrease greater than 10 percent, we believe that this approach would not be appropriate for the proportion of ESRD facilities that will be impacted. The use of a 50/50 blended wage index transition would affect all ESRD facilities.

We believe it would be more appropriate to allow ESRD facilities that would experience an increase in their wage index value to receive the full benefit of their increased wage index value, which is intended to reflect accurately the higher labor costs in that area. The utilization of a cap on negative impacts restricts the transition to only those with negative impacts and allows ESRD facilities who would experience positive impacts to receive the full amount of their wage index increase. As such, we believe a 5 percent cap on the overall decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index value is an appropriate transition as it would effectively mitigate any significant decreases in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021. With regard to the comment suggesting staff time be used to address higher priority issues, we believe that the comment was referring to CMS staff. We appreciate the commenter's recommendation for polices that impact home dialysis and innovation.

With regard to the suggestion that we extend the transition period, beyond the proposed 5 percent limit for CY 2021, for at least 3 years, we believe this would undermine the goal of the wage index policy, which is to improve the accuracy of payments under the ESRD PPS. Extending the transition period and applying a cap would serve to further delay improving the accuracy of the ESRD PPS by continuing to pay certain ESRD facilities more than their wage data suggest is appropriate. Therefore, while we believe that a transition policy is necessary to help mitigate some initial significant negative impacts from the revised OMB delineations, we also believe this mitigation must be balanced against the importance of ensuring accurate payments. The general comments received on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index and our responses to the comments are set forth below. Comment.

Two health insurance organizations in Puerto Rico commented on the wage index for Puerto Rico. One health insurance organization in Puerto Start Printed Page 71436Rico expressed appreciation for the wage index floor of 0.5000 and explained that it represents an important acknowledgment of the many complexities associated with providing dialysis in Puerto Rico. The commenter noted that in the post-hurricane environment particularly, infrastructure challenges lead to high costs of dialysis care. The commenter strongly encouraged CMS to continue to look closely at the wage index as it relates to Puerto Rico. One of the health insurance organizations asserted that a wage index floor of 0.70 would result in rates that more accurately reflect actual cost per treatment based on costs after multiple natural disasters and the disruptions in 2020 due to alcoholism treatment.

The commenter expressed concern that the financial viability of dialysis providers in Puerto Rico is under stress and that it is in the interest of beneficiaries, the Medicare program, and the fragile healthcare infrastructure in Puerto Rico to have available multiple competing dialysis services providers. The commenter stated that the average in-center HD costs for independent facilities in Puerto Rico is $232.25 per treatment using CMS data from 2017. The commenter asserted that this number is significantly higher than the average FFS payment rate for Puerto Rico and significantly lower than the rates contracted by Medicare Advantage companies for the same service. The commenter noted that in-center HD represents the majority of the treatments for Puerto Rico ESRD patients. The commenter suggested that CMS consider basing the ESRD wage index on a new survey of ESRD outpatient facility wage costs as a means for wage index reform.

Both health insurance organizations referred to the wage index policy changes included in the FY 2020 IPPS/LTCH PPS final rule (84 FR 42326 through 42332). Specifically, the commenters urged that the FFS ESRD PPS wage index system for Puerto Rico should use the recently adjusted inpatient facility (Part A) wage index values to reverse the wage index “downward spiral” consistently across all Medicare payment systems. Finally, they recommended that CMS assure that the corresponding adjustment in Medicare Advantage benchmarks for ESRD is made to reflect any adjustments in ESRD PPS payments. Response. We did not propose specific policies relating to the wage index floor.

We thank the commenters for sharing their concerns regarding Puerto Rico's wage index and their suggestions for wage index reform, along with the recommendation of a wage index for Puerto Rico of 0.70 and their concern regarding the Medicare Advantage benchmarks for ESRD. We will take these thoughtful suggestions into consideration when considering future rulemaking. Final Rule Action. After considering the comments received, for the reasons set forth in this final rule and in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we are finalizing our proposal to adopt the newer OMB delineations contained in OMB Bulletin 18-04 as proposed. We are also finalizing our proposal to apply a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index for CY 2021 from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year (CY 2020) as proposed.

We did not receive comments on our proposal regarding wage index budget neutrality, therefore we are finalizing the application of a budget neutrality factor to the ESRD PPS base rate to ensure that the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations and the transition policy will not result in any change of estimated aggregate ESRD PPS payments. We are finalizing the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage indices based on the latest hospital wage data as proposed. For CY 2021, the labor-related share to which a facility's wage index is applied is 52.3 percent. The final CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index is set forth in Addendum A and is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​End-Stage-Renal-Disease-ESRD-Payment-Regulations-and-Notices.html. Addendum A provides a crosswalk between the CY 2020 wage index for an ESRD facility using the current OMB delineations in effect in CY 2020, the CY 2021 wage index using the current OMB delineations in effect in CY 2020, and the CY 2021 wage index using the final 2018 OMB delineations.

Addendum B provides an ESRD facility-level impact analysis. Addendum B includes the final transition wage index values that will be in effect in CY 2021. Addendum B is available on the CMS website at https://www.cms.gov/​Medicare/​Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/​ESRDpayment/​End-Stage-Renal-Disease-ESRD-Payment-Regulations-and-Notices.html. c. CY 2021 Update to the Outlier Policy Section 1881(b)(14)(D)(ii) of the Act requires that the ESRD PPS include a payment adjustment for high cost outliers due to unusual variations in the type or amount of medically necessary care, including variability in the amount of ESAs necessary for anemia management.

Some examples of the patient conditions that may be reflective of higher facility costs when furnishing dialysis care would be frailty, obesity, and comorbidities, such as secondary hyperparathyroidism. The ESRD PPS recognizes high cost patients, and we have codified the outlier policy and our methodology for calculating outlier payments at § 413.237. The policy provides that the following ESRD outlier items and services are included in the ESRD PPS bundle. (1) Renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B. (2) Renal dialysis laboratory tests that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B.

(3) Renal dialysis medical/surgical supplies, including syringes, used to administer renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, separately billable under Medicare Part B. (4) Renal dialysis drugs and biological products that were or would have been, prior to January 1, 2011, covered under Medicare Part D, including renal dialysis oral-only drugs effective January 1, 2025. And (5) Renal dialysis equipment and supplies that receive the transitional add-on payment adjustment as specified in § 413.236 after the payment period has ended. In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49142), we stated that for purposes of determining whether an ESRD facility would be eligible for an outlier payment, it would be necessary for the facility to identify the actual ESRD outlier services furnished to the patient by line item (that is, date of service) on the monthly claim. Renal dialysis drugs, laboratory tests, and medical/surgical supplies that are recognized as outlier services were originally specified in Attachment 3 of Change Request 7064, Transmittal 2033 issued August 20, 2010, rescinded and replaced by Transmittal 2094, dated November 17, 2010.

Transmittal 2094 identified additional drugs and laboratory tests that may also be eligible for ESRD outlier payment. Transmittal 2094 was rescinded and replaced by Transmittal 2134, dated January 14, 2011, which included one technical correction. Furthermore, we use administrative issuances and guidance to continually update the renal dialysis service items available for outlier payment via our quarterly update CMS Change Requests, when applicable. We use this separate guidance to identify renal dialysis service drugs that were or would have been covered under Medicare Part D for Start Printed Page 71437outlier eligibility purposes and in order to provide unit prices for calculating imputed outlier services. In addition, we identify through our monitoring efforts items and services that are either incorrectly being identified as eligible outlier services or any new items and services that may require an update to the list of renal dialysis items and services that qualify as outlier services, which are made through administrative issuances.

Under § 413.237, an ESRD facility is eligible for an outlier payment if its actual or imputed Medicare allowable payment (MAP) amount per treatment for ESRD outlier services exceeds a threshold. The MAP amount represents the average incurred amount per treatment for services that were or would have been considered separately billable services prior to January 1, 2011. The threshold is equal to the ESRD facility's predicted ESRD outlier services MAP amount per treatment (which is case-mix adjusted and described in the following paragraphs) plus the fixed-dollar loss (FDL) amount. In accordance with § 413.237(c), facilities are paid 80 percent of the per treatment amount by which the imputed MAP amount for outlier services (that is, the actual incurred amount) exceeds this threshold. ESRD facilities are eligible to receive outlier payments for treating both adult and pediatric dialysis patients.

In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule and at § 413.220(b)(4), using 2007 data, we established the outlier percentage, which is used to reduce the per treatment base rate to account for the proportion of the estimated total payments under the ESRD PPS that are outlier payments, at 1.0 percent of total payments (75 FR 49142 through 49143). We also established the FDL amounts that are added to the predicted outlier services MAP amounts. The outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts are different for adult and pediatric patients due to differences in the utilization of separately billable services among adult and pediatric patients (75 FR 49140). As we explained in the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49138 through 49139), the predicted outlier services MAP amounts for a patient are determined by multiplying the adjusted average outlier services MAP amount by the product of the patient-specific case-mix adjusters applicable using the outlier services payment multipliers developed from the regression analysis used to compute the payment adjustments. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60705), we stated that based on the CY 2018 claims data, outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments.

We also noted that, beginning in CY 2020, the total expenditure amount includes add-on payment adjustments made for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy. We projected that for each dialysis treatment furnished, the average amount attributed to the TDAPA would be $21.03 (84 FR 60704). For CY 2021, we proposed that the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts would be derived from claims data from CY 2019. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42162), because we believe that any adjustments made to the MAP amounts under the ESRD PPS should be based upon the most recent data year available in order to best predict any future outlier payments, we proposed that the outlier thresholds for CY 2021 would be based on utilization of renal dialysis items and services furnished under the ESRD PPS in CY 2019. We noted that, for CY 2020, the total expenditure amount includes add-on payment adjustments made for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy (calculated to be $14.87 per treatment).

However, as discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, for CY 2021 we modified the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment and will no longer pay for these drugs using the TDAPA. In addition, we are finalizing that beginning January 1, 2021, calcimimetics will be eligible outlier services. As discussed in section II.B.4.c.(2) of this final rule, CY 2019 claims data show outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we recognize that the utilization of ESAs and other outlier services have continued to decline under the ESRD PPS, and that we have lowered the MAP amounts and FDL amounts every year under the ESRD PPS. We stated that, for CY 2021, the adult predicted outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts have increased as a result of our incorporation of oral and injectable calcimimetics into the outlier policy.

(1) CY 2021 Update to the Outlier Services MAP Amounts and FDL Amounts For this final rule, the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts were updated using 2019 claims data. The impact of this update is shown in Table 5, which compares the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts used for the outlier policy in CY 2020 with the updated estimates for this final rule. The estimates for the CY 2021 outlier policy, which are included in Column II of Table 5, were inflation adjusted to reflect projected 2021 prices for outlier services. TABLE 5—Outlier Policy. Impact of Using Updated Data To Define the Outlier Policy Column I final outlier policy for CY 2020 (based on 2018 data, price inflated to 2020) *Column II final outlier policy for CY 2021 (based on 2019 data, price inflated to 2021)Age <.

18Age >= 18Age <. 18Age >= 18Average outlier services MAP amount per treatment$30.95$37.33$30.33$53.08AdjustmentsStandardization for outlier services1.06550.97811.03900.9789MIPPA reduction0.980.980.980.98Adjusted average outlier services MAP amount$32.32$35.78$30.88$50.92FDL amount that is added to the predicted MAP to determine the outlier threshold$41.04$48.33$44.78$122.49Patient-months qualifying for outlier payment11.35%10.38%8.80%5.15%Note. Column I was obtained from Column II of Table 2 from the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60705). Start Printed Page 71438 As demonstrated in Table 5, the estimated FDL amount per treatment that determines the CY 2021 outlier threshold amount for adults (Column II. $122.49) is higher than that used for the CY 2020 outlier policy (Column I.

$48.33). The higher threshold is accompanied by an increase in the adjusted average MAP for outlier services from $35.78 to $50.92. For pediatric patients, there is an increase in the FDL amount from $41.04 to $44.78 and a decrease in the adjusted average MAP for outlier services, from $32.32 to $30.88. As we stated previously, the predicted outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts have increased as a result of the incorporation of oral and injectable calcimimetics into the outlier policy. Approximately 30 percent of ESRD beneficiaries receive calcimimetics and a subset of these beneficiaries tend to have the highest ESRD PPS expenditures, which trigger outlier payments under the ESRD PPS.

Since the highest per-beneficiary ESRD PPS expenditures will increase due to calcimimetics being eligible ESRD outlier services, the outlier FDL will increase to ensure that total outlier payments project to 1 percent of total Medicare ESRD PPS expenditures. We estimate that the percentage of patient months qualifying for outlier payments in CY 2021 will be 5.15percent for adult patients and 8.80 percent for pediatric patients, based on the 2019 claims data. The outlier MAP and FDL amounts continue to be lower for pediatric patients than adults due to the continued lower use of outlier services (primarily reflecting lower use of calcimimetics, ESAs and other injectable drugs). (2) Outlier Percentage In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49081) and under § 413.220(b)(4), we reduced the per treatment base rate by 1 percent to account for the proportion of the estimated total payments under the ESRD PPS that are outlier payments as described in § 413.237. Based on the 2019 claims, outlier payments represented approximately 0.5 percent of total payments, which is below the 1 percent target due to declines in the use of outlier services.

Recalibration of the thresholds using 2019 data is expected to result in aggregate outlier payments close to the 1 percent target in CY 2021. We believe the update to the outlier MAP and FDL amounts for CY 2021 will increase payments for ESRD beneficiaries requiring higher resource utilization and move us closer to meeting our 1 percent outlier policy because we are using more current data for computing the MAP and FDL, which is more in line with current outlier services utilization rates. The inclusion of calcimimetics as ESRD outlier services in CY 2021 will fundamentally change the per-treatment distribution of outlier services relative to previous CYs. In 2019 claims, roughly 33 percent of ESRD beneficiaries and 28 percent of dialysis treatments are associated with calcimimetics and those that often have significantly higher utilization of ESRD outlier services relative to beneficiaries who do not receive calcimimetics. The MAP and FDL increases account for this change.

We note that recalibration of the FDL amounts in this final rule will result in no change in payments to ESRD facilities for beneficiaries with renal dialysis services that are not eligible for outlier payments. The comments and our responses to the comments on our proposed updates to the outlier policy are set forth below. Comment. Although we did not propose changes to the outlier target percentage or methodology for computing the MAP or FDL amounts, we received many comments from MedPAC, national dialysis associations, large dialysis organizations, non-profit dialysis associations, a patient advocacy organization, and an academy of nutrition and dietetics expressing concern that the outlier policy has not been effective. Most of the commenters opposed the proposed changes to the MAP and FDL along with suggestions that ranged in complexity for the policy's reform, which are described in detail below.

We also received data from the commenters' analysis that studied the impact of outlier payments once calcimimetics become ESRD outlier services. All commenters noted that since the beginning of the ESRD PPS, the outlier pool has not paid out the full amount withheld each year. MedPAC noted that every year the outlier threshold has been reduced and yet still turns out to have been set too high. MedPAC stated that this phenomenon suggests a declining trend in the use of outlier-eligible services (that is, drugs and laboratory services that were separately billable under the prior payment system) for ESRD beneficiaries with very high estimated spending on those services. MedPAC asserted that CMS' strategy of updating the base year of data used to calculate the outlier threshold to bring the outlier payments closer to the targeted 1 percent, has not been effective.

Many commenters recommended that CMS adjust the outlier percentage to more accurately represent the percentage of total payments that have been historically paid under the outlier policy. For example, commenters suggested that CMS reduce the outlier pool withheld to less than 1 percent, indicating that they believe this approach to be consistent with the intent of Congress since a minimum percentage was not set in the legislation. One non-profit dialysis organization recommended removing the outlier provision from the bundled payment system but recognized that the provision is required by statute and suggested that the percentage be decreased from 1 percent to 0.5 percent. A few other commenters agreed with reducing the percentage to 0.5 and recommended that CMS finalize this change for CY 2021. An LDO recommended that CMS establish a mechanism to return unpaid amounts withheld from ESRD facilities as part of the target percentage when it does not achieve the 1 percent outlier policy in a given year.

An academy of nutrition and dietetics made a similar comment and stated when these dollars are paid back to ESRD facilities they would be invested in patient care. A national dialysis association stated that CMS is correctly adding resources to the ESRD PPS bundled payment to help continued patient access to calcimimetics after the end of the TDAPA period, but this correct policy decision creates adverse, unintended consequences for the outlier pool that must be mitigated in the final rule. Several commenters opposed the proposal to increase the adult FDL and MAP outlier amounts accounting for the calcimimetics. Some commenters, including MedPAC, stated that this action could further exacerbate the longstanding issue of the outlier pool being underpaid. MedPAC identified two problems that are additive.

Meaning the outlier payments may be too low because (1) the outlier threshold calculation does not account for the trend of decreasing spending for services previously eligible for an outlier payment. And (2) in making calcimimetics eligible for outlier payments in CY 2021, the outlier threshold calculation does not account for the likelihood that calcimimetic use will be lower after payment for calcimimetics is added to the ESRD PPS bundled payment. MedPAC indicated that the fact that CMS is proposing to increase the outlier threshold by 126 percent in 2021, rather than decrease the threshold as the agency has done in every other year, corroborates the reliance on high calcimimetic use for receiving an outlier payment in 2021. MedPAC further stated that, if calcimimetic use decreases between Start Printed Page 714392019 (when the products were paid using the TDAPA) and 2021 (when the products will be paid as part of the ESRD PPS base rate), the outlier threshold will be set too high and outlier payments will be lower than the 1 percent of total 2021 payments. Several commenters urged CMS to lower the thresholds proposed for 2021.

The commenters expressed concern that increases to the outlier threshold would cause a shift in the cases qualifying for an outlier payment. They stated that the increases to the thresholds would limit most outlier payments to those patients who use IV calcimimetics, largely excluding outlier payments for the care of patients using other relatively high-cost items and services that otherwise would be eligible for outliers absent adoption of the proposed substantial increases to the outlier thresholds. Many commenters referred to a study performed by the Moran Company which was submitted in a comment letter from a national dialysis organization. The study demonstrated that as a result of the proposed policy changes to increase the outlier thresholds, 76.3 percent of the outlier pool will be dedicated solely to patients that utilize calcimimetics, leaving few resources for other high-cost patients. Several commenters expressed concern that the dynamic shift of the allocation of outlier payments seen in the Moran Company's analyses for calcimimetics would continue to happen in the future when new therapies become ESRD outlier services.

One commenter explained that any new product that qualifies for the outlier policy and has a significant cost associated with it will lead to higher threshold amounts. Several commenters referred to MedPAC's public comment for the CY 2020 ESRD PPS rulemaking, in which MedPAC recommended that CMS exclude payments during a TDAPA—or TPNIES—period from outlier pool calculations given that CMS policy makes a drug or equipment or supply ineligible for outlier payments during the add-on period. The commenters described this as a policy misalignment that causes outlier payments to be less than the outlier target percentage. Two commenters suggested comprehensive refinement of the outlier policy methodology. MedPAC recommended that CMS consider an approach that reflects the trend in separately billable spending over time.

MedPAC noted that other CMS payment systems use trend information when establishing similar payment policies. For example, in establishing county benchmark rates, MedPAC stated that the Medicare Advantage program uses a prediction method that accounts for utilization trends for specific services combined with the most recent available prices. MedPAC asserted that such an approach could produce a more reliable outlier threshold estimate and may result in the outlier payment amounts that, on average, are closer to the target. Several commenters recommended that CMS explore reserving a portion of the outlier pool to be in proportion to the share of new ESRD outlier services, in this case calcimimetics, compared to the current spending on all other ESRD outlier services in the ESRD PPS. Under this type of policy, CMS could establish a MAP and fixed-loss amount for each sub-pool.

The total value of the outlier pool could remain at 1 percent (or less as noted above) of the ESRD PPS. CMS could recalculate the size of the sub-pool based on the most recently available claims data. Over time, CMS could evaluate whether additional functional categories (in addition to bone and mineral metabolism) would merit the creation of additional sub-pools. One national kidney dialysis organization explained that in addition to allowing the outlier pool to address higher-costs patients outside of the calcimimetic costs, the distributed nature of the sub-pools would decrease the risk of dollars being removed from the payment system unintentionally. A national dialysis association provided a simulation of the calculation of outlier payments performed by the Moran Company testing two sub-pools of the outlier withhold.

One for patients using calcimimetics and another for other, high cost patients who do not use calcimimetics. The Moran Company found that use of sub-pools would improve the distribution of outlier payments for all high cost patients, but indicated that it is not likely to eliminate all leakage from the ESRD PPS due to the outlier pool. The commenter stated that this finding underscores the need to reduce the withhold amount to 0.5 percent and correct the misalignment between CMS's policies that withhold dollars during an add-on payment period when the treatment is not eligible for outlier payments. The commenter urged CMS to include its recommended approach to bifurcate the outlier policy in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule. The commenter suggested that CMS could publish an interim final rule with comment period, if needed, to ensure that the public can comment on these proposals prior to implementation.

However, the commenter emphasized that these policies should take effect for CY 2021 to ensure that the outlier pool continues to support high cost patients under the ESRD PPS. Many commenters expressed interest in working with CMS to refine the outlier policy methodology to make sure that it addresses the needs of all types of high costs patients. The commenters suggested that a larger discussion of a solution to the outlier pool being dominated by a single product is warranted, perhaps through a TEP or in another forum. Response. We appreciate all of the thoughtful suggestions provided by commenters.

We acknowledge that, even with annually adjusting the MAP and FDL to reflect the most recent utilization and costs of ESRD PPS eligible outlier services, total outlier payments have not yet reached the 1 percent target. However, it is also true that use of eligible ESRD outlier services declined each year. That is, ESRD facilities incurred lower costs than anticipated, and those savings accrued to facilities more than offsetting the extent to which the consequent outlier payments fell short of the 1.0 percent target. We appreciate the comments suggesting solutions for refining the outlier policy methodology, for example, reducing the outlier percentage pool withhold to less than 1 percent or establishing a mechanism that pays back ESRD facilities those allocated outlier amounts that did not pay out in the year projected. We also appreciate the comments suggesting more complex solutions, such as the approach provided by MedPAC, that uses trend information for establishing thresholds or the approach from other commenters that bifurcates the outlier pool into sub-pools.

We did not propose any changes to the outlier policy methodology in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Our proposal was limited to updating the outlier services MAP amounts and FDL amounts to reflect the utilization of outlier services reported on 2019 claims. Therefore, we are not finalizing these significant methodological changes the commenters suggested. However, we recognize that the incorporation of calcimimetics into the ESRD PPS bundled payment system, and of which effective January 1, 2021 are ESRD PPS eligible outlier services, brings with them a unique dynamic. As the commenters have indicated, these products are expensive and these high costs have been loaded into the projections for the outlier payments.

We also agree with the commenters that as new therapies become eligible ESRD outlier services, they too will bring significant costs that could further Start Printed Page 71440complicate the allocation of outlier payments to beneficiaries that may not be using the particular new therapy. As we noted in the previous paragraph, we do not believe it is appropriate to finalize significant methodological changes, such as bifurcating the outlier pool into sub-pools, without performing detailed analyses to inform us on the implications of the changes. Similarly, we do not agree with the suggestion that CMS publish an interim final rule with comment period to finalize complex changes to the outlier policy methodology so that they can take effect in CY 2021. Doing so would be premature since we would not have carefully studied and considered the potential consequences. We appreciate the commenters' expressed interest in working with CMS to refine the outlier policy methodology to make sure that it addresses the needs of all types of high costs patients.

While commenters suggested a TEP or another forum to develop a solution to the outlier pool being dominated by a single product, we had already indicated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60607) that a TEP would address the outlier policy as part of the efforts to refine the ESRD PPS. Following publication of the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, a TEP was held in December 2019. The outlier policy was on the agenda and our data contractor discussed. The current approach to outlier payments, stakeholder concerns regarding the current outlier payment, an alternative methodology to achieve the 1 percent outlier target, and feedback on the proposed approach. Under the alternative approach discussed at the TEP, the underlying basis of the alternative methodology is to relax the assumption of constant utilization of eligible outlier services over time, which allows for the modeling of the MAP amounts as they change over time.

It also allows for the use of data from a greater number of years to inform trends. Details regarding the session dedicated to the outlier policy are available on the CMS website. Https://www.cms.gov/​files/​document/​end-stage-renal-disease-prospective-payment-system-technical-expert-panel-summary-report-december.pdf. We believe that the information gathered at the TEP and the thoughtful suggestions provided in the public comments submitted in response to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule can be taken into consideration in the future as we explore ways to refine the outlier policy methodology. Final Rule Action.

After considering the public comments, we are finalizing the updated outlier thresholds for CY 2021 displayed in Column II of Table 5 of this final rule and based on CY 2019 data. D. Final Impacts to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS Base Rate (1) ESRD PPS Base Rate In the CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49071 through 49083), we established the methodology for calculating the ESRD PPS per-treatment base rate, that is, ESRD PPS base rate, and the determination of the per-treatment payment amount, which are codified at §§ 413.220 and 413.230. The CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule also provides a detailed discussion of the methodology used to calculate the ESRD PPS base rate and the computation of factors used to adjust the ESRD PPS base rate for projected outlier payments and budget neutrality in accordance with sections 1881(b)(14)(D)(ii) and 1881(b)(14)(A)(ii) of the Act, respectively. Specifically, the ESRD PPS base rate was developed from CY 2007 claims (that is, the lowest per patient utilization year as required by section 1881(b)(14)(A)(ii) of the Act), updated to CY 2011, and represented the average per treatment MAP for composite rate and separately billable services.

In accordance with section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act and our regulation at § 413.230, the per-treatment payment amount is the sum of the ESRD PPS base rate, adjusted for the patient specific case-mix adjustments, applicable facility adjustments, geographic differences in area wage levels using an area wage index, any applicable outlier payment and training adjustment add-on, the TDAPA, and the TPNIES. (2) Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 We are finalizing an ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021 of $253.13. This update reflects several factors, described in more detail as follows. Wage Index Budget-Neutrality Adjustment Factor. We compute a wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor that is applied to the ESRD PPS base rate.

For CY 2021, we are not proposing any changes to the methodology used to calculate this factor, which is described in detail in the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72174). We computed the proposed CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor using treatment counts from the 2019 claims and facility-specific CY 2020 payment rates to estimate the total dollar amount that each ESRD facility would have received in CY 2020. The total of these payments became the target amount of expenditures for all ESRD facilities for CY 2021. Next, we computed the estimated dollar amount that would have been paid for the same ESRD facilities using the ESRD PPS wage index for CY 2021. As discussed in section II.B.4.b of this final rule, the final ESRD PPS wage index for CY 2021 includes an update to the most recent hospital wage data, the adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations, and a 5 percent cap on wage index decreases applied for CY 2021.

The total of these payments becomes the new CY 2021 amount of wage-adjusted expenditures for all ESRD facilities. The wage index budget-neutrality factor is calculated as the target amount divided by the new CY 2021 amount. When we multiplied the wage index budget-neutrality factor by the applicable CY 2021 estimated payments, aggregate payments to ESRD facilities would remain budget neutral when compared to the target amount of expenditures. That is, the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor ensures that wage index adjustments do not increase or decrease aggregate Medicare payments with respect to changes in wage index updates. The final CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor is .999485.

This application would yield a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $239.21, ($239.33 × .999485 = $239.21), prior to the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics and the application of the final market basket increase. Addition to the ESRD PPS Base Rate to Include Calcimimetics. As discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, for CY 2021 we are modifying the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to account for calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. This application would yield a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $249.14 ($239.21 + $9.93 = $249.14), prior to the application of the final market basket increase. Market Basket Increase.

Section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(I) of the Act provides that, beginning in 2012, the ESRD PPS payment amounts are required to be annually increased by the ESRD market basket percentage increase factor. The latest projection of the ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 is 1.9 percent. In CY 2021, this amount must be reduced by the productivity adjustment described in section 1886(b)(3)(B)(xi)(II) of the Act, as required by section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i)(II) of the Act. As discussed previously, the final MFP adjustment for CY 2021 is 0.3 percentage point, thus yielding an update to the base rate of 1.6 percent for CY 2021. Therefore, the final CY 2021 Start Printed Page 71441ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13 ($249.14 × 1.016 = $253.13).

In summary, we are finalizing a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $253.13. This amount reflects a CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .999485, an addition of $9.93 to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and the CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment update of 1.6 percent. The comments and our responses to the comments on our updates to the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate are set forth below. Comment. Commenters were supportive of the updates to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021.

Response. We appreciate the comments in support of the updates. Comment. An academy of nutrition and dietetics urged CMS to consider access to care in rural areas when setting the rates under the ESRD PPS. The commenter referred to MedPAC's March 2020 Report to Congress,[] and noted MedPAC's concern about the gap in the Medicare margin between rural and urban facilities.

The commenter believes that the proposal to cap any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index is one way to address these access to care concerns, including access to registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs). The commenter explained that RDNs perform many roles in ESRD facilities aimed at improving outcomes and promoting therapy adherence, including dialysis treatments, dietary recommendations, and medication regimes. The commenter expressed concern that there are significant challenges to the hiring and retention of RDNs in rural area ESRD facilities, therefore rates for the rural facilities require an adequate margin to support recruitment and retention of qualified RDNs to address the needs of this nutritionally high-risk population. Response. We appreciate the commenter's recommendation for CMS to consider access to care in rural areas when setting the rates under the ESRD PPS, specifically with regard to hiring and retaining specialized staff that provide quality care to ESRD beneficiaries.

As we stated in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60701), the annual update factor is intended to account for the overall increase in cost of care at the national level. The patient case-mix payment adjustments and the facility level adjustments, such as the rural adjustment and low-volume payment adjustment account for differences in both patient and facility characteristics. These payment adjustments are provided to address the variation of costs of a particular facility relative to the national standard. The CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule discusses the methodology for calculating the patient and facility-level adjustments (80 FR 68972 through 69004). In addition, the ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted for any applicable outlier payment, training add-on payment, the TDAPA, and the TPNIES to arrive at the per treatment payment amount.

For these reasons, we believe that the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is appropriate despite the challenges some ESRD facilities experience. We also continue to believe that the payment adjustments, such as the rural adjustment and the low volume payment adjustment help mitigate the challenges faced by those facilities that are eligible for the adjustments. Final Rule Action. We are finalizing a CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate of $253.13. 5.

Changes to the Low-Volume Payment Adjustment a. Background As required by section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iii) of the Act, the ESRD PPS includes a payment adjustment that reflects the extent to which costs incurred by low-volume facilities in furnishing renal dialysis services exceed the costs incurred by other facilities in furnishing such services. We have established a LVPA factor of 23.9 percent for ESRD facilities that meet the definition of a low-volume facility. Under § 413.232(b), a low-volume facility is an ESRD facility that, based on the submitted documentation—(1) Furnished less than 4,000 treatments in each of the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent) preceding the payment year. And (2) Has not opened, closed, or received a new provider number due to a change in ownership in the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent) preceding the payment year.

Under § 413.232(c), for purposes of determining the number of treatments furnished by the ESRD facility, the number of treatments considered furnished by the ESRD facility equals the aggregate number of treatments furnished by the ESRD facility and the number of treatments furnished by other ESRD facilities that are both under common ownership with, and 5 road miles or less from, the ESRD facility in question. For purposes of determining eligibility for the LVPA, “treatments” mean total HD-equivalent treatments (Medicare and non-Medicare as well as ESRD and non-ESRD). For PD patients, 1 week of PD is considered equivalent to 3 HD treatments. As noted previously, we base eligibility on the 3 years preceding the payment year and those years are based on cost reporting periods. Specifically, under § 413.232(g), the ESRD facility's cost reports for the periods ending in the 3 years preceding the payment year must report costs for 12-consecutive months (76 FR 70237).

In order to receive the LVPA under the ESRD PPS, an ESRD facility must submit a written attestation statement to its MAC confirming that it meets all of the requirements specified in § 413.232 and qualifies as a low-volume ESRD facility. The attestation is required because. (1) ESRD facility's cost reporting periods vary and may not be based on the calendar year. And (2) the cost reports are due 5 months after the close of the cost reporting period (that is, there is a lag in the cost reporting submission). Thus, the MACs may not have the cost report for the third year to determine eligibility and would need to rely on the attestation for that year until the cost report is available.

Section 413.232(e) imposes a yearly November 1 deadline for attestation submissions, with a few exceptions where the deadline is December 31. The November 1 timeframe provides 60 days for a MAC to verify that an ESRD facility meets the LVPA eligibility criteria (76 FR 70236). As stated in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, (Pub. L. 100-02), (chapter 11, section 60.B.1),[] once the attested ESRD facility's cost report is submitted to the MAC, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report for the third eligibility year and finds that the ESRD facility met the eligibility criteria, the ESRD facility would then receive the LVPA payment for all the Medicare-eligible treatments in the payment year.

However, if the attested ESRD facility's cost report for the third eligibility year exceeds the total dialysis treatment threshold, then the MAC recoups by reprocessing claims paid during the payment year in which the ESRD facility incorrectly received the LVPA. Recoupment also occurs if any cost reports used for eligibility are subsequently found to have not met the low-volume criteria, for example, reopening or appeals. Further information regarding the administration of the LVPA is provided Start Printed Page 71442in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, chapter 11, section 60.B.1.[] b. Revisions to the LVPA Requirements and Regulations As we discussed in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56949) and the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42165), we have heard from stakeholders that low-volume facilities rely on the LVPA and loss of the adjustment could result in beneficiary access issues. Specifically, stakeholders expressed concern that the eligibility criteria in the LVPA regulations are very explicit and leave little room for flexibility in certain circumstances.

As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42165), according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the risk factors for alcoholism treatment include older adults and people of any age who have serious underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and chronic kidney disease undergoing dialysis. Medicare's ESRD population aligns with the profile of patients who are more susceptible to alcoholism treatment. As a result, ESRD facilities are working together to keep the risk of spreading alcoholism treatment down as much as possible by shifting patients among the ESRD facilities in the same area. In some cases, this shifting of patients has caused some low-volume ESRD facilities to temporarily dialyze patients that they otherwise would not have dialyzed if there had not been a PHE. In addition, since cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) have increased in certain areas of the country due to alcoholism treatment, there is also an increase in the number of patients discharged that need outpatient dialysis for some period of time while their kidneys regain normal function.

We expressed concern that these increases in dialysis treatments due to the alcoholism treatment PHE in CY 2020 may put certain low-volume facilities over the LVPA's treatment threshold causing the loss of, or the inability to qualify for, the 23.9 percent per treatment payment adjustment for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023. We noted that in CY 2020, 338 ESRD facilities receive the LVPA. We also noted that in a typical year, we estimate that between 50-60 facilities lose their LVPA status. That is, there are between 50-60 ESRD facilities that typically lose their LVPA status because their patient population grew for reasons other than the alcoholism treatment PHE. In light of the unique circumstance due to the alcoholism treatment PHE, we proposed to hold ESRD facilities harmless if an increase in their treatment counts in 2020 is alcoholism treatment-related such that the increase would prevent them from qualifying for the LVPA.

We proposed that the ESRD facility would attest that the increase in treatments, meaning total HD-equivalent treatments (for ESRD and AKI), was temporary and related to the redistribution of patients in response to the alcoholism treatment PHE. When this occurs, instead of using total dialysis treatments furnished in cost reporting periods ending in 2020, CMS would rely on the facility's attestation that the increase in total dialysis treatments was due to the PHE for the alcoholism treatment antabuse. We proposed that for purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, we would only consider total dialysis treatments furnished for 6 months of a facility's cost-reporting period ending in 2020, and that an ESRD facility would decide which 6 months to use (consecutive or non-consecutive) for purposes of reporting total treatments. That is, ESRD facilities would attest that, while it furnished 4,000 or more treatments in its cost-reporting period ending in 2020, the number of treatments exceeding the allowed threshold to otherwise qualify for the LVPA was due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE, and that their total dialysis treatments for any 6 months of that period is less than 2,000. MACs would annualize the total dialysis treatments for those 6 months by multiplying by 2.

ESRD facilities would be expected to provide supporting documentation to the MACs upon request. We proposed to revise § 413.232(g) by adding paragraph (g)(4) to reflect that, for purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, an ESRD facility's attestation must indicate that the ESRD facility meets all the LVPA criteria except that, for a facility that does not otherwise meet the number-of-treatments criterion (that is, less than 4,000 in a year) because of the alcoholism treatment PHE, the facility furnished less than 2,000 treatments in any 6 months during its cost-reporting period ending in 2020 due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE. We also proposed that the MAC would rely on the facility's attestation and would annualize the total dialysis treatments for the 6 months by multiplying those collective 6 month treatments by 2. In addition, since CMS changed cost reporting deadlines due to the alcoholism treatment PHE, we believe the extraordinary circumstances of the alcoholism treatment antabuse justify an exception to the November 1, 2020 attestation deadline. Therefore, for payment year 2021, we proposed to allow more time for ESRD facilities to submit attestations by extending the deadline to December 31, 2020.

We would reflect this change in § 413.232(e) by reformatting the section to reflect already established exceptions to the November 1 attestation deadline in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3), and to include in new paragraph (e)(4) that, for payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020. We proposed a technical change at § 413.232(b) to remove the heading “Definition of low-volume facility” to be consistent with the current CFR requirements.[] We also proposed a technical change at § 413.232(e) and (g). We proposed to add “MAC” in § 413.232(e) to establish the acronym for Medicare Administrative Contractor. We proposed to replace “Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC)” with “MAC” in § 413.232(g) since the acronym would now be established in § 413.232(e). C.

Clarification for MAC LVPA Determinations As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42166), in order to receive the LVPA, an ESRD facility must meet the requirements of § 413.232, including submitting attestations to the MACs indicating its eligibility for the adjustment. In its attestation for the third eligibility year, which is the cost-reporting year immediately preceding the payment year, a facility attests that it will be eligible for the adjustment. This attestation typically occurs prior to the MAC having the facility's cost report for the third eligibility year, in which case the MAC relies on the facility's attestation to determine if the facility qualifies for the LVPA. When an ESRD facility qualifies for the adjustment, the LVPA would be applied to all the Medicare-eligible treatments for the entire payment year. If the MAC subsequently determines, however, that the ESRD facility failed to qualify for the LVPA, and the facility had already begun to receive the adjustment to which the MAC has determined it is not entitled, the MAC would reprocess the claims to remove and recoup the low-volume payments.

We understand that in some instances, MACs may be discontinuing LVPA payments to a facility in the payment year for which the facility is eligible for the adjustment. However, Start Printed Page 71443the established policy is such that, if an ESRD facility meets the LVPA eligibility criteria in § 413.232, it is entitled to the payment adjustment for the entire payment year. Because there may be some inconsistent application of this policy, we are taking this opportunity to make this aspect of the LVPA policy clear in the regulation text. We proposed to revise § 413.232 by adding paragraph (h) to specify that, if an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with § 413.232(e) for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report. If the MAC determines an ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility, CMS adjusts the low-volume facility's base rate for the entire payment year.

However, if the MAC determines an ESRD facility does not meet the definition of a low-volume facility, the MAC reprocesses claims and recoups low volume adjustments paid during the payment year. The comments and our responses to the comments on our LVPA proposals are set forth below. Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to hold harmless ESRD facilities that would otherwise qualify for the LVPA but for a temporary increase in dialysis treatments due to the PHE for the alcoholism treatment antabuse. Two of the commenters indicated that holding these ESRD facilities harmless will better ensure ESRD patients' access to life-sustaining dialysis.

Response. We appreciate the support of the commenters as we strive to ensure access to care during this unprecedented time. Comment. One commenter expressed concern that the intent of the proposal would not be met as the length of the PHE for alcoholism treatment remains uncertain. Response.

We thank the commenter for its support for the proposed LVPA modifications while appreciating this concern. While the end of the PHE for alcoholism treatment remains uncertain, we believe that the modification adequately address the current and foreseen impact of alcoholism treatment on low volume ESRD facilities. We will consider the alcoholism treatment PHE during rulemaking in the future, if warranted. Comment. One commenter expressed confusion over the proposed methodology, indicating that LVPA attestation data can be pulled from any six-month period in the preceding three years.

The commenter expressed concern that facilities who would have exceeded the threshold, even in the absence of alcoholism treatment, can `mask' their disqualification. Response. We acknowledge the commenter's confusion over the proposal. For purposes of determining LVPA eligibility for payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, the facility would attest that its total dialysis treatments for those 6 months of their cost-reporting period ending in 2020 are less than 2,000 and that, although the total number of treatments furnished throughout the entire year otherwise exceeded the LVPA threshold of 4,000, the excess treatments are a direct result of patient shifting from the alcoholism treatment PHE. ESRD facilities would select 6 months (consecutive or non-consecutive) of total dialysis treatments furnished for purposes of the LVPA determination and, if eligible, will receive the benefit for the entire payment year.

If the ESRD facility would have not qualified for the LVPA in the absence of alcoholism treatment, the facility cannot attest that the alcoholism treatment PHE caused its excess treatments. The policy is intended to directly address the burden placed on ESRD facilities in 2020 due to the alcoholism treatment PHE. Future rulemaking will address the PHE's impact on the LVPA, if the impact continues into following years. Comment. We received comments that suggested we adopt a methodology including a combination of the rural and LVPA adjusters to create a tiered LVPA, targeting facilities providing less than 4,000 treatments per year, and expanding the adjuster to include a second tier that includes facilities providing less than 6,000 treatments per year.

Response. We appreciate commenters' suggestions for an alternative methodology and will take their suggestions into consideration for future rulemaking. Final Rule Action. After consideration of public comments, for CY 2021, we are finalizing the revisions to the LVPA, as proposed. We are finalizing the revision to § 413.232(g) by adding paragraph (g)(4) to codify the process.

We are also finalizing the proposal to reformat § 413.232(e) to reflect already established exceptions to the November 1 attestation deadline in paragraphs (e)(1) through (3), and to include in new paragraph (e)(4) that, for payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020. We are finalizing a technical change at § 413.232(b) to remove the heading “Definition of low-volume facility.” We are also finalizing technical changes at § 413.232(e) and (g), whereby “MAC” would be added in § 413.232(e) to establish the acronym for Medicare Administrative Contractor and “MAC” would replace “Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC)” in § 413.232(g). Lastly, we are finalizing the revision of § 413.232 by adding paragraph (h) to specify that, if an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with § 413.232(e) for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report. C. Transitional Add-On Payment Adjustment for New and Innovative Equipment and Supplies for CY 2021 Payment 1.

Background In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the establishment of a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (TPNIES) to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of certain new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD PPS. Under our current regulation at § 413.236(b), we will provide the TPNIES to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. (1) Has been designated by CMS as a renal dialysis service under § 413.171, (2) is new, meaning it is granted marketing authorization by FDA on or after January 1, 2020, (3) is commercially available by January 1 of the particular calendar year, meaning the year in which the payment adjustment would take effect. (4) has a Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) application submitted in accordance with the official Level II HCPCS coding procedures by September 1 of the particular calendar year. (5) is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter and related guidance.

And (6) is not a capital-related asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired). Specifically, the equipment or supply must represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to renal dialysis services previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. Under the first criterion, as reflected in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, renal dialysis equipment and supplies will be considered “new” if FDA grants them marketing authorization on or after January 1, 2020. By including FDA marketing authorizations on or after January 1, 2020, we intended to support ESRD facility use and beneficiary access to the latest technological improvements to renal dialysis equipment and supplies. We note that in section II.B.2.b of this final rule, we are refining the newness criterion (year in which the product was granted FDA marketing Start Printed Page 71444authorization) and establish that an equipment or supply is considered “new” within 3 years beginning on the date of FDA marketing authorization for that equipment or supply.

For capital-related assets that are dialysis machines when used in the home setting for a single patient, the 3 years would begin from the date of FDA marketing authorization for home use. We note that the changes to the newness criteria and the other changes discussed in section II.B.2.b are effective beginning January 1, 2021, that is, applicable for the TPNIES applications received in 2021. As we stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42166), we believed the IPPS SCI criteria and the process used to evaluate SCI under the IPPS could be used for identifying new and innovative equipment and supplies worthy of additional payment under the ESRD PPS. We noted that under the IPPS, CMS has been assessing new technologies for many years to assure that the additional new technology add-on payments to hospitals are made only for truly innovative and transformative products, and we stated that CMS is proposing to adopt the IPPS SCI criteria under the ESRD PPS for the same reason. We explained that we wanted to ensure that the add-on payment adjustments made under the ESRD PPS are limited to new equipment and supplies that are truly innovative.

In addition, since renal dialysis services are routinely furnished to hospital inpatients and outpatients, we stated that we believed the same SCI criteria should be used to assess whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply warrants additional payment under Medicare. We finalized the adoption of IPPS's SCI criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1), including modifications finalized in future IPPS final rules, to determine when a new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply is eligible for the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS. That is, we would adopt IPPS's SCI criteria in § 412.87(b)(1) and any supporting policy around these criteria as discussed in IPPS preamble language. We stated that we believed that by incorporating the IPPS SCI criteria for new and innovative renal dialysis equipment under the ESRD PPS, we would be consistent with IPPS and innovators would have standard criteria to meet for both settings. We also proposed to establish a process modeled after IPPS's process of determining if a new medical service or technology meets the SCI criteria specified in § 412.87.

That is, we proposed that CMS would use a similar process to determine whether the renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria proposed in newly added § 413.236(b). Similar to how we evaluate whether a new renal dialysis drug or biological product is eligible for the TDAPA, as discussed in the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69019), we would need to determine whether the renal dialysis equipment and supply meets our eligibility criteria for the TPNIES. Specifically, under § 413.236(b)(5) we evaluate SCI for purposes of the TPNIES under the ESRD PPS based on the IPPS SCI criteria (see § 412.87(b)(1)). We note that in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as well as section II.B.2.a of this final rule, we provide a detailed discussion of the SCI criteria. In addition, in section II.B.2.b of this final rule we are revising § 413.236(b)(5) to remove “and related guidance” to reflect that all related SCI guidance has now been incorporated into § 412.87(b)(1).

As we discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and in section II.B.2.a of this final rule, we established in § 413.236(c) a process for our announcement of TPNIES determinations and a deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications under the ESRD PPS. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the eligibility criteria specified in § 413.236(b). Then, after consideration of public comments we will announce the results in the Federal Register as part of our annual ESRD PPS final rule. We noted we would only consider a complete application received by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year. FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by September 1 prior to the particular calendar year.

We note in section II.B.2.b of this final rule, we are revising § 413.236(c) to replace “September 1” with “the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website” to reflect that FDA marketing authorization for the new and innovative equipment or supply must accompany the HCPCS application prior to the particular calendar year in order for the item to qualify for the TPNIES in the next calendar year. 2. Applications for TPNIES Payment for CY 2021 We received two applications for the TPNIES for CY 2021. A discussion of these applications is presented below. A.

Theranova 400 Dialyzer and Theranova 500 Dialyzer (1) Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Baxter) Application Baxter submitted an application for the Theranova 400 Dialyzer/Theranova 500 Dialyzer. The 400 and 500 denote differences in surface area. The applicant stated that Theranova represents an SCI over currently available HD therapies for the treatment of renal failure. The applicant stated that Theranova is a new class of hollow-fiber, single-use dialyzer intended to treat renal failure by HD. The applicant stated that it features an innovative 3-layer membrane structure that offers a higher permeability than high-flux dialyzers, with improved removal of large proteins up to 45 kilodaltons (kDa) while selectively maintaining essential proteins such as albumin.[] The applicant stated that Theranova has the potential to transform in-center HD by allowing Medicare beneficiaries with renal failure to benefit from expanded hemodialysis (HDx).

HDx is defined as a process of blood purification that includes the clearance of small uremic toxins through large middle molecule (LMM) (categorized as uremic solute whose molecular size is 25 kDa up to 60 kDa) toxins without the need for an external infusion of replacement fluid. For purposes of the application, HDx is collectively referred to in the application as “Theranova”. The applicant asserted that the Theranova dialyzer integrates with existing HD machines that an ESRD facility already owns and that the Theranova dialyzer replaces other dialyzers. The applicant described the Theranova membrane as unique and stated it allows for the removal of an expanded range of solutes, creating a filtration profile closer to a natural kidney. The applicant described the membrane structure as being divided into three distinct layers.

A fingerlike porous outer layer, a sponge-like intermediate layer, and a very thin inner layer (skin). By reducing the inner diameter of the membrane, internal filtration is increased, allowing for enhanced clearance of LMMs through Start Printed Page 71445additional convective transport.[] The Theranova dialyzer enables the efficient removal of uremic toxins (up to 45 kDa).[] The applicant included an adapted figure from a book titled, “Modelling and Control of Dialysis Systems [] to compare removal of toxins by Theranova to the kidney and to other dialysis therapies, such as low flux dialyzers (LF), high flux dialyzers (HFD) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). The applicant's adapted figure showed the following. LF, HFD, HDF and HDx remove urea (60 Daltons (Da)), phosphate (96 Da), Parathyroid hormone (9,500 Da). HFD, HDF and HDx remove Beta 2 microglobulin (12 kDa), cystatin C (13 kDa), Myoglobulin (17 kDa), and, kappa free-light-chains (23 kDa).

HDF and HDx remove complement factor D (24 kDa), Interleukin (IL)-6 (25 kDa), alpha 1 microglobulin (33 kDa). And, HDx removes Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (40 kDa), lambda free-light-chains (45 kDa) and albumin (67 kDa). The applicant stated that compared with low-flux HD, high-flux HD, and HDF, the Theranova dialyzer filtration profile is more similar to that of a natural kidney, as shown in vitro [] giving it expanded clearance of uremic toxins. The applicant asserted that the design of the Theranova dialyzer allows for use on any HD machine, made by any manufacturer, by merely changing the dialyzer. The applicant stated that the membrane is compatible with standard fluid quality and does not require any additional fluid quality control measure.

Theranova received approval for Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) protocol from the FDA, on August 31, 2017, and then received approval for coverage on September 13, 2017. The Class II investigational device exemption received the code G170157.[] The FDA requested a 6-month clinical study to validate efficacy of large toxin removal and safety. According to the applicant, safety is defined in part by albumin loss. The applicant stated that it is seeking marketing authorization through the FDA's De Novo pathway and marketing authorization this year for the May 2020 cycle. The applicant stated that it plans to submit a HCPCS application to CMS in June 2020.

The applicant noted that it has not submitted an application for pass-through payments under the Medicare Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) or the NTAP program under the Medicare IPPS for the Theranova 400 Dialyzer/Theranova 500 Dialyzer. The applicant stated that it expects Theranova to be commercially available immediately after receiving marketing authorization and will provide proof of commercial availability. With regard to demonstrating the requirements for SCI, the applicant asserted that Theranova represents an SCI in outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries over currently available HD therapies treating renal failure. The applicant noted that ESRD patients on current HD therapies suffer unsatisfactorily high mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and s.[] In addition, the applicant stated that the HDx enabled by Theranova effectively targets the removal of LMM uremic toxins (25 kDa to 60 kDa), which are linked to the development of inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and other comorbidities in dialysis patients. The applicant stated that this results in improved clinical outcomes, relative to current dialyzers in four clinical categories.

First, a decreased rate of subsequent therapeutic interventions, including fewer s, reduced hospitalization duration, and reduced medication usage. Specifically, the applicant stated that patients treated with HDx therapy have decreased s. A prospective cross-over study found an average of seven episodes of for patients treated with HDx versus 18 for high flux HD (p = 0.003).[] The applicant also stated that patients receiving HDx therapy with Theranova had hospital stays averaging 4.4 days versus 5.9 days for patients receiving traditional HD (p = 0.0001) along with lower hospitalization rates (71 percent versus 77 percent (p = 0.69)).[] The U.S. IDE Randomized Controlled Trial (NCT032574 l 0) of 172 patients, although not powered for all-cause hospitalization events, showed a 49 percent decreased number of hospitalization events in the Theranova arm (18 events) as compared to the control arm (37 events).[] With regard to improved medication usage, the applicant stated that patients receiving HDx therapy had reduced medication usage. The applicant cited three studies that showed a significant decrease in erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESA) usage.[] One study also found a substantial reduction in the need for iron usage.[] Two studies saw an improvement in EPO resistance index (ERI) and one study showed a statistically significant decrease in phosphate binder (calcium carbonate) usage.[] The second clinical improvement category listed by the applicant is a more rapid beneficial resolution of the disease process treatment.

The applicant cited a 2019 publication which noted that the average recovery time after dialysis is reduced with HDx therapy, with the median self-reported recovery time at 120 minutes, 60 min., 60 min., and 105 min. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months compared to a baseline 240 min. (p <. 0.01 for 6, 9, and 12-month ratings. N = 110).[] The third category of improved clinical outcomes listed by the applicant Start Printed Page 71446is reduced inflammation in patients receiving HDx Therapy with Theranova.

The applicant referenced a 2018 review article, which notes that chronic inflammation in ESRD patients is associated with the build-up of known uremic toxins spanning the molecular size spectrum from 12 kDa to 45 kDa such as beta-2-microglobulin, soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Receptor 2, IL-1, Prolactin, IL-18, IL-6, Hyaluronic Acid, TNF-a, Soluble TNF Receptor 1, Pentraxin-3, and Advanced Glycation End-Products. The same article notes the following. (1) LMM (25 kDa to 60 kDa) have been associated with inflammation, cardiovascular events and other dialysis-related comorbidities. (2) current dialytic therapies, though efficient in removing small solutes, have limited capability in removing LMM. (3) current dialyzer design, limited by membrane permeability, does not provide long-lasting, effective reduction of the full spectrum of small molecular uremic toxins (<500 Da), conventional middle molecular uremic toxins (500 Da to <25 kDa) and large middle molecular uremic toxins (25 kDa to 60 kDa), even when their usage is enhanced with convective transport.

And (4) a broad spectrum of uremic toxins are not effectively treated by conventional HD nor HDF which is not readily utilized in the U.S.[] The applicant asserted that for the first time, HDx enabled by Theranova results in the superior removal of the aggregate of small, conventional middle and large middle molecular uremic toxins.[] The applicant asserted that Theranova, in effectively targeting the spectrum of uremic toxins, that this spectrum encompasses the totality of these inflammation-modulating molecules. The applicant also asserted that when analyzing the full set of studies utilizing Theranova dialyzers, the collective evidence shows consistent improvement in these inflammatory marker levels. Of 14 measurements of inflammation across four studies,[] 71 percent (10 of 14) showed statistically significant improvement in the inflammatory marker. For the remaining 29 percent of the measured inflammatory markers, all showed improvement in the inflammatory profile but were not statistically significant. In most of the situations where statistically significant results were not achieved, the applicant asserted, the studies were underpowered to demonstrate statistically significant change of the particular marker.

The applicant stated that studies have demonstrated stable albumin levels,[] and a reduction of endothelial dysfunction and Albumin and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels.[] In addition, the applicant specifically described a single cohort study (N = 41) showing a significant decrease in serum levels for urea, β2m, kappa and lambda free light chain at 3 months. At 3 and 6 months, there was a substantial decrease in serum CRP levels. Also, blood assay demonstrated a decline in the production of IL-6.[] In a 40-participant cross-over prospective study, HDx with Theranova versus high flux HD demonstrated both a higher reduction ratio and a decrease in serum levels for lambda free light chains.[] The applicant also noted that, in addition to IL-6, a well-recognized biological marker of inflammation, there is also a broader spectrum of uremic toxins associated with inflammation. The applicant listed references for elevated levels of IL-6 leading to the following. Hepcidin production with decreased iron availability; [] increased endothelial damage; [] increased CRP and decreased albumin production.[] The applicant attested that with the use of Theranova, patients present clinically with the opposite of each of the above listed concerns, suggesting that chronic inflammation mediated by IL-6 is reduced by treatment with Theranova.

However, the applicant submitted a reference that concluded that when compared to HD using high flux membrane, HD using a medium cut-off (MCO) membrane may not be inferior in albumin loss.[] An additional prospective cross-over study (N=20) showed reduced levels of IL-6 (6.4561.57 pg/m vs. 9.4862.15 pg/ml) in patients treated with HDx.[] The applicant included findings from their U.S. IDE Study in the TPNIES application. Although the IL-6 level was not a primary endpoint of the US IDE Study (NCT03257410), nor was the study sufficiently powered to statistically prove a change in IL-6 level, the analysis of the US IDE Study (NCT032574 l 0), comparing Theranova to HD with Elisio 17H, indicates a trend for difference in the pre- to post-dialysis change in plasma IL-6 level, favoring Theranova (p=0.07 and p=0.08 at 4 weeks and 24 weeks, respectively). The pre-dialysis level of IL-6 shows a Start Printed Page 71447positive trend for Theranova (p=0.2).[] The applicant stated that the accumulation of IL-6 and lambda free light chains may contribute to the chronic inflammation state of ESRD patients, increasing the risk of chronic vascular disease and bacterial s, respectively.

The applicant noted that the company is exploring options to assess the impact of the reduction of these solutes via HDx in ongoing studies. Finally, the last category of improved clinical outcomes listed by the applicant is enhanced quality of life across many different measures, including, but not limited to, decreased recovery time, decreased restless leg syndrome, and reduced pruritus. The applicant stated that there was decreased symptom burden, citing a study of patients who switched to HDx with Theranova in a multicenter 6-month observational study (N=992), who had statistically significant improvements in measures of symptoms of kidney disease, effects of kidney disease, and the burden of kidney disease.[] The applicant also stated that there was improved reported mental health component and statistically significant reduced Restless Leg Syndrome diagnosis.[] Regarding improved physical functioning and decreased pruritus, the applicant submitted an article reporting the results of a randomized control trial (N=50), where Theranova resulted in improved results for physical functioning and physical role, and the mean scores of mean pruritus distribution and frequency of scratching during sleep were significantly lower with Theranova.[] In another study (single cohort, N=14), Theranova was associated with statistically significant improvement in the physical and mental component quality of life measures.[] The applicant also submitted a case report of a HD patient with pruritus who responded to the initiation of HDx using a MCO dialysis membrane.[] (2) CMS Analysis (a) Summary of Submitted Evidence of the Theranova Dialyzer by CMS CMS evaluated the claims and assertions made by Baxter with regard to the articles submitted by them for the Theranova Dialyzer. Patients with ESRD requiring dialysis are at high risk of mortality due to the presence of uremic toxins.[] However, identifying the putative uremic toxin (or toxins) has proven challenging. The European Uremic Toxin Work Group previously identified at least 90 compounds that are retained in patients undergoing dialysis.[] Current HD technology relies on diffusion of toxins across a semi-permeable membrane to allow for the removal of small-sized (<500 Da) water-soluble molecules.

While HD is generally able to remove water-soluble small toxins (<500 Da), HD has limited ability to clear protein bound solutes, those that are sequestered, or LMM solutes (>500 Da).[] The accumulation of uremic toxins with higher molecular weight is associated with immunodeficiency, inflammation, protein-wasting, and cardiovascular complications. For instance, solutes such as Beta-2 microglobulin (11.8 kDa) [] are associated with increased mortality.[] Protein-bound solutes such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate also appear to be poorly dialyzable and are associated with the uremic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.[] While dialysis can eliminate the immediate risk of death from uremia, it does not replace functioning kidneys. Patients receiving adequate dialysis do not completely recover from the uremic syndrome, indicating that other uremic toxins may not fully be cleared.[] Compared to the general population, patients with ESRD who receive dialysis are at an increased risk of death, commonly suffer from uremic symptoms such as itching, restless legs, and malnutrition, and are at increased risk. Conventional dialysis is effective in removing small molecules, but is less effective in removing larger molecules, sequestered molecules, and protein-bound toxins. Accumulation of middle molecule and protein-bound toxins may contribute to adverse outcomes among patients receiving dialysis [] and may explain why even a small amount of “residual” kidney function is strongly associated with increased survival [] and higher quality of life.[] Start Printed Page 71448 Innovations in dialysis care include the development of technologies that might remove potential toxins resistant to clearance using current devices.

One technology called HDF removes larger molecules by combining convection with diffusion. Convection relies on pressure gradients across the dialyzer membrane, leading to more effective removal of middle to large molecules from the blood. Substantial fluid losses with convection, must be replaced via infusion of typically ultrapure water and dialysis fluids.[] This newer technology was later supplemented by online HDF, which enables dialysis providers with ultrapure water systems to generate replacement fluid solution. Although HDF has been associated with improvements to survival in retrospective, observational studies,[] randomized controlled trials have been less consistent.[] Online HDF has become more widely used in Europe, but it not commonly used in the U.S. Due to costs associated with the need for ultrapure water.[] Newer dialysis membranes aimed at improved middle molecule clearance are an active area of research.[] High flux membranes with larger pore sizes can remove larger molecules, including inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin light chains but at the cost of albumin loss.[] This is significant because low albumin levels are associated with higher mortality rates in patients with ESRD.[] In addition to potential risks associated with efforts to remove larger molecules during dialysis (such as the loss of albumin and immunoglobulins), benefits of improved middle molecule clearance have not been demonstrated in large, randomized-controlled trials.

In 2002, a large multicenter randomized controlled trial (HEMO) compared patients receiving maintenance dialysis via high-flux versus low-flux dialyzer membranes. There was no difference in the primary endpoint (death from all causes) or in secondary endpoints (hospitalizations for cardiac cause or death, and hospitalizations for or death) between the two groups. In rhabdomyolysis, myoglobin clearance has been demonstrated with large pore dialyzers and HDF, but clinical benefit remains largely unproven.[] Similarly, HDF has historically garnered much attention in sepsis due to its ability to efficiently clear inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, but numerous studies have shown no mortality benefit in sepsis with possible downsides in the form of shortened filter life.[] No trials have examined the potential benefit of removing larger quantities of middle molecules than is typically achieved from high-flux membranes. The clearance of protein-bound and sequestered molecules remains a technical challenge and may explain why HDF and other technologies aimed at improved middle-molecule clearance have not significantly changed clinical outcomes.[] Theoretically, intensive, long-duration dialysis should improve the clearance of these difficult to remove substances.[] In practice, large, randomized trials have not shown any difference in the level of substances like indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate.[] Improving clearance of these molecules could improve clinical outcomes in patients without residual renal function and would be a boon to the dismal outcomes faced by patients undergoing dialysis. (b) Assessment of Substantial Similarity to Currently Available Equipment or Supplies As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42171), with regard to the criterion as to whether Theranova uses the same or a similar mechanism of action to achieve a therapeutic outcome, CMS believes that this product slightly modifies existing HD technology.

A MCO membrane was designed for use in HD (but not HFD or HDF) modes. These modifications include the removal of larger molecules and increased convection compared to existing HD. As to whether the new use of the technology involves treatment of the same or similar type of disease and the same or similar patient population, CMS noted that Theranova treats similar patients, specifically, patients with ESRD. (c) Preliminary Assessment of SCI (see §§ 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1)) by CMS As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42171), with regard to the SCI criteria, we noted that Theranova is a treatment modality and does not offer the ability to diagnose a medical condition as discussed in § 412.87(b)(1)(ii)(B). We noted that Theranova does not offer a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments.

The patients who are eligible for this treatment would also be eligible for HD, HDF, or online HDF. CMS carefully analyzed the evidence submitted as to whether Theranova significantly improves the treatment and clinical outcomes of Medicare beneficiaries relative to renal dialysis services previously available as demonstrated by the totality of the circumstances. Below, we have summarized the clinical evidence for claims of SCI, along with the additional references submitted by Start Printed Page 71449the applicant following the publication of the proposed rule. There is significant literature on the topic of MCO membranes and high retention onset dialyzers. To evaluate this specific technology, CMS performed a literature search for published articles using the Theranova dialyzer and reviewed all articles submitted by the applicant.

They are categorized according to an estimated degree of peer review. Summaries are also provided beneath each citation with disclosures also noted. On the studies with more clinically significant measures, there is more annotation added. (d) Clinical Evidence for Claims of SCI Below is a list of references for SCI based on evidence beginning with the highest form of evidence, peer-reviewed journals. We summarize the studies grouped by listings with the most rigorous review to those with the least rigorous review, specifically, those published in Peer-Reviewed Journals, then Review Articles and Editorials, to Posters and Abstracts, including submitted manuscripts, and ending with Incomplete Manuscripts.

Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a retrospective analysis of 10 patients treated with online HDF and then switched to MCO dialysis over 1 year. The authors evaluated three dialysis sessions per patient and noted that there were not significant differences between the two methods in clearance of urea, creatinine, β2-microglobulin, and myoglobin. The authors received funding support by Baxter. Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a cross-over prospective study performed in France. It included 40 patients randomly assigned to receive either 3 months of medium cut-off hemodialysis (MCO-HD) followed by 3 months of high-flux HD (HF-HD), or vice versa.

The primary endpoint was myoglobin reduction ratio (RR) after 3 months of MCO-HD. Secondary endpoints were the effect of MCO-HD on other middle-weight toxins and protein-bound toxins, and on parameters of nutrition, inflammation, anemia, and oxidative stress. Compared with HF-HD, MCO-HD provides higher myoglobin and other middle molecules RR and is associated with moderate hypoalbuminemia. The authors noted that the potential benefits of this strategy on long-term clinical outcomes deserve further evaluation. This study was supported by Baxter.

Boschetti-de-Fierro A, et al.[] is a report on in vitro testing of four prototypes for MCO membranes as compared to high-flux, high cut-off membranes, and a rat glomerular membrane model. Sieving characteristics were evaluated before and after blood contact. Authors noted that increasing pore sizes often results in loss of albumin but controlling the pore size diameter and variance results in enhanced selection for middle sized proteins. A protein layer also forms along the synthetic membrane, further restricting the loss of albumin. All authors were employed by Gambro Dialysatoren, which is part of Baxter International Inc.

Cordeiro ISF, et al.[] is a prospective crossover trial of 16 patients undergoing HF-HD and switched to online hemodiafiltration (olHDF) and high retention onset (HRO) HD for 4 weeks. Molarity concentrations were lowered to greater extent in olHDF and HRO-HD. Cozzolino M, et al.[] is an Italian prospective, open-label, cross-over study in 20 patients which compared the Theranova 400 HDx membrane to conventional HD, showing a non-significant trend of lower IL-1B and IL-6 levels with HDx. Although s were statistically more likely in the HD population, the definition of was vague, and most of them appeared to be with respiratory tract and fever of unknown origin. Because culture evidence was not required, the risk of bias in the categorization of is high (for example, upper respiratory tract s inappropriately treated with antibiotics).

The HDx had a non-significant trend towards fewer hospitalizations. Potential risks from HDx include an allergic reaction to polysulphone and lower serum albumin levels. The small sample size, single center disease, and short follow-up mean that the results, while promising, require substantial corroborating evidence in the form of a multi-center, blinded randomized controlled trial. The study was supported by an unrestricted grant from Baxter. García-Prieto A, et al.[] is a crossover study of 18 HD patients who received online HDF for one week, then conventional HD the second week, and the use of a MCO membrane for the third week.

Authors collected RR and albumin losses and noted that MCO membranes were similar in efficacy as olHDF. Both online and MCO methods had greater reduction of middle molecules. The study was conducted in Spain and authors did not declare any conflicts of interest. Gillerot G, et al.[] is a research paper submitted by the applicant in which the investigators tested the role of IL-6 gene expression on 156 PD patients and its putative role in inflammation. They tested a homogeneous population of 152 from Belgium and the North of France.

The investigators stated their findings substantiate the critical role played by IL-6 in the peritoneal membrane and support the hypothesis that underlying mechanisms (regulation of IL -6 gene expression) could regulate systemic and local inflammation in association with comorbidity and uremia. However, they noted that confirmation of this hypothesis will require well-designed, adequately powered studies, in different populations and different settings. This study was focused on PD and the Theranova membrane is used in HD, so extrapolation of the IL-6 data to that modality is questionable. These studies were supported by Baxter Belgium. Lorenzin A, et al.[] is a performed mathematical modeling, and through it, the authors calculated that the HRO membranes allowed for internal filtration and high convective volumes.

Lorenzin A, et al.[] is a paper in which the authors used semi-empirical Start Printed Page 71450methods to estimate convective volumes for Theranova 400 and Theranova 500 under standard 4-hour HD conditions. Using their “most complex” mathematical model that incorporated gradients and blood changes along the dialyzer length, authors estimated internal filtration rates of 300ml/min and 400 ml/min for both hemodialyzers. Lorenzin A, et al.[] is an in vitro test of Theranova 400 and 500 at zero net ultrafiltration. Albumin macro-aggregates were labeled with Technetium-99m (99mTc) to assess cross filtration through the length of the filter. Using a gamma camera, local cross filtration and internal filtration were calculated.

Authors noted that the MCO membrane allowed for clearance of medium-large molecular weight solutes (~11 KDa) and retention of more albumin without requiring special equipment. The authors had no disclosures. Macías N, et al.[] is a prospective study of 14 patients on maintenance olHDF. Patients underwent a midweek dialysis session with the Theranova-500 machine under their usual dialysis conditions. Researchers measured the presence of uremic toxins at various molecular weights pre-dialysis, and post-dialysis.

Pressures at the inlet and outlet of dialyzer compartments were also measured to estimate direct filtration and back filtration volumes. Researchers used semi-empirical methods to determine that diffusive clearance was more prominent than convective transport (which requires higher volumes). No funding or financial contribution was supplied. Membranes, monitors, and laboratory tests were those routinely used in the dialysis unit. Reque J, et al.[] is a prospective study of eight patients who either underwent olHDF or underwent HDx with Theranova 500 for 24 sessions.

After a 1-week washout with HF-HD, all patients crossed over to the alternative method. Laboratory values were obtained before and after each session, specifically of urea, creatinine, phosphorous, beta2-microglobulin, myoglobin, and prolactin. The urea and beta2-microglobulin reduction ratios were the same but HDx demonstrated higher RR of myoglobin (60 percent compared to 35 percent in HDF). The authors had no disclosures. Review Articles/Editorials This is the second grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling.

We summarize the studies the applicant provided as follows. Caramelo C, et al.[] is an article that reviews the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of anemia in this context. Particular emphasis has been placed on cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms, and their implications for treatment. The applicant referenced the review article's language on hepcidin, because it is considered the homeostatic regulator of iron in its intestinal absorption, its recycling by macrophages and its mobilization from liver stores. Its transcription is markedly induced in inflammatory processes, especially by cytokines like IL-6.

Florens N, et al.[] is a review article included in Baxter's application. It summarizes feedback from the first routine use of HDx therapy under real-life conditions in European facilities. The authors reported no adverse event after 5,191 HDx treatments, and opined that patients suffering from itching, restless legs syndrome, persistent asthenia or malnourishment could benefit from HDx therapy. While they discussed the promising applications in which HDx could be valuable (myeloma, rhabdomyolysis or cardiovascular diseases), the message is mitigated by reminding why and how prudence should be taken in the design of future HDx studies, particularly with poor de-aeration of the filter in automatic mode and manual intervention required to prime the membrane. Some patients required more anti-coagulation using the Theranova membrane.

In addition, patients were aware of the use of the Theranova device because of lack of logo removal. The authors noted that although promising, the clinical evidence is incomplete. Both authors received a grant Investigator Initiated research for the evaluation of HDx in clinical practice and one performed occasional lectures for Baxter. Wolley M, et al.[] is a clinical review article that recognizes that advances in dialysis technology do not always improve patient outcomes, and it reviews the clinical relevance regarding the removal of LMMs, particularly those involved in chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, structural heart disease, and secondary immunodeficiency. The authors noted that single-center safety and efficacy studies have identified that use of these membranes in maintenance dialysis populations is associated with limited loss of albumin and increased clearance of large middle molecules.

When the review was published in 2018, the authors noted that larger, robustly conducted, multicenter studies were evaluating these findings. They concluded that after completion of these safety and efficacy studies, the perceived clinical benefits of providing clearance of LMMs must be assessed in rigorously conducted, randomized clinical studies. One of the authors received research funding from Baxter and participated on advisory boards and speaker bureaus for Baxter. Zweigart C, et al.[] is an editorial review submitted by the applicant on MCOs, which was generally favorable with regard to high quality and good performance. All of the authors are employees of the Gambro Dialysatoren GmbH, Hechingen (Germany) or Gambro Lundia AG.

Gambro AB (including all direct and indirect subsidiaries) is now part of Baxter International Inc. Posters and Abstracts This is the third grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling. We summarize the poster sessions and abstracts, including submitted manuscripts which the applicant provided as follows. Belmouaz M, et al.[] is a randomized open label crossover study in which 46 patients underwent MCO-HD and HF-H). MCO-HD had higher medium RRs of myoglobin and beta-2 microglobulin and increased albumin Start Printed Page 71451loss compared to HF-HD.

The authors received funding support by Baxter. Boschetti-de-Fierro A, et al.[] is a poster in which the investigators assessed the performance of the MCO devices in simulated HD and HDF treatments. The applicant's submission of the material presented in this poster was incomplete regarding date and location of the poster session. This study was funded by Baxter. Kharbanda K, et al.[] is a randomized study funded by Baxter Healthcare and the National Institute for Health Research which compared HDF with HDx and suggested an improved recovery time with HDx.

The study showed lower levels of endothelial cell microvesicles in HDx. However, the study did not have comparable baseline recovery times (for example, 41 percent with <. 2 hours with HDx versus 35 percent with HDF) and the authors performed a per-protocol rather than an intention to treat analysis, exacerbating bias in the study. Kirsch AH, et al.[] is a poster that summarizes a two pilot randomized controlled prospective open-label crossover studies, in which 39 HD patients underwent treatment with MCO membranes, a HFD, and HDF. The authors concluded that MCO-HD removed middle molecules (free light chain) more effectively than high-flux and high-volume HDF.

However, the authors noted that there are several limitations of the study. First, compared to the control dialyzers used, the experimental membranes used were different, less tight membranes. Second, the study design was confined to only one single treatment with each dialyzer for each patient and the study did not examine the long term effects of such membranes on serum levels of middle molecules and albumin. The authors conclude that future studies should assess whether the performance of MCO-HD improves clinical outcomes. The study was conducted in Germany and funded by Baxter, and the conflicts of interest statement in the paper lists three of the ten authors as employees of Baxter.

Bunch, A, et al.[] is a multicenter prospective study in prevalent HD patients, older than 18 years old. Enrolled from September 1 to November 30, 2017, and converted to HDx using Theranova 400. The investigators found an initial small decrease in serum albumin level, which stabilized and was within the normal range per their Bogata, Columbia laboratory references. Although Table 1 and Table 2 were cited in the abstract, both were missing. Dialysis performance adequacy (Kt/V) was achieved.

No clinically significant differences in laboratory values at 6 months with November 30 of 2017, and converted to HDx using Theranova 400 (3 sessions per week, 4 hours per session, same heparin dose). The lead author has been listed as the medical director of Renal Therapy Services, owned by Baxter, in Bogota, Columbia. Cantaluppi V, et al.[] is a multicentric observational study of 6 months follow-up. American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Week, 2018, Abstract, Thu-PO357. This multicenter (Italy) study evaluated 41 HD patients comparing standard HD molecular levels versus HDx and found a significant decrease in urea, beta-2-microglobulin, and free light chains.

The study did not evaluate clinical outcomes. Cantaluppi V, et al.[] is an abstract submitted by the applicant reporting on a study where 41 HD patients (age 67,6±13,4) in standard high flux HD were shifted to HDx using Theranova 400 (1.7 m2, Baxter). Each patient was studied at baseline HD (T0), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T6) after HDx, after which they were evaluated the following pre-dialysis parameters. Urea, Creatinine, Phosphate, Beta2-microglobulin, Myoglobin, Free Light Chains, Hemoglobin, Albumin and CRP. For in vitro studies, T0 and T6 plasma were used to evaluate neutrophil activation (ROS generation, apoptosis, adhesion) and endothelial dysfunction/senescence.

The investigators concluded that HDx therapy provided high removal of different LMMs, leading to a significant reduction of molecules involved in uremia-associated inflammation and organ dysfunction (in particular Free Light Chains kappa and lambda). Long-term studies with a larger sample size are needed to evaluate the clinical impact of HDx. Cozzolino, M.[] is an abstract of a pilot study with 20 prevalent HD patients studied for six months in two dialysis treatments. One MCO (Theranova) dialyzer and one high-flux dialyzer. The author claimed the pilot study shows the Theranova dialyzer has a good tolerance profile and reduces the cumulative number of s in HD patients.

The study was funded by an unrestricted grant from Baxter. Gallo M.[] is a single cohort study in Italy which compared HDx to baseline HD treatments in 15 patients and showed no difference in uremic toxins, though there was a change in ESA dose. Gernone G, et al.[] is a single cohort study in Italy which investigated 14 patients using Theranova with baseline HD and showed no statistical change in outcomes, clearance, or quality of life. Jung JH, et al.[] is a study that was questionably designed since they chose young, well-nourished patients at the start of the study, which made it difficult to analyze the comparison of the two groups at various points in time. This observational study of 42 Korean patients comparing HD to HDx showed no comparative difference between the two groups in any markers.

Krishnasamy R, and Hutchinson C.[] is an abstract submitted by the Start Printed Page 71452applicant from this single-arm, multi-center study with 92 Australian/New Zealand patients. The study examined the safety and efficacy and patient-centered outcomes of MCO dialyzer use in chronic HD patients over 6 months. The investigators concluded that there was a small but acceptable reduction in serum albumin in regular HD using the MCO dialyzer. However, the figures were not included in the abstract sent by the applicant for review by CMS. The investigator noted that future randomized controlled trials should assess the impact of the MCO dialyzer on clinical and long-term patient-centered outcomes.

Krause B, et al.[] is a description of membrane manufacturing utilizing hollow fiber technology. Weiner DE, et al.[] included two items for this U.S. Based study at a large academic medical center. The first was the ASN 2019 Scientific Congress abstract and the second was a copy of the poster session at the ASN annual meeting in 2019. This open label randomized controlled trial in 172 patients who underwent 24 weeks of Theranova 400 MCO dialyzer compared to a high flux dialyzer showed a potential decrease in hospitalizations with HDX, but the authors did not produce statistical tests of significance.

While this was a randomized control trial (RCT), covariates were not well-balanced, including substantially more patients with diabetes in the conventional HD arm. The study showed lower lambda free light chains in HDX compared to high flux HD. Albumin levels were maintained in both. The presenters concluded that larger studies of longer duration are needed to assess if better larger molecule clearance is associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, including vascular disease, quality of life, and mortality. The authors received commercial support from Baxter.

Alarcon J, et al.[] describes a study over 12 months in which 992 patients from 12 renal clinics were followed after switching from high-flux HD to HDX. The authors assessed many patient quality of life outcomes using the short form kidney disease quality of life (KDQoL-SF36), dialysis symptom index (DSI) and prevalence of restless leg syndrome (RLS) and found modest reductions in DSI severity scores, increases in KDQoL-SF36 scores in some domains (but unchanged in the mental and physical domains), and reduced prevalence of restless leg syndrome. Notably, the authors did not provide a control group. Also, the authors performed a large number of statistical tests without adjustment, further increasing the risk of Type 1 error. The study was supported by Renal Therapy Services-Columbia, owned by Baxter.

Five of the eight authors are employees of Renal Therapy Services. One author is a full-time employee of Baxter and has a patent pending for RLS medication. Ariza J, et al.[] is a manuscript that was provided by the applicant. Cost estimates were extrapolated using an observational design, which suggested lower hospital days (but not hospitalizations) and lower medication use in the HDX. However, the lack of randomization makes this study difficult to evaluate.

Furthermore, the authors did not show any difference in costs between HDX and HD. The study was funded by Baxter. Penny JD, et al.[] is a manuscript in submission that was included by the applicant. It is a single case-study of a HD patient with pruritis and extreme levels of tissue sodium. Both responded to HDX therapy.

The authors acknowledged that further robust clinical exploration is required. Sanabria RM, et al.[] is manuscript provided by the applicant and has not been published. The observational study followed 81 patients receiving high-flux HD for 1 year who subsequently switched to HDX for 1 year. While there was a significant reduction in number of hospital days (but no change in hospitalization rate) and medication use, findings were limited by the lack of a control group. The shortening of hospital stays could be attributed to a systematic change in admission practice patterns, rather than HDX.

Furthermore, Kt/V was higher in the HDX group, but the authors did not standardize dialysis dosing, making it difficult to attribute effects to HDX or to other causes of increased dialysis adequacy. Hemoglobin levels, albumin, hsCRP were not statistically different in the two arms. All investigators are employees of RTS Ltd, Columbia, an affiliate of Baxter Healthcare. The study was supported by Renal Therapy Services-Columbia, an independent entity owned by Baxter International, Inc. Incomplete Manuscripts This is the fourth and final grouping in the list of evidence for SCI from most compelling to least compelling.

We summarize the incomplete manuscripts which the applicant provided as follows. Bolton S, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant and is unfinished. It describes a crossover study of patients previously treated with high-flux HD and switched to Theranova. Patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) suggested decreased self-reported dialysis recovery time and symptom burden, especially at 6 months. However, regression to the mean appeared common, and there was no control group.

Lim J, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant, reporting a randomized trial comparing MCO to high-flux HD, with 50 patients undergoing 12 weeks of treatment in Korea. The study was small, and the authors performed a large number of statistical tests comparing quality-of-life outcomes, with only a couple statistically significant. Without adjusting p-values for the number of statistical test, the risk for Type 1 error is large and not unexpected. A second trial suggested lower medication doses, but again results were statistically significant only for a few of the parameters of interest. The study is small and requires replication at additional centers to confirm results.

Lim J-H, et al.[] is a manuscript provided by the applicant, reporting a Start Printed Page 71453randomized trial comparing MCO to high-flux HD, with 50 patients undergoing 12 weeks of treatment in Korea. Its purpose was to evaluate the effects of ESA resistance of HD using a MCO dialyzer. The number of registered patients was small and the study duration not long enough to assess definite results. Also, the study was not blinded to clinicians, which may have affected the ESA and iron supplementation prescriptions. Additional studies need to be performed to assess clinical outcomes.

(e) CMS Comments on the Baxter Application In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42175), CMS discussed the specific concerns regarding the evidence submitted for proof of eligibility via the SCI criteria. While Theranova represents a unique technology, CMS noted that the current evidence supporting SCI is lacking but that other evidence may be forthcoming during the comment period. CMS believes it's too early to tell if the patient-recorded outcomes, such as fewer cardiovascular events, are significant because of the small numbers in the studies. Specifically, a study for was cited with an N=20. Another had an N=10.

Also, the definition of the was vague. Although hospitalization rates are discussed in the articles, the cause of the hospitalization was unknown. Patient laboratory results should be correlated with patient-reported results. In the submitted articles, the studies are all open-label and observational, with tenuous findings. Alternative approaches could include larger studies focused on the U.S.

Dialysis population's patient health outcomes with patients blinded in these studies. The background information provided by the applicant and researched by the group is conflicting. This may be due to the variation in the location of the studies, including Columbia, France, Belgium, England, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea. CMS suggested a meta-analysis be done, along with the heterogeneity of dialysis care in those countries as compared to the care received by the Medicare population in the U.S. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42176), CMS stated that while HDX appears to be a promising technology, the current state of evidence insufficiently demonstrates SCI in Medicare patients undergoing dialysis, but that additional evidence may be forthcoming in the comment period.

In general, the dialyzer appears to have improved middle molecule clearance. While observational studies show an association between high levels of middle molecules and poor outcomes, these correlations do not prove causation. For instance, a growing body of evidence suggests that protein-bound solutes such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate could be responsible for the uremic syndrome. Conventional HD, HDF, and HDX do not effectively clear protein-bound toxins. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42176), CMS provided a summary of the current body of evidence.

Theranova more effectively removes middle molecules compared to conventional dialysis with high-flux membranes. These include molecules that have varying degrees of plausible toxicity (for example, beta 2 microglobulin to cytokines to endothelial proteins). Because nephrologists have not identified the putative uremic toxin, it is not certain that clearance of these toxins will lead to improved clinical outcomes. Although small before and after studies suggest potential clinical benefits from MCO dialyzer membranes compared with conventional HD via high-flux membranes, such as reduced , improved itching and restless legs, and shorter recovery time from dialysis, these studies are mostly observational, small in nature, with a high potential for bias. A large, multi-center trial would be necessary to prove substantial benefit from HDX over conventional HD.

Several small studies suggest that MCO dialyzer membranes are comparable to HDF in removal of middle molecules, but online HDF is not generally available in the U.S. Furthermore, online HDF has not consistently shown to improve health outcomes relative to conventional HD with high-flux membranes. There may be increased removal of albumin with MCO membranes compared to conventional high-flux dialysis, which could have negative health consequences. A large randomized controlled clinical trial did not demonstrate clinical benefits from removing larger solutes, including middle molecules, but the study did not examine newer technologies such as hemodiafiltration which are more efficient in removing those. This negative study provides reason to be somewhat skeptical about the benefits of HDX over HD.

Following the FDA-requested 6-month clinical study to validate efficacy of large toxin removal and safety, the applicant stated that it anticipates FDA marketing approval in May 2020. However, we note that, per the application, safety is defined in part by albumin loss. At this time we do not believe the clinical trials included safety and efficacy studies for the large middle molecules the applicant asserts to be the cause of inflammation. Therefore, the perceived clinical benefits of providing clearance of those large middle molecules were not assessed in rigorously conducted, randomized clinical studies. As stated previously, at the time of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule there was concern about the sufficiency of the evidence available for Theranova demonstrating a clear clinical benefit for Medicare dialysis patients.

However, we noted that additional evidence could be forthcoming in the comment period, and invited public comment as to whether Theranova meets the TPNIES SCI criteria. The collective comments and our response are set forth below. Comment. The applicant provided information and a meta-analysis that duplicated information provided in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Several physician commenters provided comments in support of the research.

The commenters' disclosures in their publications noted financial support from the applicant. The commenters stated that they believed that Theranova meets the criteria set forth in TPNIES for SCI over the existing standard of care. The commenters urged CMS to reconsider the data, and review such data in its combined totality rather than focusing on each study in isolation. The commenters asserted that existing data supported improved clinical outcomes with the removal of large middle molecules, including Interleukin-6, YKL-40, Alpha-1 microglobulin, and Lambda Free Light Chains (FLC), which have been associated with inflammation, cardiovascular events, and other dialysis-related comorbidities. A physician commenter stated that changing over to Theranova-based HD from conventional high-flux HD might partially restore some of the benefits of residual renal function to patients.

The commenter stated that these larger molecules are removed poorly, if at all, by conventional high-flux HD, resulting in plasma levels that are many times above the normal value. The commenter stated that it is known that clinical outcomes are improved in dialysis patients with even small amounts of residual renal function, and that there Start Printed Page 71454are multiple reasons for this, one likely being the failure of current methods of dialysis to remove large middle molecules. The commenter also stated that high plasma levels of these and similar molecules have been associated with increased mortality, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Another physician commenter stated that based on the clinical data presented in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, the commenter believed that Theranova therapy represented a substantial clinical improvement in treatment for Medicare beneficiaries on dialysis. The commenter studied the impact of Theranova on endothelial cells and noted that it had a positive impact on the process of atherosclerosis formation.

The commenter also found that the effects of Theranova on vascular calcification in vitro was significantly reduced after Theranova therapy, compared to other high-flux dialyzers, and that cell death was significantly lower in the Theranova group. A physician commenter asserted that accumulated or increased levels of Interleukin-6 may contribute to the chronic inflammation state of ESRD patients, thereby increasing the risk of chronic vascular disease and bacterial s. Another physician commenter stated that accumulated or increased levels of Interleukin-6 increased the risk of protein energy wasting, has been associated with anemia in HD patients, and has been identified as a principal driver of early vascular aging with calcification. The commenters asserted that YKL-40 has been linked to atherosclerosis, rheumatologic diseases, arterial stiffness, stroke, mortality in type 2 diabetes, that it adds to vascular inflammation risk prediction for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and is associated with cardiovascular events in HD patients. The commenters also noted that the removal of large middle molecules like Alpha-1microglobulin, may alleviate insomnia, pruritus, irritability, restless leg syndrome, anemia, and osteoarticular pain.

Further, the commenters noted that removal of FLCs, which is associated with non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including markers of inflammation, could reduce mortality risk in persons with ESRD. The commenters noted that current dialytic therapies, due to current design and limited by membrane permeability, have limited capacity to remove the expanded range of uremic toxins, including the spectrum of large middle molecules that Theranova, as demonstrated by the collective evidence to date, removes. The commenters therefore stated treatment with Theranova results in substantial clinical improvement over current HD therapies treating renal failure. Several physician commenters asserted, in reliance on research cited as part of the primary TPNIES application, that important clinical data has been accumulated internationally during the past 5 years demonstrating that use of the Theranova dialysis system results in clinically meaningful improvement outcomes, including patient quality of life measures, such as reduced symptom burden, decreased restless leg syndrome, decreased itching, and improved physical function. In addition, the commenters noted more rapid recovery after a dialysis session, with preliminary data suggesting that all-cause hospitalization length of stay might be reduced with Theranova versus conventional HD, and that the need for ESA therapy might be reduced.

Another physician commenter stated that the Theranova dialyzer offers the improved spectrum of larger molecule clearance associated with hemodiafiltration, but only requires a standard HD machine, and represents the type of innovation and improvement long lacking for Medicare beneficiaries on HD and potentially meeting the standard for substantial clinical improvement under TPNIES. One commenter, a nephrologist, noted that they conducted a randomized controlled trial of Theranova versus high-flux dialyzer in maintenance HD patients to investigate the effect of Theranova on the removal of middle molecules, utilizing a total of 50 patients randomized to either Theranova or a high flux group, and stated that the Theranova dialyzer displayed better removal of κFLC and λFLC compared with the high-flux dialyzer. The commenter indicated that the results were consistent with those of other studies and asserted that taken together, Theranova dialyzer showed a greater removal of larger middle molecules than high-flux dialyzer and could decrease their blood concentrations. The study also evaluated improved quality of life in those patients, and noted that the Theranova group showed better scores in physical functioning and role physical domains in physical component domain at 12 weeks. The commenter stated that this suggested that the Theranova dialyzer may improve patient-reported outcomes, particularly physical components and uremic pruritus in HD patients.

The study also evaluated the effect of improving ESA resistance, and the commenter hypothesized that Theranova could improve the ESA resistance because it has better removal of large middle molecules than hemodiafiltration. The commenter stated that the changes might be associated with a greater reduction in TNF-α and lower serum TNF-α level in Theranova compared to the high-flux group, and that Theranova has potential to reduce ESA dose with further study possibly proving the cost-effectiveness of Theranova for ESA use. The commenter concluded that Theranova achieved more improvement in ESA resistance than the high-flux dialyzer, removed more quantity of the inflammatory cytokine such as TNF-α than the high-flux dialyzer, potentially influencing the iron metabolism. The commenter stated that although they did not yet have evidence that Theranova could improve the survival rate of HD patients, they noted that ongoing multicenter trials might reveal the effect of Theranova on the survival of HD patients, and expressed hope that before this, U.S. Patients could have a chance to use Theranova, which has proven benefits without any serious side effects.

Another physician commenter stated that Theranova offers SCI because the commenter is able to switch patients progressively from hemodiafiltration to HD. The commenter has also observed clinical improvement in their patients, especially the impact in recovery time and nutrition, even those treated for a long period by hemodiafiltration. The commenter stated that evidence for improved removal of large uremic toxins, without the burden of external fluid reinjection such as in hemodiafiltration may occur immediately without the burden of extensive training for physicians and staff. Two commenters reiterated the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule's explanation that, compared to the general population, patients with ESRD who receive dialysis are at an increased risk of death, commonly suffer from uremic symptoms such as itching, restless legs, and malnutrition, are at increased risk, and dialyze with standard high-flux dialyzers that focus entirely on removing smaller uremic toxins. The commenters stated that the removal of large middle molecules will address many of these concerns and is associated with decreased hospitalization length and the number of hospitalizations, a reduced need for certain medications, reduced inflammation and , improved recovery times, and improved quality of life.

The commenters urged CMS to consider the totality of the evidence Start Printed Page 71455combined, rather than focusing on each study in isolation, and stated their belief that the clinical data supports Theranova's application and claims of SCI. Several beneficiary commenters commended CMS's efforts in promoting dialysis innovation through the TPNIES policy. We also received comments from other stakeholders that commended CMS on promoting dialysis innovation. Those commenters and others, including several physicians, stated that approval of applications for the TPNIES would improve treatment choices for patients and address systemic barriers that may limit access to Medicare beneficiaries suffering with kidney failure. Physician commenters expressed concern that CMS did not address the alcoholism treatment antabuse, and strongly support efforts to expand access to new dialysis products, particularly during the antabuse.

The physician commenters stated that alcoholism treatment may provoke a “cytokine storm,” with cytokines leading to complications, and that Theranova may reduce the presence of cytokines. The commenters noted that, as a result, a clinical guideline in Italy recommends Theranova in managing alcoholism treatment positive patients undergoing HD to reduce the severity of a cytokine storm. One physician commenter stated that since increased persistent inflammation inhibits immunity and affects responses to s, it is logical to aim for a reduction of inflammatory drivers during HD in a patient group at high risk of adverse outcome during alcoholism treatment . The commenters urged CMS to consider this information in light of the alcoholism treatment antabuse. Another commenter stated that as we learn more about alcoholism treatment, there are indications that Theranova may offer a unique clinical benefit to alcoholism treatment-positive patients, and urged CMS to take into account the challenging environment and expand access to new dialysis products, especially during the antabuse.

Several physician commenters noted that the Theranova system allows for removal of large uremic toxins, without spilling clinically important amounts of albumin, because the membrane pores vary less in size than many other membranes, and because of relatively high internal resistance, leading to increased within-dialyzer convective removal. One physician commented that one of the major concerns with Theranova is the risk of albumin loss and the removal of essential proteins by a more permeable membrane. The commenter stated they compared laboratory data including serum albumin, and as a result, laboratory data such as hemoglobin, creatinine, phosphate, and lipid, and dialysis adequacy were not different at baseline and 12 weeks between the two groups. The commenter found that the serum albumin concentration after 3 months of using Theranova dialyzer decreased by a mean of 0.13 ± 0.23 mg/dL from baseline, and that the serum albumin concentrations did not differ between Theranova and high flux dialyzers. The commenter concluded that the Theranova dialyzer has a non-significant effect on the serum albumin concentration over 12 weeks of treatment.

The commenter asserted that their conclusion was supported by long-term studies. In their opinion, the decrease in serum albumin is more prominent in the early period of Theranova dialyzer use. However, when examined within the 1-year period, the change is minor and without significance. The commenter added that regarding other adverse events in their study, there were no serious adverse events including cardiovascular events, patient death, or a decline of blood pressure that required dialyzer changes throughout the 12 weeks. One physician commenter claimed that, in their experience, albumin levels stay stable over many months with Theranova.

The commenter further noted that during their trials, patients tolerated Theranova very well, many reported an improved quality of life, and the commenter indicated no knowledge of relevant side effects. Several patient commenters expressed varied sentiments regarding the TPNIES policy. One commenter stated that home dialysis permitted the commenter to work until retirement. Another commenter, self-identified as having been on dialysis for nearly a decade, encouraged support for dialysis patients. Other commenters, both recent dialysis patients and those with kidney failure and other related illness, expressed general support for innovations, options and services to support treatment.

One commenter, a decade's long beneficiary, stated the commenter had been diagnosed with ESRD since early childhood, has had numerous kidney transplants and has been on home and in-center dialysis. This commenter indicated that they proactively sought out the best care, machines and innovations the market offered, since they felt most dialysis patients are not offered such options as they are not promoted or known. The commenter stated that they supported advancements to information, technology and innovations to improve the care of dialysis beneficiaries, as in their view the current system minimally offered adequate care, which was not enough, and which commenter stated ESRD patients needed to offer them a higher quality of life care. One commenter, whose significant other is on PD dialysis at home, asked for continued support of new innovations for the thousands of dialysis beneficiaries who rely on dialysis to live, and stated that the cycler machines were old, refurbished multiple times and that they had to replace machines several due to noise or other issues. An LDO commenter indicated that they performed a systematic review of published literature in preparation for a potential meta-analysis on hospital admissions and patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life, comparing patients dialyzed with Theranova and high flux dialyzers.

The commenter stated that 45 relevant publications were identified for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis, but 40 of those publications were excluded due to the following reasons. No availability in English or not conducted in HD patients (n=5). Review only/not original study data (n=12). Study was performed in vitro, or no clinical outcomes measured (n=11). And, No data on hospitalization or patient-reported outcomes (n=12).

The commenter further stated that out of the remaining five publications, two were disqualified because they mentioned the outcomes of interest but did not provide information on comparator rates, with three publications ultimately identified as potentially eligible for inclusion in commenter's meta-analysis. The commenter noted that, out of those three, one showed null findings for hospital data, one showed null findings for patient reported outcomes, and the final study showed imbalance in study groups that was larger than the difference after use of the dialyzer and used inappropriate statistical analysis. The commenter stated that its analysis therefore found there were not enough robustly conducted studies for a meta-analysis to be performed, and the few that were available showed insignificant results. The commenter opined that the potential impact of replacing the use of high-flux membranes with Theranova to increase removal of middle molecules remains inconclusive and under-studied, since to date, no strong evidence supports a survival benefit associated with increasing removal of middle molecules. The commenter is unaware of studies devoted to studying the effects of different dialyzers for Start Printed Page 71456patients who are at particularly high risk for derangements in albumin synthesis.

The commenter also added that, similarly, the results of studies of short duration may not adequately capture long-term trends or reflect changes in compensatory mechanisms, nutritional state over time, or worsening underlying health status. The commenter stated that given the insufficient clinical evidence to support a finding of SCI and specific concerns regarding the impact of Theranova's albumin-leaking properties, the commenter supported CMS's evaluation in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and strongly recommended that CMS not provide a TPNIES payment for the Theranova dialyzer. Renal dieticians and an LDO commenters expressed their concerns about albumin loss in the dialysis patients and the risk of , along with it being a predictor of mortality and hospitalizations and other comorbidities. One commenter stated that a low serum albumin level complicates the fluid removal process as it causes excess fluid to shift out of the blood space, making treatment ineffective at fluid and toxin removal. Another commenter believed it was important for the applicant to generate and establish Theranova's safety data via well-controlled, randomized clinical trials of adequate duration on albumin loss in U.S.

Dialysis patients. The dieticians also expressed concern over the removal of other biological materials, aside from uremic toxins, such as electrolytes, insulin, sodium and potassium. Another commenter noted that a 2019 study, which concluded that an increase of 0.25mg/dL/year in albumin decreased all-cause mortality, and more significantly a decline in albumin of 0.5 mg/dL/year or greater was associated with a 55 percent higher risk of mortality, did not provide sufficient evidence in long-term consequences to serum albumin levels to make a sound decision of approval, as it was only conducted for a short three-month span. An organization of LDOs commented that CMS correctly applied the TPNIES SCI criteria in its analysis of the Theranova Dialyzers. The commenter noted that many of the studies presented were of a small number of patients, not conducted for an extended period of time, were not representative of the Medicare population in the U.S., and pointed out that given the Theranova dialyzers are available in Europe, they were surprised that there were no long term studies with a larger number of patients to offer insight into the relative benefit compared with other devices.

The commenter also had a stated preference for seeing studies conducted in the U.S. And among the Medicare population to ensure that products are compatible with our systems of care and that devices are tested in a relevant population that is reflective of the diversity of America's Medicare beneficiaries who are reliant upon dialysis. A physician commenter agreed with the need for a randomized controlled study done in the U.S., and asserted that said study would need to ensure the diversity of participants arriving at an accurate representation of the total under care. Several dietician commenters noted that patients in different countries had dietary habits that clearly were not reflective of the U.S., and there was no accounting for differing diet habits, which may be markedly different from the U.S. ESRD patient population.

Additionally, dialysis practice differed greatly from the U.S., and thus, data gathered in small sample sizes from substantially different patient populations should not be extrapolated to U.S. Medicare patients, as the data from other countries possibly varied greatly from this specific population. One dietician commented that the sample size of the research conducted included a mere 50 individuals in 2017, making it impossible to conclude the benefit of Theranova outweighs the risks that could incur from its use. A dialysis company commenter stated that products eligible for TPNIES should first be evaluated through research, demonstrating significant improvement in quality of life, mortality, facilitation of home therapy, or some other measurable quality metric, and that such studies should show a direct benefit or an effect on a well-established clinical parameter associated with beneficial outcome. The commenter stated that this scientifically-based standard, when applied to Theranova, made it inappropriate for the TPNIES process.

An LDO commenter identified and assessed three studies that were not included in Theranova's application or the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. The commenter found the studies lacking in a number of critical areas, and thus not providing any additional basis for approving Theranova. A dialysis company commenter recounted past experiences with other dialysis membrane products, namely high flux polysulphone dialysis membranes in the 1990's touted as an improvement in dialysis with enhanced clearance of beta-2-microglobulin. The commenter stated that, while their use was widely adopted and paid for by Medicare through the composite rate, when the HEMO study in 2002 finally investigated the effect of this membrane in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, no benefit was found. The commenter believed that this experience did not need to be duplicated with Theranova.

Response. We thank all of the commenters for their informative comments regarding the Baxter application for TPNIES for the Theranova Dialyzer. CMS evaluated the application, accompanying articles, meta-analysis and all the comments submitted. CMS evaluated all the criteria at § 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1) to evaluate SCI for purposes of the TPNIES. In doing so, we applied the following eligibility criterion from § 412.87(b)(1)(i).

€œThe totality of the circumstances is considered when making a determination that a new [renal dialysis equipment or supply] represents an advance that substantially improves, relative to [renal dialysis services] previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries.” CMS identified two major concerns with the information presented to CMS. (1) Studies and data presented were either low powered, did not provide statistical significance in their results, and/or did not include a control population. (2) Studies provided signals that albumin might be filtered by the product, resulting in low levels of albumin for some patients. Albumin is a critical protein that carries vitamins and other proteins through the bloodstream, as well as performing other functions. While there are some signals in the information provided by the applicant that it may be possible for some patients to have albumin levels rebound over a certain period of time, the data are considered nascent in identifying the subpopulations whose albumin levels may be able to respond appropriately to the filtering.

Additionally, commenters, including a major dialysis organization noted similarities to a product that entered the market in the 1990s where the clinical data was nascent upon entry and that ultimately clinicians considered the product clinically similar to other products on the market. Further, CMS clinicians involved in the review of the product were unable to identify subpopulations for which they believed the evidence demonstrated a substantial clinical improvement at this time. The clinicians indicated that without additional evidence they would consider this product similar to other products on the market and would need Start Printed Page 71457to closely monitor albumin levels of their patients. In other words, they would consider using this product in a more observational manner rather than adopting it based on any expected outcomes. As previously noted, we did not find the submitted evidence and public comments sufficient in meeting the “totality of the circumstances” regulatory criterion.

Although CMS did not find the submitted evidence and public comments sufficient in meeting the “totality of the circumstances” criterion to qualify the Theranova Dialyzer for the TPNIES adjustment for CY 2021, we anticipate that the applicant may submit additional evidence for the Theranova Dialyzer in support of the claim of substantial clinical improvement for CY 2022. We note that the applicant is eligible to apply for the TPNIES adjustment for the Theranova Dialyzer for CY 2022 and CY 2023, and CMS would review any new information provided for the CY 2022 rulemaking cycle. A product that is determined to meet the criteria to receive the TPNIES would receive the adjustment for 2-calendar years. B. Tablo® Cartridge for Exclusive Use With the Tablo® Hemodialysis System (1) Outset Medical Application For CY 2021, Outset Medical submitted an application for the TPNIES for the Tablo® Cartridge for exclusive use with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

The applicant stated that the Tablo® Cartridge is intended to substantially improve the treatment of Medicare beneficiaries with ESRD by removing barriers to home dialysis. The applicant noted that the Tablo® Cartridge is necessary to operate the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for use in home. The cartridge is comprised of a pre-strung blood tubing set and series of sensor-receptors mounted to a user-friendly organizer, and together these are referred to as the Cartridge. The blood tubing set comprises a blood pump tubing segment that interfaces with a peristaltic (blood) pump mounted on the inner front panel of the Tablo® console and arterial and venous lines that connect to the corresponding lines on the patient. Additional components to the cartridge include consumable supplies.

Bicarbonate and acid concentrate jugs and straws, and an adapter for disinfectant use. The applicant stated that the blood tubing set is primarily comprised of one arterial line and one venous line and is enhanced with a recirculating adaptor, a bifurcated saline line, a pressure transducer protector, a drip chamber with clot filter, and an arterial pressure pod. According to the applicant, in addition to the blood lines, there is an integrated saline line that enables automatic priming as well as monitored delivery of saline boluses during treatment. There is also an infusion line and two infusion ports (arterial and venous) for manual delivery of medicine, anticlotting agents, and blood sampling. In describing what the Tablo® Cartridge does, the applicant stated that it was designed with features to seamlessly integrate with sensors on the front panel of the console (for example, air sensing, arterial and venous pressure sensing) and to reduce touch points during priming and blood return (for example, recirculating adapter and bifurcated saline line) to minimize contamination.

The blood pump draws blood from the patient into the blood tubing set and passes the blood through a dialyzer before returning the treated blood to the patient. The applicant specifically stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System includes the Tablo® Cartridge. In its entirety, it has been specifically designed for patient-driven self-care using an iterative human factors process, with key design objectives being to facilitate learning and to minimize device training time.[] Human factors studies performed in a laboratory setting have demonstrated that patients can accurately learn and manage the Tablo® Hemodialysis System after a brief training period.[] A recent prospective, multicenter, open-label, crossover trial comparing in-center and in-home HD using Tablo® Hemodialysis System further supported the clinical efficacy, safety, and ease of use of the system.[] The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the first and only all-in-one technology and includes a number of features that make it new and different from current standard of home dialysis care. These unique features include (1) A single-use Tablo® Cartridge with user-friendly pre-strung blood, saline, and infusion tubing and an integrated blood pressure monitor that interfaces with the console to enable automated features such as air removal, priming, and blood return which minimize use, user errors, save time and streamline the user experience; [] (2) on demand water and dialysate production using a standard tap water source, eliminating the need for time-consuming advance water preparation, bagged dialysate or dialysate batching; [] (3) a consumer-centric touchscreen interface that guides users with step-by-step instructions including non-technical language, animation, and color-coded parts, to enable easier training, faster set-up and simpler management including clear alarm explanations and resolution instructions; [] and (4) electronic data capture and automatic wireless transmission to eliminate the need for manual record keeping by the patient, care partner, or nurse.[] The applicant asserted, both in the written application and at an in-person meeting with CMS, that the observational studies with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System were able to achieve CMS adequacy targeted on three times per week dialysis at an average treatment time of less than 4 hours. Tablo® has demonstrated the ability to treat to adequacy targets within the Medicare standard reimbursement of three treatments per week.

The applicant has not submitted an application for pass-through payments under the Medicare OPPS or the NTAP program under the Medicare IPPS for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, including the Tablo® Cartridge. This application for TPNIES is only for the Tablo® Cartridge and its components for use in the home, which the applicant stated that it intended to begin marketing in March 2020 following FDA clearance of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for home use. On March 31, 2020, Outset Medical received FDA clearance to market the device for use in the home, and CMS received a copy of this letter. The applicant submitted a Premarket Notification 510(k) for clearance of Tablo®. Previous 510(k) clearances for Start Printed Page 71458the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and Tablo® Cartridge were for hospital and outpatient clinic use only.

The applicant could not use or market the Tablo® Cartridge in the home setting until the Tablo® Hemodialysis System was granted marketing authorization by the FDA (note. Tablo® Hemodialysis System and cartridge was granted FDA market authorization in November 2016). While the cartridge was previously cleared through a separate 510k and was not necessary to include in the submission for marketing authorization for home use, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System cannot be operated without the Tablo® Cartridge. According to the applicant, the cartridge was included in the use instructions for the home approval. The applicant noted that the Tablo® Cartridge is not currently available for marketing in the home setting.

As explained above, the applicant intended to begin marketing in the home setting in March 2020, after the FDA cleared the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for marketing for home use. The applicant expected the first shipments of the Tablo® Cartridge for use in the home to occur March 2020, however, the first patient started training on June 1, 2020. The applicant had an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) to study the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's safety and efficacy for use in the home, which had been completed as of the filing of the TPNIES application. The applicant stated that the IDE would be closed once marketing authorization for the use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home was granted. The IDE study reference number was G140098.

The Tablo® Cartridge was classified as a Class II device. The applicant stated that it submitted a HCPCS application for the Tablo® Cartridge in advance of the September 1, 2020 deadline. The applicant identified and described how the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply meets the criteria for SCI over existing renal dialysis services. The applicant stated the Tablo® Cartridge is necessary to operate the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and therefore enables the system to deliver the treatments that meet CMS's SCI criteria. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System enables a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible or, currently available treatments.

As supporting background material, the applicant noted that home HD is a highly underutilized treatment for ESRD patients. Currently 90 percent of patients receive HD in a clinic. Fewer than 2 percent have HD treatment at home. Contributing to this low penetration rate is also a high dropout rate with the incumbent home devices of 25 percent and 35 percent at 12 and 24 months, respectively.[] The barriers to home dialysis adoption and retention have been well studied and include. (1) Treatment burden for patients and care partner fatigue.

(2) technical challenges operating HD machine. (3) space, home modifications, and supplies management. (4) patients not wanting medical equipment in the home. And (5) safety concerns.[] The applicant asserted that Tablo® is the first new home HD system in over 15 years, designed to address many of the above-mentioned barriers that currently result in patients resigning themselves to in-center care and/or stopping home modalities due to the associated burden of self-managed therapy. Among other things, the objective of this order is for 80 percent of ESRD patients starting kidney replacement therapy (KRT) with a transplant or home dialysis by 2025.[] The applicant stated that this goal will require a multi-faceted solution, inclusive of less burdensome technology, to address the key barriers to home dialysis.

The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to significantly increase home dialysis. The applicant conducted an IDE study for the primary purpose of evaluating the safety and efficacy of Tablo® Hemodialysis System use in the home setting. The applicant stated that the results from the IDE study demonstrate the following. (1) Patients will opt for home dialysis if the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is available. (2) patients have confidence in the safety and efficacy of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

(3) the unique features of the Tablo® Cartridge as part of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System simplify set-up and use. And (4) the wireless transmission of data feature is reassuring to patients because it relieves patients of the burden of recording and fear that the patient may forget to document some aspect of treatment. The applicant claimed that the IDE study results show that these key features will facilitate growth and ongoing use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home setting. During the course of the study, with an average treatment time of 3.4 hours, twenty-eight out of thirty patients completed all phases of the trial and no patient dropouts occurred during the in-home phase. There is only one other mobile HD machine on the market.

Its IDE, based on six times per week therapy at an average treatment duration of 2.8 hours, showed a higher drop-out rate (19 percent vs Tablo's® 7 percent) and lower adherence to treatment at home (89 percent vs Tablo's® 99 percent).[] The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System significantly reduced training time for both patients and their caregivers, improving training completion and reducing patient technique failure and care partner burden. The applicant stated that the cartridge element of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System removes many of the manual steps and minimizes both set up time, and the need to make difficult connections, which requires training to avoid contamination. In human factors testing submitted to the FDA, the use of the cartridge resulted in 90 percent of the users being able to set up Tablo® in under 10 minutes.[] The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE data demonstrates that on average it takes 3.5 training sessions to learn the Tablo® Hemodialysis System compared to 14.5 sessions on the device that is the current standard of care for home HD.[] The applicant asserted that reduced training time increases likelihood of successful completion, reduces patient technique failure, and decreases caregiver burden. The applicant noted the following. (1) The graphical user interface guides users through the treatment and Start Printed Page 71459eliminates the need for memorization and mental math.

(2) sensors and automation eliminate multiple manual steps in treatment set-up. And (3) contextual alarms instantly alert patients to any issues with their treatment and provide video and text direction on how to resolve them. This is in comparison to numerical alarm codes with the incumbent device that requires reference to the user manual or memorization with no video guidance available. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System significantly reduces set up and treatment time reducing treatment burden, improving retention at home, and reducing the need for and involvement of a care partner. The applicant noted that data from Outset Medical's Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE trial showed that a patient could set up the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in 9.2 minutes.[] With the average number of treatments of 3.6 per week for an average duration of 3.4 hours,[] a Tablo® Hemodialysis System user treating 4 times per week can expect to spend approximately 14 hours a week preparing for and conducting treatments, versus 40 hours a week on the incumbent device for patients who batch solutions.[] The applicant stated that this significant reduction in setup and treatment time is a result of software and workflow improvements incorporated in the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and its cartridge, many of which were driven by patient feedback.

Reducing overall treatment burden improves modality retention at home on behalf of the patient and limits the care partner burden by reducing the need for their active involvement in treatment. The applicant stated that the cartridge portion of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is pre-strung and requires only two connections to operate as compared to other systems that require stringing, hanging, snapping, and tapping multiple lines. In the home IDE time set up of dialysate concentrates, the Tablo® Cartridge took less than 12 minutes on average. With an average time of 8 minutes, an uninterrupted patient can initiate therapy in as little as 20 minutes.[] This is a significant improvement in the standard of care, which can take approximately 45 minutes.[] The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's automatic and integrated sensors and automated degassing and priming also make the machine easier to use and quicker to set up and get to treatment. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only system with a fully integrated water treatment system that allows for real-time water purification and dialysate produced on demand with no need to batch solutions or hang bags of dialysate.

In addition, the applicant noted that it requires only a standard, grounded electrical outlet and Environmental Protection Agency quality tap water to operate, obviating the need to store bags of dialysate in the home, significantly reducing the number of supplies patients need to receive each month. The applicant noted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System reduces patient/care partner burden and technique failure. Specifically, the applicant stated that automation of processes such as prime and rinse back reduces the overall number of treatment related steps. In addition, the applicant said that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's easy to use touchscreen interface walks users through each step of setup, treatment, and take down. The treatment information displays data that patients most wanted to see.

The applicant asserts that this automation and patient-centric design reduces technique failure as evidence by results from the IDE study, which demonstrated a significant increase in treatment adherence and high rate of study completion compared to the current standard. The applicant further stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System eliminates documentation burden and reduces reporting errors, and that it is the only HD system with 2-way wireless transmission delivering HIPAA compliant data to the healthcare provider without any need for additional equipment. This frees patients from the need to manually document treatment data by hand or on a separate tablet and ensures higher data accuracy. The 28 patients who entered the home phase of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE answered weekly if they needed help with treatment over the prior seven days. The applicant stated that by the end of the study, 216 of 224 possible responses were obtained.

The care partner burden rating for prior in-home patients who were previously dialyzing on the incumbent device decreased from 3.1 to 2.4 on Tablo®. Among prior in-home patients, 69 percent of patients reported needing help from a trained individual with their prior device with 46 percent of respondents stating the help needed was device related, 15 percent related to cannulation alone, and 8 percent reported other. By contrast, while on Tablo®, only 38 percent of patients reported needing help with treatment—only 22 percent needed help related to use of Tablo® while 16 percent needed help related to cannulation. The applicant asserted that this data underscores a significant decrease in patients needing assistance with treatment at home. The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's unique features increase patient safety and satisfaction.

The applicant noted that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's integrated, 2-way wireless connection provides clinicians with the ability to monitor patients in real time without any separate equipment necessary. The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only HD technology with this function, which allows for early identification and intervention by a patient's healthcare team as a key safety feature. At 34 inches tall, Tablo® Hemodialysis System user interface matches the height of a user while seated in a standard dialysis chair allowing patients to directly, and quickly engage with the integrated touch screen to view progress of the treatment, resolve alarms, and adjust certain functions to tailor the treatment to his or her needs. As an example, a patient with limited mobility can reach the interactive touch screen to adjust the flow rate if they feel cramping coming on. The IDE generated data that demonstrated how the technology enabled more rapid resolution of alarms.

During the home arm of the study, patients were able to resolve alarms on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in 5 seconds.[] The applicant asserted that rapid resolution of alarms and enhanced communication improve safety by facilitating rapid correction of any treatment related events, limiting Start Printed Page 71460treatment interruptions and improving communication between the patient and provider. Once approved for home use, the applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System will provide a simpler, easier to use system that is likely to increase the number of people who are able to receive and remain on dialysis at home by addressing many of the well-documented, key barriers to home dialysis reported in peer-reviewed literature. In addressing the way in which the Tablo® Hemodialysis System with its cartridge significantly improves clinical outcomes relative to the renal dialysis services previously available, the applicant focused on hospitalization and quality of life. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's 2-way wireless connection allows for real-time intervention to prevent hospitalizations. The applicant stated that during the Tablo® Hemodialysis System home IDE, the patients using the Tablo® Hemodialysis System had an all cause admission rate of 426 per 1,000 patient years.

In the general dialysis population, the all cause admission rate is 1688 per 1,000 patient years and for patients who do PD, the hospitalization rate is 1460 per 1,000 patient years, highlighting that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System may significantly reduce hospitalizations and lower cost of care.[] The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's integrated, 2-way wireless connection provides clinicians the ability to monitor patients in real time without any separate equipment necessary, and is the only equipment with this embedded functionality which allows for earlier identification and intervention by a patient's healthcare team and could prevent unnecessary hospitalizations for dialysis related events or missed treatments. The applicant stated that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System can effectively deliver adequacy with 3-4 treatments per week, potentially reducing Medicare expenditures on additional dialysis treatments per week. The applicant said that among home HD patients, Medicare payment for dialysis treatments was highly variable across different regions at 3.5 to 5.7 per week.[] In the IDE for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, the applicant asserted that there was effectively delivered adequacy with 4 treatments per week with an average session length of 3.4 hours, resulting in an average weekly treatment duration of ~13.6 hours. An average weekly standard Kt/V of 2.8 was achieved and 94 percent of patients achieved an ultrafiltration rate within 10 percent of the prescribed value.[] The applicant noted that a previous study of Tablo® Hemodialysis System used in the clinic showed achievement of a spKt/V of 1.2 based on 3 treatments per week including for patients over 90 kg. While the frequency of how often patients should receive dialysis is a clinical decision that should be made between the physician and the patient, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is the only mobile HD system with clinical data showing achievement of adequacy standards and ultrafiltration endpoints for 3 and 4 treatments per week regardless of the size of the patient.[] The applicant concluded that in this way, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to reduce Medicare expenditures on the billing of additional dialysis treatments.

The applicant stated that Tablo® Hemodialysis System's ability to deliver adequacy on fewer treatments per week may also reduce vascular access complications due to frequent cannulation.[] The applicant submitted several examples in four topics to demonstrate how the Tablo® Hemodialysis System improves the quality of life. The applicant noted that patients value having a high-quality daily life, ability to live well, and feeling empowered to control their outcomes over mortality.[] The applicant asserted that the use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System at home allows patients to have an improved quality of life and control over their outcomes. The first topic of improved quality of life focused on sleep and reduction in fatigue. The applicant noted that kidney patients participating in an international research collaborative to identify outcome measures most important to them ranked fatigue/energy as their top priority.[] The applicant reported that patients in the IDE who were on home HD with an incumbent device experienced a 14 percent improvement in waking up feeling rested while on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Additionally, 22 percent fewer patients reported having trouble staying asleep, and 15 percent fewer patients reported waking up several times during the night while on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.[] The applicant asserted that this data shows that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is able to make a clinically significant improvement in the quality of life indicator most valued by dialysis patients.

The second topic of improved quality of life discussed by the applicant was improvement in the patients' experience of hypotensive events. The applicant submitted that investigators report that a drop in blood pressure was also ranked in the top 10 of symptoms rated by patients that impact their quality of life.[] The applicant reported that a total of 12 (40.0 percent) and 8 (26.7 percent) subjects reported hypotensive events during the Tablo® Hemodialysis System treatments during the In-Center and In-Home treatment periods, respectively, compared to 27 (90.0 percent) subjects reporting hypotensive events at baseline on another HD machine. All patients who reported hypotensive events while on dialysis in the study had also reported hypotension in their baseline history.[] The third topic of improved quality of life was that fewer patients reported feeling cold. The applicant reported that a total of 15 (50.0 percent) subjects during the in-center treatment period and 12 (40.0 percent) subjects during the In-Home treatment period reported feeling cold while dialyzing on the Start Printed Page 71461Tablo® Hemodialysis System compared to 28 (93.3 percent) subjects who reported feeling cold at baseline while dialyzing on another dialysis machine. The applicant asserted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System's design results in tight control of dialysate temperature and allows patients to easily and accurately adjust temperature through the graphical user interface.[] The fourth topic of improved quality of life was patient preference for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

The applicant stated that the Kidney Health Initiative (KHI), a public private partnership between the FDA and the American Society of Nephrology, Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT) Roadmap prioritizes patient-centered innovation, which includes dialysis equipment that is more portable, removes barriers to home dialysis and improves patients' ease of use to increase opportunities for self-care. The RRT, which was developed in conjunction with patients, also prioritizes patient centered outcomes and technology that reduces disruption in social and family life.[] The applicant reported that among prior home HD users in the IDE trial, 85 percent reported they preferred the Tablo® Hemodialysis System to their current equipment.[] Patients also rated Tablo® as easier to set-up, treat, and take down. Ease of use ratings comparing the patient's prior device to Tablo® were as follows. Set up—3.5 to 4.5, Treatment—3.3 to 4.6, Take Down—3.8 to 4.6.[] In summary, the applicant submitted that the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has the potential to significantly expand the number of patients who are able to receive home HD and persist on the therapy. The applicant stated that it is an innovative HD system that removes most of the device-related key barriers, reduces dialysis-related symptoms, is mobile and easy to use, and therefore minimizes dialysis-related disruptions in patients' lives.

(2) CMS Analysis (a) Summary of Current Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42180), patients with ESRD who are not able to receive a kidney transplant must undergo maintenance dialysis therapy. Patients can receive dialysis 3-4 days a week at an in-center HD facility, or they can administer dialysis themselves at home. Due to the reliance on outpatient dialysis units, numbers of patients utilizing home dialysis in the U.S. Have remained low. In 2017, only 10.8 percent of US dialysis patients received home-based therapies.[] Patients and caregivers cite concerns with self-cannulation, fears of needle disconnect and complications.[] Home dialysis use is lower than many other rich countries.[] Most patients administering dialysis at home use PD.

However, home HD has more recently re-emerged as an alternative way for patients to dialyze at home. Home HD may offer many of the advantages observed with PD, such as increased flexibility and quality-of-life benefits. However, adoption of home HD has been limited, with approximately only 1 percent of ESRD patients utilizing this modality.[] Observational studies do not indicate significant differences in survival when comparing home dialysis to in-center dialysis.[] Yet, there are some potential benefits to home-based dialysis. Prior analyses have noted that home-based dialysis affords greater patient flexibility, improved quality of life,[] increased likelihood of employment,[] and improved cost.[] However, regarding cost comparisons, it is important to note that many cost analyses of home-based dialysis include estimates from PD. The machines for HD are costly and there may be higher rates of from self-cannulation, which could offset any savings.

Since such a small percentage of patients receive home-based HD, it is challenging to know actual cost without pooling it with PD estimates. Regardless, due to an Executive order issued in 2019, economic incentives for home dialysis (both peritoneal and home HD) were increased with the goal of expanding its use.[] (b) Description of New Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42181), the first personal HD system on the market was called the Aksys personal HD (Aksys Ph.D.) system. It created its own ultrapure dialysate and was FDA cleared in 2002. It later underwent recall in 2006 due to marketing inconsistencies with system design.[] Eventually, the manufacturer shut down operations after difficulties in securing financing.[] In addition to these issues, it was a large machine that required significant patient utility resources and specialized maintenance.[] Around this time, development of the Allient dialysis system began, which utilizes a sorbent column to regenerate dialysate from tap water.[] It is still in development for potential home based therapy. Several home dialysis machines are currently available.

Recently, the NxStage® System One dialysis machine was FDA approved for 510(k) premarket status in August 2017.[] It has a smaller profile than the Aksys machine Start Printed Page 71462but requires 4 to 6 large bags of ultrapure dialysate and comes with home storage requirements. The NxStage® PureFlow SL was subsequently developed for use with the NxStage® System One. It allows patients to prepare dialysate from tap water with a reduced need to store dialysate bags. The NxStage® system advertises an easier experience learning how to administer home dialysis. Within this arena, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System has recently emerged and been approved for use in hospitals and outpatient settings.

The Tablo® Hemodialysis System is most comparable to NxStage System One combined with NxStage® PureFlow, in that it may be easier to use than conventional home dialysis machines and can be used from a tap water source. The applicant is currently pursuing approval for use of cartridges for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System in the home setting. While this application centers on reimbursement of the Tablo® Cartridge, this cartridge is only compatible with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. The cartridge is made up of a rigid “Organizer” which mounts the necessary tubing to allow for greater ease in set-up. This self-contained and single-use cartridge houses both the arterial and venous lines, an adaptor to connect the lines, a saline line, and an infusion line.

There is also a pressure transducer protector, venous drip chamber with clot filter, and an arterial pressure pod. The applicant noted that the cartridge simplifies connection to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and reduces set-up time. It would seem that this cartridge would be most useful in the home-setting, since hospital and clinic settings would normally have trained personnel to assist with set-up. Although separate from the Tablo® Cartridge, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System also performs real-time water purification on demand dialysate production. A significant challenge to increasing the use of home dialysis includes burn out (or technique failure) and return to in-center HD.

According to one recent observational study, approximately 25 percent of patients who initiate home HD return to in-center HD within the first year.[] A good measure of a home-based system's success would be in its ability to allow patients to remain on the therapy long-term. Failure to maintain home HD, and low use of home HD, may be a result of anxiety and unease that many patients have about performing the treatment themselves (or with the help of care takers).[] This includes fear of self-cannulation in order to access the blood for dialysis and a lack of self-efficacy in performing the therapy. By simplifying the process of setting up dialysis tubing, offered by the Tablo® Hemodialysis System cartridge, some patients may be able to successfully perform home HD. (c) Approvals As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42181), the applicant has not previously submitted applications for pass-through or add-on payments. The applicant has received 510(k) marketing clearance for the machine to be used in hospital and outpatient clinic use only.

As such, the applicant is pursuing FDA marketing authorization for use in the home setting for February 2020. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System cartridge received FDA marketing approval in December, 2019 and the Tablo® Hemodialysis System received FDA marketing authorization for home setting in March 2020. The applicant noted that upon approval, the company plans to ship that same month. The technology had an investigational device exemption for use in the home and which closed after granting of marketing authorization. It is classified as a Class II device.

(d) Assessment of Substantial Similarity to Currently Available Technology As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182), the NxStage® One is the only home-based HD system that is FDA has approved at this time. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System differs from the NxStage® in that dialysate is produced on demand whereas the NxStage® requires that patients batch dialysate or use pre-filled concentrate with the PureFlow. The Tablo® Hemodialysis System also includes a cartridge (which is the portion being evaluated for TPNIES) designed to facilitate the connection of tubing in the appropriate configuration. This product treats similar patients, notably patients with ESRD requiring HD. (e) Assessment of SCI (See §§ 413.236(b)(5) and 412.87(b)(1)) As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182), the Tablo® Hemodialysis System is a treatment modality, not a diagnostic tool.

With regard to the question as to whether this new renal dialysis equipment offers a treatment option for a patient population unresponsive to, or ineligible for, currently available treatments, we note that patients who are eligible for this treatment would currently be eligible for in-center HD, home HD with currently available treatments, and possibly PD. (f) Clinical Evidence for Claims of SCI As stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42182 through 42183), the applicant included an annotated bibliography in its application. Many of the articles describe the features of the HD system. Straightforward and relatively efficient set-up and training, presence of safety features, water purification system, and wireless communication. In terms of clinical outcomes and improvements, the referenced authors have presented or published data on safety, clearance and treatment times, hypotensive events and cold symptoms, and patient preference.

As these are arguably more important considerations, we are focusing on the evidence with those claims of clinical improvement or patient reported outcomes. Below is a list of references for SCI based on evidence published from several sources. We summarized the studies grouped by listings with the most rigorous review to those with the least rigorous review, specifically, Trials Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals, then Posters and Abstracts, and ending with Unpublished Data. Trials Published in Peer-Reviewed Journals Plumb TJ, et al.[] describes the IDE study, which was a prospective, multicenter, open-label crossover trial evaluating in-center versus in-home use of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Thirty patients underwent a run-in period, 8 weeks of in-center therapy (4 treatments a week), then a 4-week transition period, and finally an 8-week in-home treatment (4 times a week).

Start Printed Page 71463Authors evaluated efficacy in effective removal of uremic toxins, as measured by a weekly standard Kt/Vurea ≥2.1 and a secondary endpoint of delivered ultrafiltration within 10 percent of prescribed. Twenty-eight out of 30 patients completed the study. One patient died from cardiac arrest and the authors felt it was unrelated to the treatments. Another patient withdrew prior to starting in-home HD. There were primary outcomes, secondary outcomes, adverse event rates, alarms per treatment, and alarm response times between the two groups.

Patients demonstrated high adherence rates of 96 percent, and 99 percent for the in-center and in-home groups, respectively. There is bias from the open-label study and this is a small study conducted over a short period of 12 weeks total, 4 weeks of in-home dialysis. Long-term and larger studies would be helpful to capture any safety signals. Some authors serve as Chief Medical Officer or consultants for Outset Medical. Kraus M, et al.[] is a study involving the comparator technology known as NxStage® System, which is a portable HD unit.

This was a prospective, open-label, crossover study comparing in-center HD versus home HD in 32 patients over 18 weeks total. The primary endpoint was delivery of 90 percent prescribed fluid volume, which was achieved in similar fashion and >90 percent in both groups. There were statistically significant differences in adverse events, which favored the home HD group. The applicant included this study to demonstrate similar evidence as well as compare time spent in performing the home sessions. Treatment durations were slightly shorter than what was noted in the IDE study above (mean 2.8 hours for NxStage® versus mean 3.4 hours with Tablo® Hemodialysis System).

This study was supported by NxStage® Medical Inc. Posters/Abstracts Alvarez, Luis et al.[] is a retrospective study, 29 patients underwent HD with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System at a lower flow rate than what is used in conventional in-center HD. Average treatment times were slightly higher in the Tablo® Hemodialysis System group compared to those using non-Tablo® systems. After patient weight stratification at 90 kg, authors felt that both groups achieved similar weight changes (extrapolated from pre and post weights), as well as Kt/Vurea change. This research was funded by Outset Medical, Inc.

Alvarez, Luis et al.[] utilized lower flow rates of 300 ml/min, and evaluated patients as they transitioned to in-center but self-directed HD with Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Patients underwent 3 times a week treatment and data was collected over a 3-month period. Based on urea samples and calculated Kt/Vurea, authors concluded that this treatment resulted in adequate clearance. Chahal, Yaadveer [] is a study that focused on the patient experience through surveys and compared the patient's responses to prior in-home and in-center experiences. As part of the IDE study, 13 participants provided survey responses to compare their experience with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System to their prior experience with in-home dialysis.

Of those 13 participants, 85.6 percent found this system easier to use. While this is promising, the true test of superiority in this realm would be rates of discontinuation at 1 year. Issues of self-cannulation and the burden of this responsibility still remain with this system. The primary study was undertaken by Outset Medical. Unpublished Data Outset Medical Data [] is a limited section, in which the applicant submitted cold and hypotensive events while on in-center or in-home HD.

From just raw numbers, there were lower percentages of either sign/symptom within the home dialysis group compared to in-center. (g) CMS Comments As discussed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42183), only the Tablo® Cartridge portion of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System was evaluated in this application, but it is important to note that it can only be used with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System. Although there are changes to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System for home use, the cartridge portion remains unchanged from its original FDA approval. Therefore, the cartridge itself is not new. Also, it is unclear as to whether the Tablo® Hemodialysis System can be used in-center without the cartridge.

As such, much of the evidence presented in this application is really about the system itself, such as ease of training, its various features, and less about the incremental benefit of using the cartridge. Additionally, the system itself may have its own risks and benefits which are not within the scope of this application, and peripherally and incompletely addressed with the provided materials. For example, a study should be conducted determining the number of patients who were back in the hospital for a dialysis-related condition. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42183), we stated that to evaluate the cartridge, it would be helpful to have studies on whether there are any issues with the components of the cartridge (that is, any dialyzer reactions to tubing, any issues affecting clearance). Since the primary intent of the cartridge is to facilitate patient set-up at home, the most useful evidence would be in the form of larger studies of patient-reported outcomes, quality of life, analyses of patient/caregiver burnout, and sustained adherence (beyond 1 year) to the use of this home-based modality.

If the applicant is claiming to improve the patients' quality of life, then it needs to be proven for patient-specific outcomes and with a risk-benefit analysis to the patient. In some of the references cited, the patient factors affecting home HD are self-cannulation, burdens to caregivers, and concerns for complications, yet the cartridge has not demonstrated improvements in addressing these issues. We stated that the cartridge is a promising concept to encourage home HD but again, the evaluation of this technology is complicated by the need to also peripherally assess the system. There does not appear to be a need for this cartridge in the hospital or clinic setting as trained personnel should be able to assist with set-up. Within the larger policy context of FDA approval and the fact that TPNIES does not currently cover capital-related assets, we believe there are some irregularities and misalignments in the current application, and we are concerned that the stand-alone cartridge cannot be evaluated for meeting the criteria for SCI.Start Printed Page 71464 The Outset Medical application was submitted only for the Tablo® Cartridge, which can only be used with the Tablo® Hemodialysis System.

As background, the Tablo® Hemodialysis System originally received FDA marketing authorization for hospital and outpatient use on November 15, 2016. Without any additional studies being required, an FDA marketing authorization was issued for just the cartridge on December 19, 2019. An application was submitted by Outset Medical to the FDA for home use of only the Tablo® Hemodialysis System, not the cartridge. FDA marketing authorization was issued for the Tablo® Hemodialysis System on March 31, 2020. Therefore, with regard to the application for TPNIES for the Tablo® Cartridge, it does not meet the newness requirement at § 413.236(b)(2), which specifies that the item is granted FDA marketing authorization on or after January 1, 2020.

We invited public comment as to whether the stand-alone cartridge of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System meets the SCI criteria for the TPNIES. The collective comments and our response to them are set forth below. Comment. The applicant suggested that because a HD system received approval for home use, the system and cartridge can be marketed in the same home setting. Additionally, the applicant stated, because the system and cartridge must operate together, the SCI should be linked.

The applicant disagrees with the idea of only the cartridge being relevant. Another commenter stated that according to the TPNIES policy CMS finalized for payment in CY 2021, the equipment or supply being considered for an add-on payment must represent an advance that substantially improves, relative to technologies previously available, the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries. The commenter stated that the evidence submitted by the applicant describes the features of the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and only the system. They noted that the applicant does not offer support for its assertion that the Tablo® Cartridge substantially improves the diagnosis or treatment of Medicare beneficiaries relative to dialysis services previously available. The commenter stated that because the application offers no clinical evidence on the cartridge itself, the subject of the application, it does not meet the eligibility requirements and CMS should not approve the TPNIES for this product for CY 2021.

A commenter noted that the studies that were performed were only on the Tablo® Hemodialysis System and not on the cartridge, which is the subject of the TPNIES application. Response. CMS is supportive of new and innovative supplies and equipment for renal dialysis services. However, the Tablo® Cartridge does not meet the newness eligibility criteria of § 413.236(b)(2). Since the publication of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we have learned that the Tablo® Cartridge and Tablo® Hemodialysis System have two different dates for FDA marketing authorizations.

The FDA marketing authorization was issued for just the cartridge on December 19, 2019, which pre-dates the eligibility date for the TPNIES of January 1, 2020. Therefore, the cartridge does not meet the newness criterion. In addition, CMS agrees with the commenters that the application for the cartridge only included studies applicable to the Tablo® Hemodialysis System as a whole and the cartridge by itself does not show evidence of SCI. Therefore, we are not approving the Tablo® Cartridge for as eligible for the TPNIES for CY 2021. III.

CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) A. Background The Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015 (TPEA) (Pub. L. 114-27) was enacted on June 29, 2015, and amended the Act to provide coverage and payment for dialysis furnished by an ESRD facility to an individual with acute kidney injury (AKI). Specifically, section 808(a) of the TPEA amended section 1861(s)(2)(F) of the Act to provide coverage for renal dialysis services furnished on or after January 1, 2017, by a renal dialysis facility or a provider of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to an individual with AKI.

Section 808(b) of the TPEA amended section 1834 of the Act by adding a subsection (r) to provide payment, beginning January 1, 2017, for renal dialysis services furnished by renal dialysis facilities or providers of services paid under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act to individuals with AKI at the ESRD PPS base rate, as adjusted by any applicable geographic adjustment applied under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act and adjusted (on a budget neutral basis for payments under section 1834(r) of the Act) by any other adjustment factor under section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act that the Secretary elects. In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized several coverage and payment policies in order to implement subsection (r) of section 1834 of the Act and the amendments to section 1881(s)(2)(F) of the Act, including the payment rate for AKI dialysis (81 FR 77866 through 77872, and 77965). We interpret section 1834(r)(1) of the Act as requiring the amount of payment for AKI dialysis services to be the base rate for renal dialysis services determined for a year under the ESRD PPS base rate as set forth in § 413.220, updated by the ESRD bundled market basket percentage increase factor minus a productivity adjustment as set forth in § 413.196(d)(1), adjusted for wages as set forth in § 413.231, and adjusted by any other amounts deemed appropriate by the Secretary under § 413.373. We codified this policy in § 413.372 (81 FR 77965). B.

Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, and Responses to Comments on the CY 2021 Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), hereinafter referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020. In that proposed rule, we proposed to update the AKI dialysis payment rate. We received 4 public comments on our proposal, including comments from ESRD facilities, national renal groups, transplant organizations, and nurses. We also received several comments related to issues that we either did not discuss in the proposed rule or that we discussed for the purpose of background or context, but for which we did not propose changes.

These include, for example, AKI dialysis in the home, modifications to claims and cost reports to monitor AKI dialysis, and Conditions of Coverage specific to AKI dialysis. While we are not addressing those comments in this final rule because they are either out of scope of the proposed rule or concern topics for which we did not propose changes, we thank the commenters for their input and will consider the recommendations in future rulemaking. In this final rule, we provide a summary of the proposed provisions, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for CY 2021 payment for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI.Start Printed Page 71465 C. Annual Payment Rate Update for CY 2021 1. CY 2021 AKI Dialysis Payment Rate The payment rate for AKI dialysis is the ESRD PPS base rate determined for a year under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act, which is the finalized ESRD PPS base rate, including the applicable annual market basket payment update, geographic wage adjustments and any other discretionary adjustments, for such year.

We note that ESRD facilities have the ability to bill Medicare for non-renal dialysis items and services and receive separate payment in addition to the payment rate for AKI dialysis. As discussed in section II.B.4.d of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule and section II.B.4.d of this final rule, the CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13, which reflects the application of the CY 2021 wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor of .999485, a final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics, and the CY 2021 ESRDB market basket increase of 1.9 percent reduced by the multifactor productivity adjustment of 0.3 percentage point, that is, 1.6 percent. Accordingly, we are finalizing a CY 2021 per treatment payment rate of $253.13 for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. This payment rate is further adjusted by the wage index as discussed below. 2.

Geographic Adjustment Factor Under section 1834(r)(1) of the Act and § 413.372, the amount of payment for AKI dialysis services is the base rate for renal dialysis services determined for a year under section 1881(b)(14) of the Act (updated by the ESRD bundled market basket increase that is reduced by the multifactor productivity adjustment), as adjusted by any applicable geographic adjustment factor applied under section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv)(II) of the Act. Accordingly, we apply the same wage index under § 413.231 that is used under the ESRD PPS and discussed in section II.B.4.b of this final rule. The AKI dialysis payment rate is adjusted by the wage index for a particular ESRD facility in the same way that the ESRD PPS base rate is adjusted by the wage index for that facility (81 FR 77868). Specifically, we apply the wage index to the labor-related share of the ESRD PPS base rate that we utilize for AKI dialysis to compute the wage adjusted per-treatment AKI dialysis payment rate. As stated previously, we are finalizing a CY 2021 AKI dialysis payment rate of $253.13, adjusted by the ESRD facility's wage index.

The comments and our responses to the comments on our AKI dialysis payment proposal are set forth below. Comment. Commenters were supportive of the updates to the AKI dialysis payment rate for CY 2021. Response. We appreciate the comments in support of the update.

Final Rule Action. We are finalizing the AKI payment rate as proposed, that is, the AKI payment rate is based on the finalized ESRD PPS base rate. Specifically, the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS base rate is $253.13. Accordingly, we are finalizing a CY 2021 payment rate of $253.13 for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. IV.

End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program (ESRD QIP) A. Background For a detailed discussion of the End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program's (ESRD QIP's) background and history, including a description of the Program's authorizing statute and the policies that we have adopted in previous final rules, we refer readers to the following final rules. CY 2011 ESRD PPS final rule (75 FR 49030), CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 628), CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70228), CY 2013 ESRD PPS final rule (77 FR 67450), CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule (78 FR 72156), CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66120), CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 68968), CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule (81 FR 77834), CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50738), CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 56922), and CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60713). We have also codified many of our policies for the ESRD QIP at 42 CFR 413.177 and 413.178. B.

Summary of the Proposed Provisions, Public Comments, Responses to Comments, and Finalized Policies for the ESRD QIP The proposed rule, titled “Medicare Program. End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System, Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals with Acute Kidney Injury, and End-Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program” (85 FR 42132 through 42208), referred to as the “CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule,” was published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020, with a comment period that ended on September 4, 2020. In that proposed rule, we proposed updates to the ESRD QIP for PY 2023, and included policies continuing for PY 2024. We received a diverse range of public comments on our proposals, including comments from large dialysis organizations, renal dialysis facilities, national renal groups, nephrologists, patient organizations, patients and care partners, health care systems, nurses, renal dietitians, and other stakeholders. In this final rule, we provide a summary of each proposed provision, a summary of the public comments received and our responses to them, and the policies we are finalizing for the ESRD QIP.

C. Updates to Requirements Beginning With the PY 2023 ESRD QIP 1. PY 2023 ESRD QIP Measure Set Under our current policy, we retain all ESRD QIP measures from year to year unless we propose through rulemaking to remove them or otherwise provide notification of immediate removal if a measure raises potential safety issues (77 FR 67475). Accordingly, the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set will include the same 14 measures as the PY 2022 ESRD QIP measure set. These measures are described in Table 6 of this final rule.

For the most recent information on each measure's technical specifications for PY 2023, we refer readers to the CMS ESRD Measures Manual for the 2021 Performance Period.[] Start Printed Page 71466 Table 6—PY 2023 ESRD QIP Measure SetNational quality forum (NQF) #Measure title and description0258In-Center Hemodialysis Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (ICH CAHPS) Survey Administration, a clinical measure. Measure assesses patients' self-reported experience of care through percentage of patient responses to multiple testing tools.2496Standardized Readmission Ratio (SRR), a clinical measure. Ratio of the number of observed unplanned 30-day hospital readmissions to the number of expected unplanned 30-day readmissions.Based on NQF #2979Standardized Transfusion Ratio (STrR), a reporting measure. Ratio of the number of observed eligible red blood cell transfusion events occurring in patients dialyzing at a facility to the number of eligible transfusions that would be expected.N/A(Kt/V) Dialysis Adequacy Comprehensive, a clinical measure. A measure of dialysis adequacy where K is dialyzer clearance, t is dialysis time, and V is total body water volume.

Percentage of all patient months for patients whose delivered dose of dialysis (either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) met the specified threshold during the reporting period.2977Hemodialysis Vascular Access. Standardized Fistula Rate clinical measure. Measures the use of an arteriovenous (AV) fistula as the sole means of vascular access as of the last hemodialysis treatment session of the month.2978Hemodialysis Vascular Access. Long-Term Catheter Rate clinical measure. Measures the use of a catheter continuously for 3 months or longer as of the last hemodialysis treatment session of the month.1454Hypercalcemia, a clinical measure.

Proportion of patient-months with 3-month rolling average of total uncorrected serum or plasma calcium greater than 10.2 mg/dL.1463Standardized Hospitalization Ratio (SHR), a clinical measure. Risk-adjusted SHR of the number of observed hospitalizations to the number of expected hospitalizations.Based on NQF #0418Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-Up, a reporting measure. Facility reports in CROWNWeb one of six conditions for each qualifying patient treated during performance period.N/AUltrafiltration Rate (UFR), a reporting measure.* Number of months for which a facility reports elements required for ultrafiltration rates for each qualifying patient.Based on NQF #1460National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Bloodstream (BSI) in Hemodialysis Patients, a clinical measure. The Standardized Ratio (SIR) of BSIs will be calculated among patients receiving hemodialysis at outpatient hemodialysis centers.N/ANHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure. Number of months for which facility reports NHSN Dialysis Event data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).N/APercentage of Prevalent Patients Waitlisted (PPPW), a clinical measure.

Percentage of patients at each dialysis facility who were on the kidney or kidney-pancreas transplant waitlist averaged across patients prevalent on the last day of each month during the performance period.2988Medication Reconciliation for Patients Receiving Care at Dialysis Facilities (MedRec), a reporting measure. Percentage of patient-months for which medication reconciliation was performed and documented by an eligible professional.Note. *After consideration of the comments, we are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology used to calculate the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities are scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, instead of facility-months, and refer readers to section IV.C.3 of this final rule for a discussion of this new scoring methodology. We did not propose to adopt any new measures for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set. 2.

Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Section 1881(h)(4)(A) of the Social Security Act (the Act) requires the Secretary to establish performance standards with respect to the measures selected for the ESRD QIP for a performance period with respect to a year. The performance standards must include levels of achievement and improvement, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(B) of the Act, and must be established prior to the beginning of the performance period for the year involved, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(C) of the Act. We refer readers to the CY 2013 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70277) for a discussion of the achievement and improvement standards that we have established for clinical measures used in the ESRD QIP. We recently codified definitions for the terms “achievement threshold,” “benchmark,” “improvement threshold,” and “performance standard” in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(1), (3), (7), and (12), respectively. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60728), we set the performance period for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP as CY 2021 and the baseline period as CY 2019.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42185 through 42186), we estimated the achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, and benchmarks for the PY 2023 clinical measures in Table 7 using data from 2018.Start Printed Page 71467 Table 7—Estimated Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Clinical Measures Using the Most Recently Available DataMeasureAchievement threshold (15th percentile of national performance) *Median (50th percentile of national performance) *Benchmark (90th percentile of national performance) *Vascular access type (VAT):Standardized Fistula Rate53.72%64.96%77.31%Catheter Rate17.70%10.50%4.32%Kt/V Comprehensive93.56%97.13%99.24%Hypercalcemia1.77%0.58% (0.59%)0.00%Standardized Readmission Ratio1.268 (1.269)0.9980.629 (0.641)Standardized Transfusion Ratio 2091.6750.8300.173NHSN BSI1.3650.6040Standardized Hospitalization Ratio1.2480.967 (0.976)0.670 (0.677)PPPW8.12%16.73%33.90%ICH CAHPS. Nephrologists' Communication and Caring58.12%67.89%78.52% (78.35%)ICH CAHPS. Quality of Dialysis Center Care and Operations54.16 (53.87%)62.47%72.11%ICH CAHPS. Providing Information to Patients74.09%80.48%87.14%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of Nephrologists49.33% (47.92%)62.22% (60.59%)76.57% (75.16%)ICH CAHPS.

Overall Rating of Dialysis Center Staff49.12% (48.59%)63.04% (62.99%)77.49%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of the Dialysis Facility53.98% (53.46%)68.59%83.03%Note. We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD QIP proposed rule that if the PY 2023 final numerical value is worse than the PY 2022 finalized value, we will substitute the PY 2023 final numerical value for the PY 2022 finalized value. We also provided the PY 2023 finalized value as a reference in parentheses for clinical measures whose PY 2023 estimated value is worse than the PY 2022 finalized value.Data sources. VAT measures.

2018 CROWNWeb. SRR, SHR. 2018 Medicare claims. Kt/V. 2018 CROWNWeb.

Hypercalcemia. 2018 CROWNWeb. NHSN. 2018 CDC. ICH CAHPS.

CMS 2018. PPPW. 2018 CROWNWeb and 2018 OPTN. We are now updating the achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, and benchmarks for the PY 2023 clinical measures as shown in Table 8, using the most recently available data, which includes CY 2019 data. Table 8—Finalized Performance Standards for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Clinical Measures Using the Most Recently Available DataMeasureAchievement threshold (15th percentile of national performance)Median (50th percentile of national performance)Benchmark (90th percentile of national performance)Vascular access type (VAT):Standardized Fistula Rate53.29%64.36%76.77%Catheter Rate18.35%11.04%4.69%Kt/V Comprehensive94.33%97.61%99.42%Hypercalcemia1.54%0.49%* 0.00%Standardized Readmission Ratio* 1.268* 0.998* 0.629NHSN BSI1.1930.516* 0Standardized Hospitalization Ratio* 1.248* 0.967* 0.670PPPW* 8.12%* 16.73%* 33.90%ICH CAHPS.

Nephrologists' Communication and Caring58.20%67.90%79.15%ICH CAHPS. Quality of Dialysis Center Care and Operations54.64%63.08%72.66%ICH CAHPS. Providing Information to Patients74.49%81.09%87.80%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of Nephrologists* 49.33%* 62.22%* 76.57%ICH CAHPS. Overall Rating of Dialysis Center Staff50.02%63.37%78.30%ICH CAHPS.

Overall Rating of the Dialysis Facility54.51%69.04%83.72%Note. Values marked with an asterisk (*) are also the final performance standards for those measures for PY 2022. In accordance with our longstanding policy, we are finalizing those numerical values for those measures for PY 2023 because they are higher standards than the PY 2023 numerical values for those measures.Data sources. VAT measures. 2019 CROWNWeb.

SRR, SHR. 2019 Medicare claims. Kt/V. 2019 CROWNWeb. Hypercalcemia.

2019 CROWNWeb. NHSN. 2019 CDC. ICH CAHPS. CMS 2019.

PPPW. 2019 CROWNWeb and 2019 OPTN. In addition, we have summarized in Table 9 existing requirements for successful reporting on reporting measures in the PY 2023 ESRD QIP.Start Printed Page 71468 Table 9—Requirements for Successful Reporting on the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Reporting MeasuresMeasureReporting frequencyData elementsUltrafiltration4 data elements are reported for every HD Kt/V session during the week of the monthly Kt/V draw, and Kt/V date is reported monthly• In-Center Hemodialysis (ICHD) Kt/V Date. €¢ Post-Dialysis Weight. €¢ Pre-Dialysis Weight.

€¢ Delivered Minutes of BUN Hemodialysis. €¢ Number of sessions of dialysis delivered by the dialysis unit to the patient in the reporting Month.MedRecMonthly• Date of the medication reconciliation. €¢ Type of eligible professional who completed the medication reconciliation. —‹ Physician, ○ nurse, ○ ARNP, ○ PA, ○ pharmacist, or ○ pharmacy technician personnel. €¢ Name of eligible professional.Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-Up1 of 6 conditions reported annually• Screening for clinical depression is documented as being positive and a follow-up plan is documented.

€¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as positive, a follow-up plan is not documented, and the facility possesses documentation that the patient is not eligible. €¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as positive, the facility possesses no documentation of a follow-up plan, and no reason is given. €¢ Screening for clinical depression documented as negative and no follow-up plan required. €¢ Screening for clinical depression not documented, but the facility possesses documentation stating the patient is not eligible. €¢ Clinical depression screening not documented, and no reason is given.NHSN Dialysis EventMonthly data reported quarterlyThree types of dialysis events reported.

€¢ IV antimicrobial start. €¢ positive blood culture. And • pus, redness, or increased swelling at the vascular access site.STrRAt least 10 patient-years at risk during the performance period. We received a few comments on the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set. Comment.

One commenter expressed general agreement with CMS's policy to maintain current structural ESRD QIP policies. The commenter also expressed support for the proposed updates to the performance standards applicable to PY 2023. Response. We thank the commenter for its support. Comment.

One commenter requested clarification that the Standardized Transfusion Ratio (STrR) measure will be a reporting measure. The commenter noted that the measure was listed in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule as a reporting measure in the PY 2023 measure set but was included in the Estimated Performance Standards for PY 2023 Clinical Measures table. Response. We appreciate the commenter bringing this issue to our attention. We inadvertently included clinical performance standards for the STrR measure in Table 7 of the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule.

In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60720 through 60723), we finalized that beginning with the PY 2022 ESRD QIP, we would convert the STrR clinical measure to a reporting measure and would score the measure based on the performance standards listed in Table 6 of that final rule, which provided that the applicable reporting performance standard for the STrR reporting measure is calculated annually and requires a facility to have at least 10 eligible patient-years at risk over the course of the performance period (84 FR 60718). The reporting requirements for the STrR measure are also included in Table 9 of this final rule. 3. Update to the Scoring Methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate Reporting Measure In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, we adopted the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure under the authority of section 1881(h)(2)(B)(ii) of the Act (81 FR 77912). The measure assesses the number of months for which a facility reports all data elements required to calculate ultrafiltration rates (UFR) for each qualifying patient.

It is based upon the NQF-endorsed Avoidance of Utilization of High Ultrafiltration Rate (>/= 13 ml/kg/hr) (NQF #2701), which assesses the percentage of patient-months for patients with a UFR greater than or equal to 13 ml/kg/hr. In the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule (81 FR 77917), we also finalized a policy to score the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure using the following equation, beginning in PY 2020 (81 FR 77917). Start Printed Page 71469 In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42186 through 42187), we proposed to replace the current Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure scoring equation with the following equation, beginning with PY 2023. We stated this proposed update would modify the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure so that facilities would be scored based on the number of eligible patient-months, as opposed to facility-months. We explained that the facility-month scoring methodology requires facilities to report every data element necessary to calculate a UFR reporting rate for 100 percent of its eligible patients each month in order to receive any credit for successfully reporting the measure for that month.

We stated that the facility-month scoring approach then counts the number of months in the performance period that the facility received credit for reporting over the course of the performance period. For example, under the facility-scoring methodology, if a facility has 10 eligible patients in January, the facility must report all required UFR data elements for each of those 10 patients in order to receive any credit for January reporting. We stated that if the facility only reports the required UFR data elements for 9 of those 10 patients, the facility receives a zero for January. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that our concern with this approach is that there may be circumstances, such as when an eligible patient is hospitalized, when facilities cannot obtain UFR data for a single patient, and as a consequence, cannot receive any credit for the data it did report that month (85 FR 42187). When we finalized the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure in the CY 2017 ESRD PPS final rule, stakeholders raised their concern regarding this issue (81 FR 77914).

At the time, we responded that because we defined the population for this reporting measure by assignment to a facility for a full month, the facility is still required to provide data even in cases where a patient may spend part of that month hospitalized since the data elements are products of ongoing dialysis treatment. We stated that since we do not restrict facilities from coordinating with hospitals to obtain relevant data, we believed that such coordination is appropriate. However, our rationale for this was based on the reporting requirements prescribed by a facility-month definition. Furthermore, we stated that coordinating with hospitals to obtain relevant data continues to be a stakeholder concern in reporting UFR data. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our belief that the proposed patient-month scoring methodology is more objective because it scores facilities based on the percentage of eligible patients across the entire performance period for which they report all UFR data elements (85 FR 42187).

Thus, if a facility has 100 eligible patients in CY 2020 and reports all data elements necessary to calculate a UFR rate for 90 of them, we stated that the facility will receive a rounded score based on a 90 percent reporting rate. We believe that this methodology will give facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the 12-month performance period. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure is intended to guard against risks associated with high ultrafiltration (that is, rapid fluid removal) rates for adult dialysis patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD), because of indications that high ultrafiltration is an independent predictor of mortality. We stated that faster ultrafiltration may lead to a number of health risks resulting from large volumes of fluid removed rapidly during each dialysis session, with deleterious consequences for the patient both in the short and longer term. The outcome of this reporting measure is the documentation of the ultrafiltration measurements, which ultimately contributes to the quality of the patient's ESRD treatment.

We stated that we believe that calculating the measure rates using the patient-month scoring methodology better supports our goal of assessing performance on whether the facility is documenting UFR for its eligible patients, which we believe will lead to better patient-level outcomes (85 FR 42187). We also stated our belief that this change is consistent with our plan to re-evaluate our reporting measures for opportunities to more closely align them with NQF measure specifications (see 84 FR 60724). We stated that we believe that this proposed change would make the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure more consistent with the NQF measure upon which it is based, Avoidance of Utilization of High Ultrafiltration Rate (>/= 13 ml/kg/hr) (NQF #2701), which reports results using a “patient-month” construction. Although we stated that we recognize that both the Anemia Management reporting measure and the Serum Phosphorus reporting measure are also calculated using a facility-month construction, we stated that we were not proposing to change the scoring methodology used for either of those measures because both measures are finalized for removal beginning with the PY 2021 ESRD QIP (83 FR 56986 through 56989). We stated that the proposed update to the UFR reporting measure scoring methodology will make the scoring methodology for that measure consistent with the scoring methodology we are using to calculate the Medication Reconciliation (MedRec) reporting measure (83 FR 57011).

We stated that we also believed that the utilization of this patient-month scoring methodology for both the MedRec and the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measures better reflects our intent to score facilities based on actions taken by the facility that impact patient experiences. We sought comment on this proposal. The comments on our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure and our responses to those comments are set forth below. Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to change the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure's scoring methodology from facility-months to patient-months.

Several commenters expressed appreciation that the “patient-months” construction aligns with the NQF's Ultrafiltration Rate measure specifications. A few commenters expressed support for the proposed Start Printed Page 71470update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure to use patient-months because it would ensure the reliability of measure score calculations and thus enable CMS to better evaluate facility performance. A few commenters expressed support for the proposed update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, believing that it would help address difficulties with measure requirements where all data on all patients had to be included in order to receive credit for reporting each month. One commenter stated that the proposed update would score facilities based on actions that impact patient care and appreciated the move away from “all or nothing” requirements. Response.

We thank the commenters for their support. We agree that the proposed methodology is more outcomes focused, and better supports our goal of assessing performance on whether the facility is documenting UFR for its eligible patients, which we believe will lead to better patient-level outcomes. We also agree that the proposed update will give facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the 12-month performance period. Comment. One commenter expressed support for the proposed update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, but also stated that it would like to work with CMS on developing an outcome measure that better assesses quality of care for ultrafiltration.

Response. We thank the commenter for its support and continue to welcome feedback on ways to improve measures in the program. Comment. A few commenters expressed concern that the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure may penalize facilities that are unable to comply with reporting requirements due to circumstances beyond their control, such as patient non-compliance due to hospitalization or missed treatments. Response.

We thank the commenters for their feedback. Under the current facility-month scoring methodology, a facility is required to report every data element necessary to calculate a UFR reporting rate for 100 percent of its eligible patients each month in order to receive any credit for successfully reporting the measure for that month. We believe the update to the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure's scoring methodology addresses situations in which facilities may experience challenges collecting data when patients are hospitalized or miss treatments because it does not require 100 percent reporting for all patients. We believe that the patient-months construction gives facilities more flexibility to receive credit for UFR reporting throughout the performance period because it scores a facility based on the facility reporting all UFR data elements for eligible patients across the entire performance period, and does not require reporting for all eligible patients each month in order to receive the maximum score on the measure. Final Rule Action.

After considering the comments we received, we are finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure as proposed, beginning with PY 2023. 4. Eligibility Requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Our current minimum eligibility requirements for scoring the ESRD QIP measures are described in Table 10. We did not propose any changes to these eligibility requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP. Table 10—Eligibility Requirements for Scoring on ESRD QIP MeasuresMeasureMinimum data requirementsCCN open dateSmall facility adjusterKt/V Comprehensive (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.VAT.

Long-term Catheter Rate (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.VAT. Standardized Fistula Rate (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.Hypercalcemia (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.NHSN BSI (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program year11-25 qualifying patients.NHSN Dialysis Event (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients.SRR (Clinical)11 index dischargesN/A11-41 index discharges.STrR (Reporting)10 patient-years at riskN/A10-21 patient-years at risk.SHR (Clinical)5 patient-years at riskN/A5-14 patient-years at risk.ICH CAHPS (Clinical)Facilities with 30 or more survey-eligible patients during the calendar year preceding the performance period must submit survey results. Facilities will not receive a score if they do not obtain a total of at least 30 completed surveys during the performance periodBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.Depression Screening and Follow-Up (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore April 1 of the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.Ultrafiltration (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore April 1 of the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.MedRec (Reporting)11 qualifying patientsBefore October 1 prior to the performance period that applies to the program yearN/A.PPPW (Clinical)11 qualifying patientsN/A11-25 qualifying patients. Start Printed Page 71471 5. Clarification of the Timeline for Facilities To Make Changes to Their NHSN Bloodstream (BSI) Clinical Measure and NHSN Dialysis Event Reporting Measure Data for Purposes of the ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42188), we stated that under our current policy for the NHSN BSI clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure, facilities are required to submit monthly data on a quarterly basis, and each quarter's data is due 3 months after the end of the quarter (81 FR 77879 through 77881).

As an example, we stated that data collected by facilities between January 1 and March 31, 2021 is due to NHSN by June 30, 2021, data collected between April 1 and June 30, 2021 is due to NHSN by September 30, 2021, and data collected between July 1 and September 30, 2021 is due to NHSN by December 31, 2021. We further noted that after each quarterly data submission deadline, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) takes a snapshot of the facility's data for the quarter and creates a permanent data file. Each quarterly permanent data file is aggregated together to create the annual CMS ESRD QIP Final Compliance File, which the CDC transmits to CMS for purposes of determining whether the facility has met the reporting requirements for these measures. We also noted that facilities may make changes to their quarterly NHSN data for purposes of the ESRD QIP at any point up until the applicable quarterly submission data deadline (85 FR 42188). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42188), we stated that we have become aware that the NHSN system does not prevent facilities from making changes to their data for purposes of CDC surveillance after the applicable ESRD QIP quarterly submission deadline has passed.

We also clarified that any changes that a facility makes to its data after the ESRD QIP deadline that applies to those data will not be included in the quarterly permanent data file that the CDC generates for purposes of creating the annual CMS ESRD QIP Final Compliance File. As we noted in the proposed rule, each quarterly permanent data file captures a snapshot of the facility's data as of the quarterly submission deadline, and that file cannot be updated for purposes of the ESRD QIP because of operational and timing issues. We received a few comments on this clarification. Comment. A few commenters expressed support for the clarification of the timeline for facilities to make changes to NHSN Dialysis Event and the NHSN BSI measure data.

One commenter expressed support for the clarification, noting the importance of providing accurate information about bloodstream s to patients and caregivers. Response. We thank the commenters for their support. 6. Payment Reduction Scale for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP Under our current policy, a facility will not receive a payment reduction for a payment year in connection with its performance for the ESRD QIP if it achieves a total performance score (TPS) that is at or above the minimum TPS (mTPS) that we establish for the payment year.

We have defined the mTPS in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(8) as, with respect to a payment year, the TPS that an ESRD facility would receive if, during the baseline period it performed at the 50th percentile of national performance on all clinical measures and the median of national ESRD facility performance on all reporting measures. Our current policy, which is codified at § 413.177 of our regulations, is also to implement the payment reductions on a sliding scale using ranges that reflect payment reduction differentials of 0.5 percent for each 10 points that the facility's TPS falls below the minimum TPS (76 FR 634 through 635). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189), for PY 2023 we estimated based on available data that a facility must meet or exceed a mTPS of 57 in order to avoid a payment reduction. We noted that the mTPS estimated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule was based on data from CY 2018 instead of the PY 2023 baseline period (CY 2019) because CY 2019 data were not yet available. We refer readers to Table 8 of this final rule for the PY 2023 finalized performance standards for each clinical measure.

We stated in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule that under our current policy, a facility that achieves a TPS below 57 would receive a payment reduction based on the TPS ranges indicated in Table 9 (85 FR 42189). Table 11 of this final rule, is a reproduction of Table 9 from the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. Table 11—Estimated Payment Reduction Scale for PY 2023 Based on the Most Recently Available DataTotal performance scoreReduction (%)100-57056-470.546-371.036-271.526-02.0 We stated our intention to update the mTPS for PY 2023, as well as the payment reduction ranges for that payment year, in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS final rule. We have now finalized the payment reductions that will apply to the PY 2023 ESRD QIP using updated CY 2019 data. The mTPS for PY 2023 will be 57, and the finalized payment reduction scale is shown in Table 12.

Table 12—Finalized Payment Reduction Scale for PY 2023 Based on the Most Recently Available DataTotal performance scoreReduction (%)100-57056-470.546-371.036-271.526-02.0 7. Reduction of the Number of Records That a Facility Selected for NHSN Validation Must Submit In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189), we stated that one of the critical elements of the ESRD QIP's success is ensuring that the data submitted to calculate measure scores and TPSs are accurate. The ESRD QIP currently includes two validation studies for this purpose. The Consolidated Renal Operations in a Web-Enabled Network (CROWNWeb) data validation study (OMB Control Number 0938-1289) and the NHSN validation study (OMB Control Number 0938-1340). In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we adopted the CROWNWeb data validation study as a permanent feature of the Program (83 FR 57003).

Under that policy, we will continue validating CROWNWeb data in PY 2023 and subsequent payment years, and we will deduct 10 points from a facility's TPS if it is selected for validation but does not submit the requested records. We also adopted a methodology for the PY 2022 NHSN validation study, which targets facilities for NHSN Start Printed Page 71472validation by identifying facilities that are at risk for under-reporting. For additional information on this methodology, we referred readers to the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50766 through 50767). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized our proposal to continue using this methodology for the NHSN validation study for PY 2023 and subsequent years (84 FR 60727). In that rule, we concluded that to achieve the most reliable results for a payment year, we would need to review approximately 6,072 charts submitted by 303 facilities, and that this sample size would produce results with a 95 percent confidence level and a 1 percent margin of error.

Based on those results and to ensure that dialysis event data reported to the NHSN for purposes of the ESRD QIP are accurate, we finalized our proposal to continue use of this methodology in the PY 2023 NHSN validation study and for subsequent years. Additionally, as we had previously finalized for CROWNWeb validation, we finalized our proposal to adopt NHSN validation as a permanent feature of the ESRD QIP with the methodology we first finalized for PY 2022 and are continuing for PY 2023 and subsequent years. We stated that we continued to believe that the purpose of our validation programs is to ensure the accuracy and completeness of data that are scored under the ESRD QIP, and that we believed that validating NHSN data using this methodology achieves that goal. In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized that a sample of 300 facilities will be selected for the NHSN validation study each year, and that each facility will be required to submit 20 patient records per quarter for each of the first two quarters of the calendar year (83 FR 57001), for a total of 40 records. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42189 through 42190), we proposed to change this requirement and allow facilities selected to participate in the NHSN validation study to submit a total of 20 patient records for the applicable calendar year.

We also proposed to allow facilities to submit patient records from any two quarters during the year, as long as all of the records are from no more than two quarters. For example, we stated that a facility could choose to submit two records from Q1 and 18 records from Q4, or six records from Q2 and 14 records from Q3, but it could not submit four records from Q1, eight records from Q2, and eight records from Q3. We stated that we had concluded this revised approach would reduce facility burden by decreasing the required number of patient records and allowing more flexibility for facilities to choose what records to submit, while continuing to maintain a sample size that is adequate for our validation analysis. In reaching this conclusion, we stated that we had been informed by the CDC's recommendations. We stated that based on the sample estimation analysis, the CDC recommended the following factors to improve the precision of estimation of accuracy of dialysis events reported to NHSN.

An expected 80 percent of dialysis events reporting accuracy from facilities and setting the precision of the NHSN validation study to a 95 percent confidence level and 1 percent margin of error, which would require a total of 6,072 chart reviews. Beginning with the CY 2017 and CY 2018 NHSN dialysis validation, we stated that we have gradually increased the number of facilities randomly selected for validation, as well as the number of charts for review, in order to achieve the 6,000 chart threshold necessary for an accurate review. Initially, 35 facilities were randomly selected and 10 charts per facility were reviewed. For CY 2019, 150 facilities were randomly selected and each facility submitted a total of 20 records, to achieve the total of 3,000 charts available for review. For CY 2020, the goal was to increase from 150 to 300 facilities, where each facility would submit a total of 20 records thereby achieving the total of 6,000 charts available for review, as we had previously finalized (83 FR 57001).

Because a total of 20 records would achieve the 6,000 chart threshold necessary for an accurate review, we stated that we had concluded that we could reduce the sample size from 40 records to 20 records. We stated that we believed a total of 20 medical records across a 6-month validation study time frame for a calendar year, rather than 20 records per quarter would provide a sufficiently accurate sample size. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our belief that the reduction in patient records still provides an adequate sample size for the validation and reduces overall facility burden (85 FR 42190). We also stated that a recent estimation analysis conducted by the CDC supports our belief that a review of 20 charts per facility across a specified validation timeline that are acquired by randomly selecting approximately 300 facilities would continue to meet the medical record selection criteria outlined in the NHSN Dialysis Validation methodology. We stated that this would meet the CDC's recommended sample estimate to achieve the 95 percent confidence level precision and 1 percent margin of error, while also reducing facility burden.

We sought comments on this proposal. The comments on our proposal to reduce the number of records that a facility selected for NHSN validation must submit and our responses to those comments are set forth below. We did not propose any changes to the CROWNWeb validation study methodology. Comment. Several commenters expressed support for the proposal to reduce the number of patient records required for submission for the NHSN validation study.

Several commenters noted that the proposed update will reduce provider burden. A few commenters noted that the proposed 20 patient records requirement is an adequate sample size for validation. Response. We thank the commenters for their support. Final Rule Action.

After considering public comments, we are finalizing our proposal to update the records submission requirements for the NHSN data validation study as proposed, beginning with PY 2023. D. Updates for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP 1. Continuing Measures for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated that, under our previously adopted policy, the PY 2023 ESRD QIP measure set will also be used for PY 2024. We did not propose to adopt any new measures beginning with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP.

2. Performance Period for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated our continued belief that 12-month performance and baseline periods provide us sufficiently reliable quality measure data for the ESRD QIP. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the performance and baseline periods for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP (84 FR 60728). We also finalized our proposal to adopt automatically a performance and baseline period for each year that is 1 year advanced from those specified for the previous payment year. Under this policy, CY 2022 will be the performance period and CY 2020 will be the baseline period for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP.

3. Performance Standards for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP Section 1881(h)(4)(A) of the Act requires the Secretary to establish Start Printed Page 71473performance standards with respect to the measures selected for the ESRD QIP for a performance period with respect to a year. The performance standards must include levels of achievement and improvement, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(B) of the Act, and must be established prior to the beginning of the performance period for the year involved, as required by section 1881(h)(4)(C) of the Act. We refer readers to the CY 2012 ESRD PPS final rule (76 FR 70277) for a discussion of the achievement and improvement standards that we have established for clinical measures used in the ESRD QIP. We recently codified definitions for the terms “achievement threshold,” “benchmark,” “improvement threshold,” and “performance standard” in our regulations at § 413.178(a)(1), (3), (7), and (12), respectively.

A. Performance Standards for Clinical Measures in the PY 2024 ESRD QIP At this time, we do not have the necessary data to assign numerical values to the achievement thresholds, benchmarks, and 50th percentiles of national performance for the clinical measures because we do not have CY 2020 data. In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated our intent to publish these numerical values, using CY 2020 data, in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS final rule (85 FR 42190). However, we acknowledge that CY 2020 data may be impacted by the nationwide Extraordinary Circumstances Exception (ECE) we granted to facilities in response to the alcoholism treatment PHE, which excluded data from the first and second quarter of CY 2020. We are considering ways to address this and will provide further guidance in the CY 2022 ESRD PPS proposed rule.

B. Performance Standards for the Reporting Measures in the PY 2024 ESRD QIP In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized the continued use of existing performance standards for the Screening for Clinical Depression and Follow-Up reporting measure, the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, the NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure, and the MedRec reporting measure (83 FR 57010 through 57011). In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule (85 FR 42190), we stated that we will continue use of these performance standards in PY 2024. 4. Scoring the PY 2024 ESRD QIP a.

Scoring Facility Performance on Clinical Measures In the CY 2014 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized policies for scoring performance on clinical measures based on achievement and improvement (78 FR 72215 through 72216). In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to continue use of this methodology for future payment years (83 FR 57011) and we codified these scoring policies at § 413.178(e). B. Scoring Facility Performance on Reporting Measures Our policy for scoring performance on reporting measures is codified at § 413.178(e), and more information on our scoring policy for reporting measures can be found in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60728). We previously finalized policies for scoring performance on the NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure in the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule (82 FR 50780 through 50781), as well as policies for scoring the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, MedRec reporting measure, and Clinical Depression Screening and Follow-up reporting measure in the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule (83 FR 57011).

We also previously finalized the scoring policy for the STrR reporting measure in the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule (84 FR 60721 through 60723). In section IV.C.3 of this final rule, we finalized our proposal to use patient-months instead of facility-months when scoring the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure. 5. Weighting the Measure Domains and the TPS for PY 2024 Under our current policy, we assign the Patient &. Family Engagement Measure Domain a weight of 15 percent of the TPS, the Care Coordination Measure Domain a weight of 30 percent of the TPS, the Clinical Care Measure Domain a weight of 40 percent of the TPS, and the Safety Measure domain a weight of 15 percent of the TPS.

In the CY 2019 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to assign weights to individual measures and a policy to redistribute the weight of unscored measures (83 FR 57011 through 57012). In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to use the measure weights we finalized for PY 2022 for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and subsequent payment years, and also to use the PY 2022 measure weight redistribution policy for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and subsequent payment years (84 FR 60728 through 60729). We did not propose any updates to these policies. Under our current policy, a facility must be eligible to be scored on at least one measure in two of the four measures domains in order to be eligible to receive a TPS (83 FR 57012). V.

Collection of Information Requirements A. Legislative Requirement for Solicitation of Comments Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, we are required to provide 60-day notice in the Federal Register and solicit public comment before a collection of information requirement is submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval. We solicited comments in the proposed rule, which published in the Federal Register on July 13, 2020 (85 FR 42132 through 42208). For the purpose of transparency, we are republishing the discussion of the information collection requirements. All of the requirements discussed in this section are already accounted for in OMB approved information requests.

B. Additional Information Collection Requirements This final rule does not impose any new information collection requirements in the regulation text. However, this final rule does make reference to several associated information collections that are not discussed in the regulation text contained in this document. The following is a discussion of these information collections. 1.

ESRD QIP-Wage Estimates To derive wages estimates, we used data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' May 2019 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates. In the CY 2016 ESRD PPS final rule (80 FR 69069), we stated that it was reasonable to assume that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians, who are responsible for organizing and managing health information data, are the individuals tasked with submitting measure data to CROWNWeb and NHSN, as well as compiling and submitting patient records for purpose of the data validation studies, rather than a Registered Nurse, whose duties are centered on providing and coordinating care for patients. We stated that the median hourly wage of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician is $20.50 per hour.[] We also stated that fringe benefit and overhead are calculated at 100 percent. Therefore, using these assumptions, we estimated an hourly labor cost of $41.00 as the basis of the wage estimates for all collections of information calculations in the ESRD Start Printed Page 71474QIP.

We adjusted these employee hourly wage estimates by a factor of 100 percent to reflect current HHS department-wide guidance on estimating the cost of fringe benefits and overhead. We stated that these are necessarily rough adjustments, both because fringe benefits and overhead costs vary significantly from employer to employer and because methods of estimating these costs vary widely from study to study. Nonetheless, we stated that there is no practical alternative and we believe that these are reasonable estimation methods. We used this updated wage estimate, along with updated facility and patient counts to re-estimate the total information collection burden in the ESRD QIP for PY 2023 that we discussed in the CY 2020 ESRD QIP final rule (84 FR 60787 through 60788) and to estimate the total information collection burden in the ESRD QIP for PY 2024. We provided the re-estimated information collection burden associated with the PY 2023 ESRD QIP and the newly estimated information collection burden associated with the PY 2024 ESRD QIP in sections IV.D.2 and IV.D.3 of this final rule.

2. Estimated Burden Associated With the Data Validation Requirements for PY 2023 and PY 2024 In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we finalized a policy to adopt the CROWNWeb data validation methodology that we previously adopted for the PY 2016 ESRD QIP as the methodology we would use to validate CROWNWeb data for all payment years, beginning with PY 2021 (83 FR 57001 through 57002). Under this methodology, 300 facilities are selected each year to submit 10 records to CMS, and we reimburse these facilities for the costs associated with copying and mailing the requested records. The burden associated with these validation requirements is the time and effort necessary to submit the requested records to a CMS contractor. In this final rule, we are updating these estimates using a newly available wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician.

We estimate that it will take each facility approximately 2.5 hours to comply with this requirement. If 300 facilities are asked to submit records, we estimate that the total combined annual burden for these facilities will be 750 hours (300 facilities × 2.5 hours). Since we anticipate that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar administrative staff will submit these data, we estimate that the aggregate cost of the CROWNWeb data validation each year will be approximately $30,750 (750 hours × $41.00), or an annual total of approximately $102.50 ($30,750/300 facilities) per facility in the sample. The decrease in our burden estimate is due to using the median hourly wage instead of the mean hourly wage for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff and is not the result of any policies finalized in this final rule. The burden associated with these requirements is captured in an information collection request (OMB control number 0938-1289).

In section IV.C.7 of this final rule, we finalized our proposal to reduce the number of records that a facility selected to participate in the NHSN data validation study must submit to a CMS contractor, beginning with PY 2023. Under this finalized policy, a facility is required to submit records for 20 patients across any two quarters of the year, instead of 20 records for each of the first two quarters of the year. The burden associated with this policy is the time and effort necessary to submit the requested records to a CMS contractor. Applying our policy to reduce the number of records required from each facility participating in the NHSN validation study, we estimate that it would take each facility approximately 5 hours to comply with this requirement. If 300 facilities are asked to submit records each year, we estimate that the total combined annual burden hours for these facilities per year would be 1,500 hours (300 facilities × 5 hours).

Since we anticipate that Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff would submit these data, using the newly available wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician, we estimate that the aggregate cost of the NHSN data validation each year would be approximately $61,500 (1,500 hours × $41), or a total of approximately $205 ($61,500/300 facilities) per facility in the sample. The reduction in our burden estimate is due to a reduction in the number of medical records collected and the utilization of the median hourly wage instead of the mean hourly wage. The burden associated with these requirements is captured in an information collection request (OMB control number 0938-1340). 3. CROWNWeb Reporting Requirements for PY 2023 and PY 2024 To determine the burden associated with the CROWNWeb reporting requirements, we look at the total number of patients nationally, the number of data elements per patient-year that the facility would be required to submit to CROWNWeb for each measure, the amount of time required for data entry, the estimated wage plus benefits applicable to the individuals within facilities who are most likely to be entering data into CROWNWeb, and the number of facilities submitting data to CROWNWeb.

In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we estimated that the burden associated CROWNWeb reporting requirements for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP was approximately $211 million (84 FR 60651). We did not propose any changes that would affect the burden associated with CROWNWeb reporting requirements for PY 2023 or PY 2024. However, we have re-calculated the burden estimate for PY 2023 using updated estimates of the total number of dialysis facilities, the total number of patients nationally, and wages for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff as well as a refined estimate of the number of hours needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting. We note that the burden estimate for PY 2023 has been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. In the CY 2020 ESRD PPS final rule, we estimated that the amount of time required to submit measure data to CROWNWeb was 2.5 minutes per element and used a rounded estimate of 0.042 hours in our calculations (84 FR 60788).

In this final rule, we did not use a rounded estimate of the time needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting. There are 229 data elements for 532,931 patients across 7,610 facilities. At 2.5 minutes per element, this yields approximately 668.21 hours per facility. Therefore, the PY 2023 burden is 5,085,050 hours (668.21 hours × 7,610 facilities). (Using the wage estimate of a Medical Records and Health Information Technician, we estimate that the PY 2023 total burden cost is approximately $208 million (5,085,050 hours × $41).

There is no net incremental burden change from PY 2023 to PY 2024 because we are not changing the reporting requirements for PY 2024. VI. Economic Analyses A. Regulatory Impact Analysis 1. Introduction We have examined the impacts of this rule as required by Executive Order 12866 on Regulatory Planning and Review, Executive Order 13563 on Improving Regulation and Regulatory Start Printed Page 71475Review, the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (Pub.

L. 96-354), section 1102(b) of the Social Security Act, section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4), Executive Order 13132 on Federalism, the Congressional Review Act (5 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), and Executive Order 13771 on Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs.

Executive Orders 12866 and 13563 direct agencies to assess all costs and benefits of available regulatory alternatives and, if regulation is necessary, to select regulatory approaches that maximize net benefits (including potential economic, environmental, public health and safety effects, distributive impacts, and equity). Section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 defines a “significant regulatory action” as an action that is likely to result in a rule. (1) Having an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more in any 1 year, or adversely and materially affecting a sector of the economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public health or safety, or state, local or tribal governments or communities (also referred to as “economically significant”). (2) creating a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfering with an action taken or planned by another agency. (3) materially altering the budgetary impacts of entitlement grants, user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients thereof.

Or (4) raising novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in the Executive order. A regulatory impact analysis (RIA) must be prepared for major rules with economically significant effects ($100 million or more in any 1 year). This rule has been designated by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs as an economically significant rule as measured by the $100 million threshold, and hence also been designated as a major rule under the Congressional Review Act. Accordingly, we have prepared a RIA that to the best of our ability presents the costs and benefits of the rulemaking. We solicited comments on the regulatory impact analysis provided.

With regard to the ESRD PPS, we did not receive any comments on the RIA. 2. Statement of Need a. ESRD PPS This rule finalizes a number of routine updates and several policy changes to the ESRD PPS for CY 2021. The routine updates include the CY 2021 wage index values, the wage index budget-neutrality adjustment factor, and outlier payment threshold amounts.

Failure to publish this final rule would result in ESRD facilities not receiving appropriate payments in CY 2021 for renal dialysis services furnished to ESRD beneficiaries. B. AKI This rule also finalizes routine updates to the payment for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to individuals with AKI. Failure to publish this final rule would result in ESRD facilities not receiving appropriate payments in CY 2021 for renal dialysis services furnished to patients with AKI in accordance with section 1834(r) of the Act. C.

ESRD QIP This final rule finalizes updates to the ESRD QIP beginning with PY 2023, including a modification to the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure and an update to the reporting requirements for facilities selected for NHSN data validation. This final rule also clarifies the review and correction timeline for the NHSN BSI clinical measure and NHSN Dialysis Event reporting measure. 3. Overall Impact a. ESRD PPS We estimate that the final revisions to the ESRD PPS will result in an increase of approximately $250 million in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021, which includes the amount associated with updates to the outlier thresholds, payment rate update, updates to the wage index, adoption of the 2018 OMB delineations with a transition period, and including calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate.

These figures do not reflect estimated increases or decreases in expenditures based on our expansion of eligibility for the TPNIES to certain new and innovative home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient. The fiscal impact of this policy cannot be determined due to the uniqueness of each new and innovative home dialysis machine and its cost. B. AKI We estimate that the updates to the AKI payment rate would result in an increase of approximately $4 million in payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2021. C.

ESRD QIP For PY 2023, we have re-estimated the costs associated with the information collection requirements under the ESRD QIP with updated estimates of the total number of dialysis facilities, the total number of patients nationally, wages for Medical Records and Health Information Technicians or similar staff, and a refined estimate of the number of hours needed to complete data entry for CROWNWeb reporting. We note that the estimated costs have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities participating in the ESRD QIP and the total number of patients. We have made no changes to our methodology for calculating the annual burden associated with the information collection requirements for the CROWNWeb validation study and CROWNWeb reporting. We updated the annual burden associated with the NHSN validation study to reflect our new policy to reduce the total number of records collected. The finalized updates will reduce the collection of information requirements associated with the NHSN validation study by $65,460 per year across the facilities selected for validation that year.

We also finalized the payment reduction scale using more recent data for the measures in the ESRD QIP measure set and applying our finalized proposal to modify the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure beginning with the PY 2023 ESRD QIP. We estimate approximately $208 million in information collection burden, which includes the cost of complying with this rule, and an additional $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities for PY 2023. For PY 2024, we estimate that the finalized revisions to the ESRD QIP would result in $208 million in information collection burden, and $16 million in estimated payment reductions across all facilities, for an impact of $224 million as a result of the policies we have previously finalized and the policies we have finalized in this final rule. 4. Regulatory Review Cost Estimation If regulations impose administrative costs on private entities, such as the time needed to read and interpret this final rule, we should estimate the cost associated with regulatory review.

Due to the uncertainty involved with accurately quantifying the number of entities that will review the rule, we assume that the total number of unique commenters on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule will be the number of reviewers of this final rule. We acknowledge that this assumption may understate or overstate the costs of reviewing this rule. It is possible that Start Printed Page 71476not all commenters reviewed CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule in detail, and it is also possible that some reviewers chose not to comment on the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule. For these reasons we thought that the number of past commenters would be a fair estimate of the number of reviewers of this rule. We also recognize that different types of entities are in many cases affected by mutually exclusive sections of this final rule, and therefore, for the purposes of our estimate we assume that each reviewer reads approximately 50 percent of the rule.

We sought comments on this assumption in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule but did not receive comments. Using the wage information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for medical and health services managers (Code 11-9111), we estimate that the cost of reviewing this rule is $110.74 per hour, including overhead and fringe benefits https://www.bls.gov/​oes/​current/​oes_​nat.htm. Assuming an average reading speed, we estimate that it would take approximately 6.25 hours for the staff to review half of this final. For each entity that reviews the rule, the estimated cost is $692.13 (6.25 hours × $110.74). Therefore, we estimate that the total cost of reviewing this regulation rounds to $81,671.

($692.13 × 118 reviewers). B. Detailed Economic Analysis 1. CY 2021 End-Stage Renal Disease Prospective Payment System a. Effects on ESRD Facilities To understand the impact of the changes affecting payments to different categories of ESRD facilities, it is necessary to compare estimated payments in CY 2020 to estimated payments in CY 2021.

To estimate the impact among various types of ESRD facilities, it is imperative that the estimates of payments in CY 2020 and CY 2021 contain similar inputs. Therefore, we simulated payments only for those ESRD facilities for which we are able to calculate both current payments and new payments. For this final rule, we used CY 2019 data from the Part A and Part B Common Working Files as of July 31, 2020, as a basis for Medicare dialysis treatments and payments under the ESRD PPS. We updated the 2019 claims to 2020 and 2021 using various updates. The updates to the ESRD PPS base rate are described in section II.B.4.d of this final rule.

Table 13 shows the impact of the estimated CY 2021 ESRD PPS payments compared to estimated payments to ESRD facilities in CY 2020. Table 13—Impact of Finalized Changes in Payment to ESRD Facilities for CY 2021Facility typeNumber of facilities (A)Number of treatments (in millions) (B)Effect of 2021 changes in outlier policy (C) %Effect of changes in wage index data (D) %Effect of CBSA change &. 5% cap policy (E) %Effect of bundling calcimimetics into base rate (F) %Effect of change for payment rate update (G) %Effect of total 2021 proposed changes (H) %All Facilities7,65945.30.40.00.0−0.11.62.0Type:Freestanding7,27043.50.40.00.00.01.62.0Hospital based3891.80.90.10.1−2.91.6−0.2Ownership Type:Large dialysis organization5,89035.30.40.00.00.91.62.9Regional chain9565.80.3−0.1−0.1−3.71.6−1.9Independent5092.90.50.30.3−2.61.60.0Hospital based 13021.40.90.10.2−2.61.60.2Unknown20.01.50.0−0.11.31.64.4Geographic Location: 2 3Rural1,2926.50.40.1−1.20.11.61.0Urban6,36738.80.40.00.2−0.11.62.1Census Region:East North Central1,2236.00.50.1−0.10.51.62.6East South Central6063.30.40.00.0−0.81.61.1Middle Atlantic8525.40.50.50.2−0.71.62.1Mountain4232.40.3−0.5−0.11.01.62.4New England2031.40.4−0.7−0.10.21.61.4Pacific 49226.50.4−0.10.10.61.62.5Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands520.30.30.1−0.11.11.62.9South Atlantic1,75810.80.50.00.0−0.61.61.4West North Central5142.30.6−0.4−0.10.51.62.2West South Central1,1066.70.40.00.0−0.41.61.6Facility Size:Less than 4,000 treatments1,3772.20.50.00.00.51.62.74,000 to 9,999 treatments2,99912.80.50.0−0.10.01.62.110,000 or more treatments3,26130.20.40.00.0−0.21.61.9Unknown220.10.50.1−0.1−3.41.6−1.3Percentage of Pediatric Patients:Less than 2%7,55145.00.40.00.0−0.11.61.9Between 2% and 19%370.30.40.2−0.1−0.51.61.6Between 20% and 49%160.00.4−0.30.03.11.64.9More than 50%550.00.30.0−0.13.81.65.61 Includes hospital-based ESRD facilities not reported to have large dialysis organization or regional chain ownership.2 Facility counts for Urban/Rural uses 2021 CBSA delineation. Under 2020 and previous CBSA delineation, facility counts for urban and rural are 6,355 and 1,304 respectively. For payment percent change columns, appropriate definition of Urban/Rural is used.3 The 1.2 percent drop in total payments among rural facilities (and increase in total payments among urban facilities) is mostly due facilities shifting from rural to urban status under new CBSA delineation.

Controlling for old-CBSA urban/rural status, the change in payment is close to 0 percent.4 Includes ESRD facilities located in Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Column A of the impact table indicates the number of ESRD facilities for each impact category and column B indicates the number of dialysis treatments (in millions). The overall effect of the final changes to the outlier payment policy described in section II.B.4.c of this final rule is shown in column C. For CY 2021, the impact on Start Printed Page 71477all ESRD facilities as a result of the changes to the outlier payment policy would be a 0.4 percent increase in estimated payments. All ESRD facilities are anticipated to experience a positive effect in their estimated CY 2021 payments as a result of the final outlier policy changes.

Column D shows the effect of the annual update to the wage index, as described in section II.B.4.b of this final rule. That is, this column reflects the update from the CY 2020 ESRD PPS wage index using older OMB delineations with a basis of the FY 2021 pre-floor, pre-reclassified IPPS hospital wage index data in a budget neutral manner. The total impact of this change is 0.0 percent, however, there are distributional effects of the change among different categories of ESRD facilities. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 0.7 percent decrease to a 0.5 percent increase due to the annual update to the ESRD PPS wage index. Column E shows the effect of adopting the 2018 OMB delineations and the transition policy as described in sections II.B.4.b.(2) and II.B.4.b.(3), respectively, of this final rule.

That is, the impact represented in this column reflects the change from using the older OMB delineations and basing the CY 2021 ESRD PPS wage index on the FY 2021 pre-floor, pre-reclassified IPPS hospital wage index data to the 2018 OMB delineations and a 5 percent cap on wage index decreases in CY 2021, in a budget neutral manner. The total impact of this change is 0.0 percent, however, there are distributional effects of the change among different categories of ESRD facilities. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 1.2 percent decrease to a 0.3 percent increase due to these updates to the ESRD PPS wage index. Column F shows the effect of the final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics as described in section II.B.1 of this final rule. That is, the impact represented in this column reflects the change, under the ESRD PPS, for payment to ESRD facilities for furnishing calcimimetics.

Beginning January 1, 2018, ESRD facilities received payment for calcimimetics under the TDAPA policy in § 413.234(c). Under our final policy, beginning January 1, 2021, we will modify the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics and no longer pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA. In addition, calcimimetics would become outlier eligible services under § 413.237. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show changes in estimated payments ranging from a 3.7 percent decrease to a 3.8percent increase due to these policy modifications. Column G shows the effect of the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update as described in section II.B.4.a of this final rule.

The final ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent, which reflects the ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 of 1.9 percent and the final MFP adjustment of 0.3 percentage point. Column H reflects the overall impact, that is, the effects of the final outlier policy changes, the final updated wage index and transition policy, the payment rate update, and the addition to the ESRD PPS base rate to include calcimimetics. We expect that overall ESRD facilities would experience a 2.0 percent increase in estimated payments in CY 2021. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show impacts ranging from a 1.9 percent decrease to a 5.6 percent increase in their CY 2021 estimated payments. B.

Effects on Other Providers Under the ESRD PPS, Medicare pays ESRD facilities a single bundled payment for renal dialysis services, which may have been separately paid to other providers (for example, laboratories, durable medical equipment suppliers, and pharmacies) by Medicare prior to the implementation of the ESRD PPS. Therefore, in CY 2021, we estimate that the final ESRD PPS would have zero impact on these other providers. C. Effects on the Medicare Program We estimate that Medicare spending (total Medicare program payments) for ESRD facilities in CY 2021 would be approximately $9.3 billion. This estimate takes into account a projected decrease in fee-for-service Medicare dialysis beneficiary enrollment of 8.6 percent in CY 2021.

D. Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries Under the ESRD PPS, beneficiaries are responsible for paying 20 percent of the ESRD PPS payment amount. As a result of the projected 2.0 percent overall increase in the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment amounts, we estimate that there would be an increase in beneficiary co-insurance payments of 2.0percent in CY 2021, which translates to approximately $60 million. E. Alternatives Considered (1) Inclusion of Calcimimetics Into the ESRD PPS Bundled Payment In section II.B.1 of this final rule, we established that beginning January 1, 2021, we will modify the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics and no longer pay for calcimimetics using the TDAPA.

In addition, calcimimetics would become ESRD outlier services eligible for outlier payments under § 413.237. With regard to the methodology utilized to calculate the amount to be added the ESRD PPS base rate, for the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we considered using the Medicare expenditures reflecting payments made for the calcimimetics in CYs 2018 and 2019, that is, approximately $2.3 billion and dividing by total treatments furnished in both years to arrive at an amount of $27.08. However, using the most recent calendar quarter of ASP data available to calculate the ASP-based values as the proxy rate incorporates the lower priced generic calcimimetics into the calculation of the amount added for oral calcimimetics. We believe it is appropriate for the ESRD PPS base rate to reflect generic drug manufacturer ASP data since we believe that this aligns with how ESRD facilities would purchase and furnish the oral calcimimetics in the future. For the final rule, we considered several alternative approaches.

(1) Using the most recent 12 months of claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $11.85. (2) using only 2019 claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $11.10. And (3) using both CYs 2018 and 2019 claims data, which would result in a base rate increase of $8.52. We believe a robust data set should reflect both the slow uptake of the injectable calcimimetic and the ramping up of utilization of generic oral calcimimetics. We view the use of 18 months as a mid-point between the proposal to use both CYs 2018 and 2019 and the most recent 12 months of claims data, as requested by commenters.

Accordingly, we have concluded that using 18 months of claims data resulting in an increase of $9.93 to the base rate is the most appropriate approach. (2) Expansion of the TPNIES to Capital-Related Assets That Are Home Dialysis Machines When Used in the Home for a Single Patient In section II.B.3 of this final rule, we expanded the TPNIES policy to allow capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient to be eligible for the add-on payment adjustment. Then, consistent with the policies finalized last year for other renal dialysis equipment and supplies eligible for the TPNIES, we would pay 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per Start Printed Page 71478treatment amount for a period of 2 years. With regard to the duration of applying the TPNIES for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines when used in the home for a single patient, we considered paying the TPNIES for 3 years. However, we believe that the expansion is consistent with the TDAPA and other Medicare fee-for-service add-on payment programs (for example, the IPPS NTAP), and supports innovation for dialysis in the home setting, the President's Executive order on Advancing American Kidney Health, and current HHS initiatives to support home dialysis, while taking into account the potential increase in ESRD PPS expenditures.

(3) CY 2021 ESRD PPS Wage Index In section II.B.4.b of this final rule, we adopted the 2018 OMB delineations with a transition policy. That is, we are adopting the OMB delineations based on the September 14, 2018 OMB Bulletin No. 18-04 and, to mitigate any potential negative impacts, we applied a 5 percent cap on any decrease in an ESRD facility's wage index from the ESRD facility's wage index from the prior calendar year. This transition would be phased in over 2 years, such that the estimated reduction in an ESRD facility's wage index would be capped at 5 percent in CY 2021 and no cap would be applied to the reduction in the wage index for the second year, CY 2022. With regard to the transition policy, we considered doing a 2-year 50/50 blended wage index approach consistent with the adoption of OMB delineations in the CY 2015 ESRD PPS final rule (79 FR 66142).

However, we determined that the 5 percent cap on any decrease policy would be an appropriate transition for CY 2021 as it provides predictability in payment levels from CY 2020 to the upcoming CY 2021 and additional transparency because it is administratively simpler than the 50/50 blended approach. 2. Final Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI a. Effects on ESRD Facilities To understand the impact of the changes affecting payments to different categories of ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI, it is necessary to compare estimated payments in CY 2020 to estimated payments in CY 2021. To estimate the impact among various types of ESRD facilities for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI, it is imperative that the estimates of payments in CY 2020 and CY 2021 contain similar inputs.

Therefore, we simulated payments only for those ESRD facilities for which we are able to calculate both current payments and new payments. For this final rule, we used CY 2019 data from the Part A and Part B Common Working Files as of July 31, 2020, as a basis for Medicare for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI. We updated the 2019 claims to 2020 and 2021 using various updates. The updates to the AKI payment amount are described in section III.B of this final rule. Table 14 shows the impact of the estimated CY 2021 payments for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI compared to estimated payments for renal dialysis services furnished to individuals with AKI in CY 2020.

Table 14—Impact of Final Changes in Payment for Renal Dialysis Services Furnished to Individuals With AKI for CY 2021Facility typeNumber of facilities (A)Number of treatments (in thousands) (B)Effect of all wage index changes (C) %Effect of bundling calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS base rate (D) %Effect of changes in payment rate update (E) %Effect of total 2021 final changes (F) %All Facilities5,141296.4−0.14.21.65.7Type:Freestanding5,013290.7−0.14.21.65.7Hospital based1285.7−0.14.21.65.8Ownership Type:Large dialysis organization4,280250.7−0.14.21.65.7Regional chain59630.0−0.14.21.65.7Independent18512.10.14.21.66.0Hospital based 1803.60.04.21.65.9Unknown00.00.00.00.00.0Geographic Location: 2Rural88546.3−0.14.21.65.7Urban4,256250.0−0.14.21.65.8Census Region:East North Central89254.30.04.21.65.8East South Central40821.0−0.24.21.65.6Middle Atlantic53533.10.44.21.66.2Mountain29417.4−0.54.21.65.3New England1598.6−0.84.21.64.9Pacific 360745.8−0.14.21.65.7Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands20.0−0.14.21.65.8South Atlantic1,21168.60.04.21.65.8West North Central35214.2−0.54.21.65.3West South Central68133.20.04.21.65.8Facility Size:Less than 4,000 treatments60623.2−0.14.21.65.74,000 to 9,999 treatments2,076106.6−0.14.21.65.810,000 or more treatments2,455166.4−0.14.21.65.7Unknown40.2−0.54.21.65.3Percentage of Pediatric Patients:Less than 2%5,141296.4−0.14.21.65.7Start Printed Page 71479Between 2% and 19%00.00.00.00.00.0Between 20% and 49%00.00.00.00.00.0More than 50%00.00.00.00.00.01 Includes hospital-based ESRD facilities not reported to have large dialysis organization or regional chain ownership.2 Facility counts for Urban/Rural uses 2021 CBSA delineation. Under 2020 and previous CBSA delineation, facility counts for urban and rural are 4,246 and 895 respectively. For payment percent change columns, appropriate definition of Urban/Rural is used.3 Includes ESRD facilities located in Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Column A of the impact table indicates the number of ESRD facilities for each impact category and column B indicates the number of AKI dialysis treatments (in thousands). Column C shows the effect of the final CY 2021 wage indices.

Column D shows the effect of the adjustment to the AKI dialysis payment rate that reciprocates the modification to the ESRD PPS base rate for CY 2021, consistent with § 413.372. As discussed in section II.B.1 of this final rule, we modified the ESRD PPS base rate by adding $9.93 to include calcimimetics. Column E shows the effect of the final CY 2021 ESRD PPS payment rate update. The ESRD PPS payment rate update is 1.6 percent, which reflects the final ESRDB market basket percentage increase factor for CY 2021 of 1.9 percent and the final MFP adjustment of 0.3 percentage point. Column F reflects the overall impact, that is, the effects of the updated wage index, the final addition to the ESRD PPS base rate, and the payment rate update.

We expect that overall ESRD facilities would experience a 5.7 percent increase in estimated payments in CY 2021. The categories of types of facilities in the impact table show impacts ranging from an increase of 0.0 percent to 6.2 percent in their CY 2021 estimated payments. B. Effects on Other Providers Under section 1834(r) of the Act, as added by section 808(b) of TPEA, we updated the payment rate for renal dialysis services furnished by ESRD facilities to beneficiaries with AKI. The only two Medicare providers and suppliers authorized to provide these outpatient renal dialysis services are hospital outpatient departments and ESRD facilities.

The decision about where the renal dialysis services are furnished is made by the patient and his or her physician. Therefore, this update will have zero impact on other Medicare providers. C. Effects on the Medicare Program We estimate approximately $56 million would be paid to ESRD facilities in CY 2021 as a result of AKI patients receiving renal dialysis services in the ESRD facility at the lower ESRD PPS base rate versus receiving those services only in the hospital outpatient setting and paid under the outpatient prospective payment system, where services were required to be administered prior to the TPEA. D.

Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries Currently, beneficiaries have a 20 percent co-insurance obligation when they receive AKI dialysis in the hospital outpatient setting. When these services are furnished in an ESRD facility, the patients would continue to be responsible for a 20 percent co-insurance. Because the AKI dialysis payment rate paid to ESRD facilities is lower than the outpatient hospital PPS's payment amount, we would expect beneficiaries to pay less co-insurance when AKI dialysis is furnished by ESRD facilities. E. Alternatives Considered As we discussed in the CY 2017 ESRD PPS proposed rule (81 FR 42870), we considered adjusting the AKI payment rate by including the ESRD PPS case-mix adjustments, and other adjustments at section 1881(b)(14)(D) of the Act, as well as not paying separately for AKI specific drugs and laboratory tests.

We ultimately determined that treatment for AKI is substantially different from treatment for ESRD and the case-mix adjustments applied to ESRD patients may not be applicable to AKI patients and as such, including those policies and adjustment would be inappropriate. We continue to monitor utilization and trends of items and services furnished to individuals with AKI for purposes of refining the payment rate in the future. This monitoring would assist us in developing knowledgeable, data-driven proposals. 3. ESRD QIP a.

Effects of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP on ESRD Facilities The ESRD QIP is intended to prevent possible reductions in the quality of ESRD dialysis facility services provided to beneficiaries. The general methodology that we are using to determine a facility's TPS is described in our regulations at § 413.178(e). Any reductions in the ESRD PPS payments as a result of a facility's performance under the PY 2023 ESRD QIP will apply to the ESRD PPS payments made to the facility for services furnished in CY 2023, as codified in our regulations at § 413.177. For the PY 2023 ESRD QIP, we estimate that, of the 7,610 dialysis facilities (including those not receiving a TPS) enrolled in Medicare, approximately 24.3 percent or 1,790 of the facilities that have sufficient data to calculate a TPS would receive a payment reduction for PY 2023. After finalizing our proposal to update the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure, the total estimated payment reductions for all the 1,790 facilities expected to receive a payment reduction in PY 2023 would decrease from $18,247,083.76 to approximately $15,770,179.33.

We note that the total estimated payment reductions for PY 2023 have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. Facilities that do not receive a TPS do not receive a payment reduction. Table 15 shows the overall estimated distribution of payment reductions resulting from the PY 2023 ESRD QIP.Start Printed Page 71480 Table 15—Estimated Distribution of PY 2023 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsPayment reduction (percent)Number of facilitiesPercent of facilities *0.05,59075.750.51,32918.011.03725.041.5640.872.0250.34* 230 facilities not scored due to insufficient data. To estimate whether a facility would receive a payment reduction for PY 2023, we scored each facility on achievement and improvement on several clinical measures we have previously finalized and for which there were available data from CROWNWeb and Medicare claims. Payment reduction estimates are calculated using the most recent data available (specified in Table 16) in accordance with the policies finalized in this final rule.

Measures used for the simulation are shown in Table 16. These estimates also incorporate the finalized update to the scoring methodology for the Ultrafiltration Rate reporting measure. Table 16—Data Used To Estimate PY 2023 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsMeasurePeriod of time used to calculate achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, benchmarks, and improvement thresholdsPerformance periodICH CAHPS SurveyJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SRRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SHRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.PPPWJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.Kt/V Dialysis Adequacy ComprehensiveJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.VAT:Standardized Fistula RatioJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.% CatheterJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.HypercalcemiaJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019. For all measures except Standardized Hospitalization Ratio (SHR) and Standardized Readmission Ratio (SRR), clinical measures with less than 11 patients for a facility were not included in that facility's TPS. For SHR and STrR, facilities were required to have at least 5 patient-years at risk and 11 index discharges, respectively, in order to be included in the facility's TPS.

Each facility's TPS was compared to an estimated mTPS and an estimated payment reduction table that were consistent with the proposals outlined in sections IV.C and IV.D of this final rule. Facility reporting measure scores were estimated using available data from CY 2019. Facilities were required to have at least one measure in at least two domains to receive a TPS. To estimate the total payment reductions in PY 2023 for each facility resulting from this final rule, we multiplied the total Medicare payments to the facility during the 1-year period between January 2019 and December 2019 by the facility's estimated payment reduction percentage expected under the ESRD QIP, yielding a total payment reduction amount for each facility. Table 17 shows the estimated impact of the finalized ESRD QIP payment reductions to all ESRD facilities for PY 2023.

The table also details the distribution of ESRD facilities by size (both among facilities considered to be small entities and by number of treatments per facility), geography (both rural and urban and by region), and facility type (hospital based and freestanding facilities). Given that the performance period used for these calculations differs from the performance period we are using for the PY 2023 ESRD QIP, the actual impact of the PY 2023 ESRD QIP may vary significantly from the values provided here. Table 17—Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2023 Number of facilitiesNumber of treatments 2019 (in millions)Number of facilities with QIP scoreNumber of facilities expected to receive a payment reductionPayment reduction (percent change in total ESRD payments)All Facilities7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16Facility Type:Freestanding7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15Hospital-based3861.8345106−0.25Ownership Type:Large Dialysis5,80934.85,6901,194−0.12Regional Chain9445.7923280−0.21Independent5342.9491227−0.36Hospital-based (non-chain)2991.326485−0.28Unknown240.0124−0.25Facility Size:Large Entities6,75340.66,6131,474−0.13Small Entities 18334.3755312−0.33Unknown240.0124−0.25Start Printed Page 71481Rural Status:(1) Yes1,2926.51,239180−0.09(2) No6,31838.46,1411,610−0.17Census Region:Northeast1,0466.71,002251−0.15Midwest1,7348.31,664424−0.17South3,45220.63,370877−0.17West1,3188.71,285199−0.09U.S. Territories 2600.45939−0.44Census Division:Unknown80.183−0.25East North Central1,2206.01,172354−0.21East South Central6043.3593142−0.13Middle Atlantic8455.4808222−0.17Mountain4192.440661−0.09New England2011.419429−0.09Pacific8996.3879138−0.09South Atlantic1,74610.71,703454−0.17West North Central7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16West South Central7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15U.S. Territories 2470.34746−1.57Facility Size (# of total treatments):3861.8345106−0.25Less than 4,000 treatments5,80934.85,6901,194−0.124,000-9,999 treatments2,64411.92,620488−0.11Over 10,000 treatments9445.7923280−0.21Unknown5342.9491227−0.361 Small Entities include hospital-based and satellite facilities, and non-chain facilities based on DFC self-reported status.2 Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands.

B. Effects of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP on ESRD Facilities For the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, we estimate that, of the 7,610 dialysis facilities (including those not receiving a TPS) enrolled in Medicare, approximately 24.3 percent or 1,790 of the facilities that have sufficient data to calculate a TPS would receive a payment reduction for PY 2024. The total payment reductions for all the 1,790 facilities expected to receive a payment reduction is approximately $15,770,179.33. We note that the total payment reductions for PY 2024 have been updated from the estimates in the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about the total number of facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. Facilities that do not receive a TPS do not receive a payment reduction.

Table 18 shows the overall estimated distribution of payment reductions resulting from the PY 2024 ESRD QIP. Table 18—Estimated Distribution of PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsPayment reduction (percent)Number of facilitiesPercent of facilities *0.05,59075.750.51,32918.011.03725.041.5640.872.0250.34* Note. 230 facilities not scored due to insufficient data. To estimate whether a facility would receive a payment reduction in PY 2024, we scored each facility on achievement and improvement on several clinical measures we have previously finalized and for which there were available data from CROWNWeb and Medicare claims. Payment reduction estimates were calculated using the most recent data available (specified in Table 18) in accordance with the policies finalized in this final rule.

Measures used for the simulation are shown in Table 19. Table 19—Data Used To Estimate PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment ReductionsMeasurePeriod of time used to calculate achievement thresholds, 50th percentiles of the national performance, benchmarks, and improvement thresholdsPerformance periodICH CAHPS SurveyJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SRRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.SHRJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.PPPWJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.Kt/V Dialysis Adequacy ComprehensiveJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.VAT:Standardized Fistula RatioJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019Start Printed Page 71482% CatheterJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019.HypercalcemiaJan 2018-Dec 2018Jan 2019-Dec 2019. For all measures except SHR, SRR, and the STrR reporting measure, measures with less than 11 patients for a facility were not included in that facility's TPS. For SHR and SRR, facilities were required to have at least 5 patient-years at risk and 11 index discharges, respectively, in order to be included in the facility's TPS. For the STrR reporting measure, facilities were required to have at least 10 patient-years at risk in order to be included in the facility's TPS.

Each facility's TPS was compared to an estimated mTPS and an estimated payment reduction table that incorporates the policies outlined in section IV.C and IV.D of this final rule. Facility reporting measure scores were estimated using available data from CY 2019. Facilities were required to have at least one measure in at least two domains to receive a TPS. To estimate the total payment reductions in PY 2024 for each facility resulting from this final rule, we multiplied the total Medicare payments to the facility during the 1-year period between January 2019 and December 2019 by the facility's estimated payment reduction percentage expected under the ESRD QIP, yielding a total payment reduction amount for each facility. Table 20 shows the estimated impact of the finalized ESRD QIP payment reductions to all ESRD facilities for PY 2024.

The table details the distribution of ESRD facilities by size (both among facilities considered to be small entities and by number of treatments per facility), geography (both rural and urban and by region), and facility type (hospital based and freestanding facilities). Given that the performance period used for these calculations differs from the performance period we are finalizing to use for the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, the actual impact of the PY 2024 ESRD QIP may vary significantly from the values provided here. Table 20—Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2024 Number of facilitiesNumber of treatments 2019 (in millions)Number of facilities with QIP scoreNumber of facilities expected to receive a payment reductionPayment reduction (percent change in total ESRD payments)All Facilities7,61044.87,3801,790−0.16Facility Type:Freestanding7,22443.17,0351,684−0.15Hospital-based3861.8345106−0.25Ownership Type:Large Dialysis5,80934.85,6901,194−0.12Regional Chain9445.7923280−0.21Independent5342.9491227−0.36Hospital-based (non-chain)2991.326485−0.28Unknown240.0124−0.25Facility Size:Large Entities6,75340.66,6131,474−0.13Small Entities 18334.3755312−0.33Unknown240.0124−0.25Rural Status:(1) Yes1,2926.51,239180−0.09(2) No6,31838.46,1411,610−0.17Census Region:Northeast1,0466.71,002251−0.15Midwest1,7348.31,664424−0.17South3,45220.63,370877−0.17West1,3188.71,285199−0.09U.S. Territories 2600.45939−0.44Census Division:Unknown80.183−0.25East North Central1,2206.01,172354−0.21East South Central6043.3593142−0.13Middle Atlantic8455.4808222−0.17Mountain4192.440661−0.09New England2011.419429−0.09Pacific8996.3879138−0.09South Atlantic1,74610.71,703454−0.17West North Central5142.349270−0.09West South Central1,1026.71,074281−0.17U.S. Territories 2520.35136−0.48Facility Size (# of total treatments):Less than 4,000 treatments1,3152.61,195265−0.18Start Printed Page 714834,000-9,999 treatments2,80312.22,771530−0.12Over 10,000 treatments3,24629.73,240961−0.18Unknown2460.317434−0.161 Small Entities include hospital-based and satellite facilities, and non-chain facilities based on DFC self-reported status.2 Includes American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands.

C. Effects on Other Providers The ESRD QIP is applicable to dialysis facilities. We are aware that several of our measures impact other providers. For example, with the introduction of the SRR clinical measure in PY 2017 and the SHR clinical measure in PY 2020, we anticipate that hospitals may experience financial savings as dialysis facilities work to reduce the number of unplanned readmissions and hospitalizations. We are exploring various methods to assess the impact these measures have on hospitals and other facilities, such as through the impacts of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program and the Hospital-Acquired Condition Reduction Program, and we intend to continue examining the interactions between our quality programs to the greatest extent feasible.

D. Effects on the Medicare Program For PY 2024, we estimate that the ESRD QIP would contribute approximately $15,770,179.33 in Medicare savings. For comparison, Table 21 shows the payment reductions that we estimate will be applied by the ESRD QIP from PY 2018 through PY 2024. Table 21—Estimated Payment Reductions Payment Years 2018 Through 2024Payment yearEstimated payment reductionsPY 2024$15,770,179.33.PY 202315,770,179.33.PY 202218,247,083.76 (84 FR 60794).PY 202132,196,724 (83 FR 57062).PY 202031,581,441 (81 FR 77960).PY 201915,470,309 (80 FR 69074).PY 201811,576,214 (79 FR 66257). E.

Effects on Medicare Beneficiaries The ESRD QIP is applicable to dialysis facilities. Since the Program's inception, there is evidence on improved performance on ESRD QIP measures. As we stated in the CY 2018 ESRD PPS final rule, one objective measure we can examine to demonstrate the improved quality of care over time is the improvement of performance standards (82 FR 50795). As the ESRD QIP has refined its measure set and as facilities have gained experience with the measures included in the Program, performance standards have generally continued to rise. We view this as evidence that facility performance (and therefore the quality of care provided to Medicare beneficiaries) is objectively improving.

We are in the process of monitoring and evaluating trends in the quality and cost of care for patients under the ESRD QIP, incorporating both existing measures and new measures as they are implemented in the Program. We will provide additional information about the impact of the ESRD QIP on beneficiaries as we learn more. However, in future years we are interested in examining these impacts through the analysis of available data from our existing measures. F. Alternatives Considered In section IV.C.7 of this final rule, we finalized our policy that facilities selected to participate in the NHSN data validation study can submit a total of 20 records across two quarters.

In the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule, we stated that we considered retaining our current reporting requirement, under which facilities must submit 20 records per quarter for each of the first two quarters of the CY, for a total of 40 records (85 FR 42204). However, we concluded that the reduction in patient records provides an adequate sample size for the validation. After considering public comments, we finalized this approach in this final rule because we believe that it will lower administrative costs and will reduce the burden on facilities. C. Accounting Statement As required by OMB Circular A-4 (available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/​sites/​whitehouse.gov/​files/​omb/​circulars/​A4/​a-4.pdf), in Table 22, we have prepared an accounting statement showing the classification of the transfers and costs associated with the various provisions of this final rule.

Table 22—Accounting Statement. Classification of Estimated TransfersCategoryTransfersESRD PPS and AKI (CY 2021)Annualized Monetized Transfers$190 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers.Increased Beneficiary Co-insurance Payments$60 million.From Whom to WhomBeneficiaries to ESRD providers.ESRD QIP for PY 2023Annualized Monetized Transfers−$16 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers.ESRD QIP for PY 2024Annualized Monetized Transfers−$16 million.From Whom to WhomFederal Government to ESRD providers. In accordance with the provisions of Executive Order 12866, this final rule was reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget. D. Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis (RFA) The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires agencies to analyze options for regulatory relief of small entities, if a rule has a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.

For purposes of the RFA, small entities Start Printed Page 71484include small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions. Approximately 11 percent of ESRD dialysis facilities are considered small entities according to the Small Business Administration's (SBA) size standards, which classifies small businesses as those dialysis facilities having total revenues of less than $41.5 million in any 1 year. Individuals and states are not included in the definitions of a small entity. For more information on SBA's size standards, see the Small Business Administration's website at http://www.sba.gov/​content/​small-business-size-standards (Kidney Dialysis Centers are listed as 621492 with a size standard of $41.5 million). We do not believe ESRD facilities are operated by small government entities such as counties or towns with populations of 50,000 or less, and therefore, they are not enumerated or included in this estimated RFA analysis.

Individuals and states are not included in the definition of a small entity. For purposes of the RFA, we estimate that approximately 11 percent of ESRD facilities are small entities as that term is used in the RFA (which includes small businesses, nonprofit organizations, and small governmental jurisdictions). This amount is based on the number of ESRD facilities shown in the ownership category in Table 13. Using the definitions in this ownership category, we consider 509 facilities that are independent and 302 facilities that are shown as hospital-based to be small entities. The ESRD facilities that are owned and operated by Large Dialysis Organizations (LDOs) and regional chains would have total revenues of more than $41.5 million in any year when the total revenues for all locations are combined for each business (individual LDO or regional chain), and are not, therefore, included as small entities.

For the ESRD PPS updates finalized in this rule, a hospital-based ESRD facility (as defined by type of ownership, not by type of dialysis facility) is estimated to receive a 0.2 percent increase in payments for CY 2021. An independent facility (as defined by ownership type) is estimated to receive no update in payments for CY 2021. For AKI dialysis, we are unable to estimate whether patients would go to ESRD facilities, however, we have estimated there is a potential for $56 million in payment for AKI dialysis treatments that could potentially be furnished in ESRD facilities. For the ESRD QIP, we estimate that of the 1,790 ESRD facilities expected to receive a payment reduction as a result of their performance on the PY 2024 ESRD QIP, 267 are ESRD small entity facilities. We present these findings in Table 18 (“Estimated Distribution of PY 2024 ESRD QIP Payment Reductions”) and Table 20 (“Estimated Impact of QIP Payment Reductions to ESRD Facilities for PY 2024”).

We note that these estimates have been updated from the CY 2021 ESRD PPS proposed rule due to updated information about both the total number of facilities and the total number of small entity facilities expected to receive a payment reduction. We estimate that the payment reductions would average approximately $9,770.87 per facility across the 1,790 facilities receiving a payment reduction, and $10,748.02 for each small entity facility. We also estimate that there are 833 small entity facilities in total, and that the aggregate ESRD PPS payments to these facilities would decrease 0.33 percent in CY 2024. Therefore, the Secretary has determined that this final rule would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. The economic impact assessment is based on estimated Medicare payments (revenues) and HHS's practice in interpreting the RFA is to consider effects economically “significant” only if greater than 5 percent of providers reach a threshold of 3 to 5 percent or more of total revenue or total costs.

We solicited comment on the RFA analysis provided. We received no comments on this section. In addition, section 1102(b) of the Act requires us to prepare a regulatory impact analysis if a rule may have a significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals. This analysis must conform to the provisions of section 604 of the RFA. For purposes of section 1102(b) of the Act, we define a small rural hospital as a hospital that is located outside of a metropolitan statistical area and has fewer than 100 beds.

We do not believe this final rule would have a significant impact on operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals because most dialysis facilities are freestanding. While there are 126 rural hospital-based dialysis facilities, we do not know how many of them are based at hospitals with fewer than 100 beds. However, overall, the 126 rural hospital-based dialysis facilities would experience an estimated 0.2 percent decrease in payments. Therefore, the Secretary has determined that this final rule will not have a significant impact on the operations of a substantial number of small rural hospitals. E.

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) Section 202 of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) also requires that agencies assess anticipated costs and benefits before issuing any rule whose mandates require spending in any 1 year of $100 million in 1995 dollars, updated annually for inflation. In 2020, that threshold is approximately $156 million. This final rule does not mandate any requirements for state, local, or tribal governments in the aggregate, or by the private sector. Moreover, HHS interprets UMRA as applying only to unfunded mandates. We do not interpret Medicare payment rules as being unfunded mandates, but simply as conditions for the receipt of payments from the Federal Government for providing services that meet Federal standards.

This interpretation applies whether the facilities or providers are private, state, local, or tribal. F. Federalism Executive Order 13132 establishes certain requirements that an agency must meet when it promulgates a proposed rule (and subsequent final rule) that imposes substantial direct requirement costs on state and local governments, preempts state law, or otherwise has federalism implications. We have reviewed this final rule under the threshold criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism, and have determined that it will not have substantial direct effects on the rights, roles, and responsibilities of states, local or tribal governments. G.

Regulatory Reform Under Executive Order 13771 Executive Order 13771, titled Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs was issued on January 30, 2017. It has been determined that this is a transfer rule, which imposes no more than de minimis costs. As a result, this rule is not considered a regulatory or deregulatory action under Executive Order 13771. H. Congressional Review Act This final rule is subject to the Congressional Review Act provisions of the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (5 U.S.C.

801 et seq.) and has been transmitted to the Congress and the Comptroller General for review.Start Printed Page 71485 VII. Files Available to the Public via the Internet The Addenda for the annual ESRD PPS proposed and final rulemakings will no longer appear in the Federal Register. Instead, the Addenda will be available only through the internet and is posted on the CMS website at http://www.cms.gov/​ESRDPayment/​PAY/​list.asp. In addition to the Addenda, limited data set files are available for purchase at http://www.cms.gov/​Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/​Files-for-Order/​LimitedDataSets/​EndStageRenalDiseaseSystemFile.html. Readers who experience any problems accessing the Addenda or LDS files, should contact ESRDPayment@cms.hhs.gov.

Start List of Subjects DiseasesHealth facilitiesMedicareReporting and recordkeeping requirements End List of Subjects For the reasons set forth in the preamble, the Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services amends 42 CFR chapter IV as follows. Start Part End Part Start Amendment Part1. The authority citation for part 413 continues to read as follows. End Amendment Part Start Authority 42 U.S.C.

1302, 1395d(d), 1395f(b), 1395g, 1395l(a), (i), and (n), 1395x(v), 1395hh, 1395rr, 1395tt, and 1395ww. End Authority Start Amendment Part2. Section 413.232 is amended by— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. Revising paragraphs (b) introductory text, (b)(1), (e), and (g) introductory text. And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb.

Adding paragraphs (g)(4) and (h). End Amendment Part The revisions and additions read as follows. Low-volume adjustment. * * * * * (b) A low-volume facility is an ESRD facility that, as determined based on the documentation submitted pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section. (1) Furnished less than 4,000 treatments in each of the 3 cost reporting years (based on as-filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, whichever is most recent, except as specified in paragraph (g)(4) of this section) preceding the payment year.

And * * * * * (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section and unless extraordinary circumstances justify an exception, to receive the low-volume adjustment an ESRD facility must provide an attestation statement, by November 1st of each year preceding the payment year, to its Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC) that the facility meets all the criteria established in this section, except that. (1) For payment year 2012, the attestation must be provided by January 3, 2012. (2) For payment year 2015, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2014. (3) For payment year 2016, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2015. And (4) For payment year 2021, the attestation must be provided by December 31, 2020.

* * * * * (g) To receive the low-volume adjustment, an ESRD facility must include in their attestation provided pursuant to paragraph (e) of this section a statement that the ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility in paragraph (b) of this section. To determine eligibility for the low-volume adjustment, the MAC on behalf of CMS relies upon as filed or final settled 12-consecutive month cost reports, except as specified in paragraph (g)(4) of this section, for the 3 cost reporting years preceding the payment year to verify the number of treatments, except that. * * * * * (4) For payment years 2021, 2022, and 2023, the attestation specified in paragraph (e)(4) of this section must indicate that the ESRD facility meets all the criteria specified in this section, except that, for a facility that would not otherwise meet the number of treatments criterion specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section because of the alcoholism treatment PHE, the facility may attest that it furnished less than 2,000 treatments in any six months during the cost-reporting period ending in 2020. For any facility that so attests— (i) The facility must also attest that it furnished treatments equal to or in excess of 4,000 in the payment year due to temporary patient shifting as a result of the alcoholism treatment PHE. And (ii) The MAC relies on the attestation and multiplies the total number of treatments for the 6-month period by 2.

(h) When an ESRD facility provides an attestation in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section, for the third eligibility year, the MAC verifies the as-filed cost report and takes one of the following actions. (1) If the MAC determines an ESRD facility meets the definition of a low-volume facility as described in paragraph (b) of this section, CMS adjusts the low-volume facility's base rate for the entire payment year. Or (2) If the MAC determines an ESRD facility does not meet the definition of a low-volume facility as described in paragraph (b) of this section, the MAC reprocesses claims and recoups low-volume adjustments paid during the payment year. Start Amendment Part3. Section 413.234 is amended by adding paragraph (f) to read as follows.

End Amendment Part Drug designation process. * * * * * (f) Methodology for modifying the ESRD PPS base rate to account for the costs of calcimimetics in the ESRD PPS bundled payment. Beginning January 1, 2021, payment for calcimimetics is included in the ESRD PPS base rate using the following data sources and methodology. (1) The methodology specified in paragraph (f)(2) of this section for determining the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics that is added to the ESRD PPS base rate uses the following data sources. (i) Total units of oral and injectable calcimimetics and total number of paid hemodialysis-equivalent dialysis treatments furnished, as derived from Medicare ESRD facility claims, that is, the 837-institutional form with bill type 072X, for the third and fourth quarters of calendar year 2018 and for the full calendar year 2019.

(ii) The weighted average ASP based on the most recent determinations by CMS. (2) CMS uses the following methodology to calculate the average per treatment payment amount for calcimimetics that is added to the ESRD PPS base rate. (i) Determines utilization of oral and injectable calcimimetics by aggregating the total units of oral and injectable calcimimetics in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. (ii) Determines a price for each form of the drug by calculating 100 percent of the values from the most recent calendar quarter ASP calculations available to the public for the oral and injectable calcimimetic. (iii) Calculates the total calcimimetic expenditure amount by multiplying the utilization of the oral and injectable calcimimetics determined in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section by their respective prices determined in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section and adding the expenditure amount for both forms.

Start Printed Page 71486 (iv) Calculates the average per treatment payment amount by dividing the total calcimimetic expenditure amount determined in paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section by the total number of paid hemodialysis-equivalent dialysis treatments in the third and fourth quarter of calendar year 2018 and the full calendar year 2019. (v) Calculates the amount added to the ESRD PPS base rate by reducing the average per treatment payment amount determined in paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section by 1 percent to account for the outlier policy under § 413.237. Start Amendment Part4. Section 413.236 is amended by— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. Revising paragraphs (a), (b) introductory text, (b)(2), (4) through (6), (c), (d) introductory text, and (d)(2).

And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb. Adding paragraph (f). End Amendment Part The revisions and addition read as follows. Transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies. (a) Basis and definitions.

(1) Effective January 1, 2020, this section establishes an add-on payment adjustment to support ESRD facilities in the uptake of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies under the ESRD prospective payment system under the authority of section 1881(b)(14)(D)(iv) of the Social Security Act. (2) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply. Capital-related asset. Asset that an ESRD facility has an economic interest in through ownership (regardless of the manner in which it was acquired) and is subject to depreciation. Equipment obtained by the ESRD facility through operating leases are not considered capital-related assets.

Depreciation. The amount that represents a portion of the capital-related asset's cost and that is allocable to a period of operation. Home dialysis machines. Hemodialysis machines and peritoneal dialysis cyclers in their entirety (meaning that one new part of a machine does not make the entire capital-related asset new) that receive FDA marketing authorization for home use and when used in the home for a single patient. Particular calendar year.

The year in which the payment adjustment specified in paragraph (d) of this section would take effect. Straight-line depreciation method. A method in accounting in which the annual allowance is determined by dividing the cost of the capital-related asset by the years of useful life. Useful life. The estimated useful life of a capital-related asset is its expected useful life to the ESRD facility, not necessarily the inherent useful or physical life.

(b) Eligibility criteria. CMS provides for a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies (as specified in paragraph (d) of this section) to an ESRD facility for furnishing a covered equipment or supply only if the item. * * * * * (2) Is new, meaning within 3 years beginning on the date of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marketing authorization. * * * * * (4) Has a complete Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) Level II code application submitted, in accordance with the HCPCS Level II coding procedures on the CMS website, by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for durable medical equipment, orthotics, prosthetics and supplies (DMEPOS) items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year. (5) Is innovative, meaning it meets the criteria specified in § 412.87(b)(1) of this chapter.

And (6) Is not a capital-related asset, except for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines. (c) Announcement of determinations and deadline for consideration of new renal dialysis equipment or supply applications. CMS will consider whether a new renal dialysis supply or equipment meets the eligibility criteria specified in paragraph (b) of this section and announce the results in the Federal Register as part of its annual updates and changes to the ESRD prospective payment system. CMS will only consider a complete application received by CMS by February 1 prior to the particular calendar year. FDA marketing authorization for the equipment or supply must occur by the HCPCS Level II code application deadline for biannual Coding Cycle 2 for DMEPOS items and services as specified in the HCPCS Level II coding guidance on the CMS website prior to the particular calendar year.

(d) Transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies. A new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will be paid for using a transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies based on 65 percent of the MAC-determined price, as specified in paragraph (e) of this section. For capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines, payment is based on 65 percent of the pre-adjusted per treatment amount, as specified in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section. * * * * * (2) Following payment of the transitional add-on payment adjustment for new and innovative equipment and supplies, the ESRD PPS base rate will not be modified and the new and innovative renal dialysis equipment or supply will be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237, except a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine will not be an eligible outlier service as provided in § 413.237. * * * * * (f) Pricing of new and innovative renal dialysis equipment and supplies that are capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines.

(1) The MACs calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount, using the prices they establish under paragraph (e) of this section for a capital-related asset that is a home dialysis machine, as defined in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, as follows. (i) Calculate an annual allowance to determine the amount that represents the portion of the cost allocable to 1 year, using the straight-line depreciation method, by dividing the MAC-determined price by its useful life of 5 years. (ii) Calculate a per treatment amount for use in calculating the pre-adjusted per treatment amount by dividing the annual allowance, as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section, by the expected number of treatments. (iii) Calculate a pre-adjusted per treatment amount to determine the amount that is adjusted by the 65 percent under paragraph (d) of this section, by subtracting the average per treatment offset amount (as determined using the data sources and methodology specified in paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section, respectively, of this section) from the per treatment amount (as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section) to account for the costs already paid through the ESRD PPS base rate for current home dialysis machines that ESRD facilities already own. (2) The methodology specified in paragraph (f)(3) of this section for determining the average per treatment offset amount uses the following data sources.

(i) Dialysis machine and equipment cost, total cost across all dialysis modalities, the number of hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts, and the number of hemodialysis-equivalent total treatment Start Printed Page 71487counts are obtained from renal facility cost reports (CMS form 265-11) and hospital cost reports (CMS form 2552-10) using calendar years 2017-2019 cost reports. (A) Dialysis machine and equipment costs are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet B, Column 4 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 2 through 11 from Worksheet I-2 for hospital cost reports. (B) Total cost across all dialysis modalities are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 2 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 1 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 2 for the hospital cost reports. (C) Hemodialysis-equivalent total treatment counts are obtained by summing lines 8.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 1 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 1 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 1 for the hospital cost reports. (D) Hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment counts are obtained by summing lines 14.01 through 17.02 from Worksheet C, Column 1 for renal facility cost reports, and by summing lines 7 through 10 from Worksheet I-4, Column 1 for the hospital cost reports.

In both renal facility and hospital cost reports, home Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and home Continuous Cyclic Peritoneal Dialysis are reported as patient weeks, so a conversion factor of 3 is applied to obtain hemodialysis-equivalent treatment counts. (ii) [Reserved] (3) CMS uses the following methodology to calculate the average per treatment offset amount for home dialysis machines that is subtracted from the per treatment amount as determined in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section to determine the pre-adjusted per treatment amount specified in paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section. (i) Calculates annualized values for calendar year 2018 at the ESRD facility level for the metrics specified in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section by dividing the numbers of days the cost report spanned to compute a per-day metric, then multiplying the resulting value by the number of days in 2018 the cost report covered to compute the metrics attributable to the period covered by the cost report in 2018. Next, for ESRD facilities with multiple cost reports covering 2018 the resulting metrics are aggregated. Finally, each ESRD facility's aggregated metrics are annualized to cover the full calendar year 2018.

The annualization factor for an ESRD facility is the total number of days in 2018 divided by the total days in 2018 covered by the ESRD facility's cost report(s). (ii) Calculates an estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost for each ESRD facility by multiplying the annualized dialysis machine and equipment cost determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section by the ESRD facility's hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage. The hemodialysis-equivalent home dialysis treatment percentage for each facility is calculated by dividing annualized hemodialysis-equivalent home treatment count determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section by annualized hemodialysis-equivalent treatment count across all modalities determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section. (iii) Calculates an average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 by dividing the sum of the estimated home dialysis machine and equipment cost in paragraph (f)(3)(ii) of this section across all ESRD facilities by the sum of annualized hemodialysis-equivalent home treatment counts determined in paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section across all facilities. (iv) Calculates the amount subtracted from the pre-adjusted treatment amount determined in paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section by inflating the average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 determined in paragraph (f)(3)(iii) to calendar year 2021.

The average home dialysis machine and equipment cost per home dialysis treatment for calendar year 2018 is inflated to calendar year 2021 by multiplying this value by the payment rate update factor required under section 1881(b)(14)(F)(i) of the Social Security Act for calendar years 2019, 2020, and 2021. This value is then divided by a scaling factor to be converted to the ESRD PPS payment scale. The scaling factor is calculated by dividing the calendar year 2018 total cost per treatment inflated to calendar year 2021 by the average ESRD PPS payment per treatment projected for calendar year 2021. (v) Effective January 1, 2022, CMS annually updates the amount determined in paragraph (f)(3)(iv) of this section by the ESRD bundled market basket percentage increase factor minus the productivity adjustment factor. Start Amendment Part5.

Section 413.237 is amended— End Amendment Part Start Amendment Parta. In paragraphs (a)(1)(i) through (iii) by removing the semicolon at the end of the sentence and adding a period in its place. End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partb. In paragraph (a)(1)(iv) by removing “. And” and adding a period in its place.

And End Amendment Part Start Amendment Partc. By revising paragraph (a)(1)(v). End Amendment Part The revision reads as follows. Outliers. (a) * * * (1) * * * (v) Renal dialysis equipment and supplies, except for capital-related assets that are home dialysis machines (as defined in § 413.236(a)(2)), that receive the transitional add-on payment adjustment as specified in § 413.236, after the payment period has ended.

* * * * * Start Signature Dated. October 28, 2020. Seema Verma, Administrator, Centers for Medicare &. Medicaid Services. Dated.

October 28, 2020. Alex M. Azar II, Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services. End Signature End Supplemental Information [FR Doc. 2020-24485 Filed 11-2-20.

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Antabuse?

They need to know if you have any of the following conditions:

• brain damage
• diabetes
• heart disease
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• psychotic disease
• recently exposure to alcohol or any product that contains alcohol
• seizures
• taking metronidazole or paraldehyde
• under-active thyroid
• an unusual or allergic reaction to disulfiram, pesticides or rubber products, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives
• pregnant or trying to get pregnant
• breast-feeding

Low cost antabuse

IntroductionGlobal flows of people, resources, and capital involved in the production and maintenance of urban life facilitate the spread of infectious disease and antabuse online in usa the emergence of antabuses.1 After appearing low cost antabuse in China in late 2019, the first cases of alcoholism treatment were confirmed in Spain and elsewhere in Europe, by late January 2020. Previous research on antabuse transmission has shown that socioeconomic and cultural factors at the individual, household and neighbourhood levels are essential mechanisms for community spread of the antabuse.2 3Individual-level risk factors such as gender, age or race/ethnicity are known to influence infectious disease incidence,4 5 including alcoholism treatment.6 7 Although rates are similar between genders, men are more likely to have comorbid conditions (such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases) that are also risk factors associated with worse alcoholism treatment outcomes.8 9 Women, however, are often more exposed because of their more frequent dedication to care professions.10 Older people are also known to be more susceptible to alcoholism treatment and show higher fatality rates.11 In contrast, the role that children play in disease transmission is still unclear as they are rarely the index case12 and are less likely to transmit alcoholism treatment to adults.13 low cost antabuse On the other hand, school closures are likely to have led to increased childcare by seniors,14 potentially increasing risk of transmission.Individual socioeconomic factors such as level of education, income, employment status and type of occupation are also thought to impact risk of alcoholism treatment. Although initial alcoholism treatment outbreaks emerged from international (business) travel and winter holidays,15 subsequent trends reveal that those working in specific occupations, especially frontline, ‘essential’ jobs in health, care, retail and hospitality, are more at risk of .16 17 Individuals living in poverty and other marginalised populations are more susceptible to infectious diseases.5 For instance, in the US context, racialised minorities (especially African Americans) are vulnerable social groups that exhibit higher than average rates of infectious diseases.

This has been attributed to systematic and interpersonal racism, and poorer access to healthcare facilities and other health-promoting resources.18Public health researchers have also long acknowledged the importance of low cost antabuse neighbourhood-level sociodemographic and physical characteristics—including racial and economic residential segregation, and the spatial distribution of affordable and fresh food, or public transport—for understanding health outcomes.19 20 Structural contexts and neighbourhood environments can therefore create uneven poor living conditions and lasting environmental injustices for lower income or immigrant residents living in certain areas of a city,21 resulting in health inequity by neighbourhood. In fact, during the 1918 influenza antabuse, researchers already found a significant association between disease transmissibility and neighbourhood-level social characteristics such as population density, illiteracy and unemployment.4Emerging research on alcoholism treatment shows similar patterns and pathways.22 For example, people living in denser neighbourhoods, with poor and overcrowded housing conditions have an elevated risk of as social contact in these living scenarios is more likely.11 23 Urban connectivity, mobility and the mode of transport also play an important role in the spread of alcoholism treatment.24 At the neighbourhood level, greater use of private motor vehicles and less public transport mobility means less exposure to .25 Likewise, rates may be lower where part of the (more mobile, international and national) population was able to leave before movement restrictions or where a higher proportion of people was able to work from home during lockdown. Conversely, rates may low cost antabuse be higher where more essential workers live (occupations that are over-represented by women and immigrants from low-income countries) as they are more likely to commute.

Overall, higher mortality rates from alcoholism treatment are associated with poorer neighbourhood conditions, including a scarcity of healthcare facilities.26 The number of nursing and retirement homes has also been associated with a greater number of s in the neighbourhood.27To date, alcoholism treatment research on spatial variations has been mainly set at the national or subnational levels. At this level of analysis, it is very difficult to disentangle the different low cost antabuse intervening factors behind risks and exposures to alcoholism treatment as this approach fails to reveal the diverse patterns within these larger geographies. There is therefore a need to focus on geographically smaller units to allow for better account of confounding factors28 low cost antabuse and enhance the predictive accuracy and interpretability of the resulting statistical model.

As of late 2020, neighbourhood-level studies of socio-spatial inequality in alcoholism treatment and mortality have primarily focused on the USA and UK.29 30 Very little is known about such patterns in mainland Europe,31 especially so in much denser and mixed-use urban environments. To address these shortfalls, we investigated the relationship between alcoholism treatment incidence and a comprehensive diversity of intraurban sociodemographic factors in low cost antabuse Barcelona, Spain.MethodsStudy design and study populationThis cross-sectional ecological study used data from the alcoholism treatment Register of the Barcelona Public Health Agency. During the first wave, Spain registered one of the highest per capita number of cases in Europe, making analysis at the local scale more reliable.

Barcelona became one of the initial hotspots in the country, possibly due to its international position in tourism, business, education and research.32Our study included 10 550 laboratory-confirmed low cost antabuse cases of alcoholism treatment in Barcelona between 9 March and 3 May 2020. We selected these dates to focus on the first outbreak of the antabuse. During this low cost antabuse period, tests were essentially performed for those hospitalised or from specific at-risk groups, especially healthcare workers, as well as residents and workers in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

However, confirmed cases registered in LTCF were excluded, as test campaigns were unevenly implemented across time and space and addresses of residents correspond to those of the LTCF which do not necessarily reflect the socioeconomic position of the residents themselves.Our low cost antabuse geographical unit of observation is the neighbourhood. We aggregated addresses of positive-tested individuals by neighbourhood of residence. Although the municipality of Barcelona (1.64 million inhabitants) is low cost antabuse officially divided into 73 barris (Catalan for neighbourhood), for statistical purposes we have followed the adaptation developed by the Spanish National Statistical Office in several studies.33 This alternative division is based on the official administrative division, but creates more statistically robust units in terms of population size, merging the least populated with neighbouring units and splitting the most populated ones, always according to urban and sociodemographic criteria.

Our final division consists of 76 units (henceforth referred to as neighbourhoods). They contain an average of 21 500 low cost antabuse inhabitants and 1.3 km2 area. These units are very diverse in terms of wealth, housing characteristics, demographic ageing and health, factors known to be associated with the spread of infectious diseases.Intraurban sociodemographic covariatesA total of 16 neighbourhood-level indicators on demographic structure, socioeconomic status, urban and household density, mobility and health characteristics were initially chosen based on earlier established associations with alcoholism treatment (see table 1 for sources, expected association with alcoholism treatment and summary statistics).

Specifically, we included information on the proportion of (1) young people (ages 0–15 years) and (2) elderly (70 years low cost antabuse and older), and (3) the percentage of the population aged 70+ years who was male. Socioeconomic indicators included were (4) mean income per person, (5) age-standardised ratio of population with at least post-secondary education, (6) percentage of the population born in foreign countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and (7) low HDI. We also included low cost antabuse (8) population density, (9) average number of persons per dwelling and (10) people living alone.

We obtained mobility data on low cost antabuse. (11) the availability of private transportation and (12) mobility during lockdown. We also captured the presence of (13) transient populations (measured as the rate of inhabitants automatically deregistered by the municipality, which occurs when foreign residents fail to renew their registration), as cumulative may be lower in areas with hypermobile groups (eg, low cost antabuse international students) that were likely to leave the city due to the antabuse.

We also incorporated (14) the number of LTCF beds per 1000 inhabitants and (15) the percentage of economically active population in the health sector. Lastly, we included (16) the low cost antabuse life expectancy at birth as a proxy for general health status.View this table:Table 1 Covariates used in the study. Hypothesised association with alcoholism treatment, definitions, sources and summary statistics before transformation (when required*)Statistical analysesData transformationThe distribution of each neighbourhood-level sociodemographic indicator and covariate was first assessed for normality using visual inspection of QQ plots and the Smirnov-Kolmogorov test for normality.

Accordingly, we low cost antabuse log-transformed. (1) young low cost antabuse population, (2) income, (3) foreigners from high-HDI countries, (4) foreigners from low-HDI countries, (5) mobility during lockdown and (6) transient populations. We also used a square root transformation for the nursing homes variable.Multiple variables modelTo fit the total number of cases observed in each unit of analysis, we relied on a generalised linear model (Quasi-Poisson regression) that takes into account the total population as an offset as well as the sociodemographic variables.

Given the relatively large number of covariates included in the study and the potential multicollinearity among them, we ran a lasso analysis to automatically identify the most relevant variables.34 In the context of generalised linear regression modelling and prediction, lasso performs both variable selection and regularisation to enhance prediction low cost antabuse accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model. The hyperparameter of the lasso-regularised maximum likelihood estimator was set using cross-validation and, once lasso identified the most informative variables, we fitted the final Quasi-Poisson model that explained the alcoholism treatment incidence for each unit of analysis considered. Finally, variable elasticities low cost antabuse were calculated.

This enables estimating the increase of cumulative incidence (and predict the total number of positive cases) for a 1% change in a particular covariate and thereby compare the effect of the different covariates.ResultsThe intraurban geography of the alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona during the period of study reveals a strong proximity among the units with the highest and lowest values (figure 1). Northern neighbourhoods (mainly located within the districts of Nou Barris and Horta-Guinardó) have the highest incidence values, with some of them exceeding 1000 cases per 100 000 inhabitants during the 8 weeks of low cost antabuse observation. On the other hand, the incidence in the geographical units located in the southeast of the city (ie, historical centre) is less than one-third of that in the worst-affected neighbourhoods.Intraurban distribution of alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020 (per 100 000 inhabitants)." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Intraurban distribution of alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020 (per 100 000 inhabitants).From the initial 16 variables considered, the lasso method low cost antabuse selected as meaningful to explain the observed alcoholism treatment levels the following seven (see also online supplemental material).

(1) elderly, (2) high education, (3) foreigners from high-HDI countries, (4) population density (urban), (5) mobility during lockdown, (6) LTCF and (7) health workers. These variables are mapped in figure 2.Supplemental materialIntraurban distribution of the sociodemographic low cost antabuse covariates. HDI, Human Development Index." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Intraurban distribution of the sociodemographic covariates.

HDI, Human Development Index.Results of our Quasi-Poisson model confirm that the associations between the final selection of variables and the intraurban alcoholism treatment incidence low cost antabuse in Barcelona are all in the expected direction (table 2). Neighbourhoods that are densely populated, with a higher number of older adults, with more numerous LTCF and with higher proportions of individuals who left their area of residence during lockdown were statistically more likely to have a higher number of cases of alcoholism treatment during the first outbreak of the antabuse. The work in low cost antabuse health-related occupations variable was significant at the 0.063 level.

Conversely, the association with alcoholism treatment cases is negative with the other two socioeconomic factors. Post-secondary-educated residents and population born in high-HDI countries, with the second one being less relevant (note that while the cross-validation analysis of the lasso-regularised 16-variable regression deems the high-HDI variable meaningful, the p low cost antabuse value associated with the 7-variable regression casts doubts about its statistical significance). Considering the effect of the factors on the number of alcoholism treatment s in a neighbourhood of Barcelona with average characteristics, a 1% increase in older people or mobility during lockdown low cost antabuse would lead to almost 30 extra cases, while a neighbourhood with a 1% higher ratio of post-secondary-educated inhabitants leads to 26 fewer cases during the observed period according to our model.

We finally ran a Global Moran’s I test to assess the potential spatial autocorrelation of the model’s residuals, but results were not significant (see online supplemental material).View this table:Table 2 Results of the generalised linear (Quasi-Poisson regression) analysis of social and demographic factors on alcoholism treatment rates in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020Discussion, interpretation and implicationsDiscussionOur results confirm that incidence of alcoholism treatment is related to several intraurban sociodemographic factors. In Barcelona, higher rates of were found in geographical units that were more densely populated, had more residents aged 70 years or over, observed high levels of low cost antabuse mobility during lockdown, contained more nursing home facilities and had the highest levels of people working in health-related occupations. Conversely, neighbourhoods with relatively more residents with high levels of education and with an immigration background from high-HDI countries registered fewer alcoholism treatment s.Our results are mostly in line with other indicators of spatial health inequalities for Barcelona which indicate that residents in neighbourhoods located in the north of the city—generally lower income neighbourhoods, with lower education, denser areas and higher immigration from lower HDI countries (as an indicator of ethnicity)—also have lower life expectancy and suffer more from chronic diseases.35 The same exposures that put residents at risk of general poor health and comorbidities also have implications for risk of alcoholism treatment s.8 9The environmental justice literature further demonstrates several causal pathways which may account for health differences by neighbourhood socioeconomic status by showing that, for example, neighbourhoods with high percentages of low-income and non-university-educated residents historically have more environmental hazards,36 putting residents at greater exposure to risks leading to greater related health impacts.

Because urban social and health injustices already existed in those neighbourhoods with higher alcoholism treatment incidence in Barcelona, including poor housing conditions, and at greater risk of economic disadvantage among others, the current antabuse is low cost antabuse likely to reinforce health and social inequalities and urban environmental injustice. People living in these neighbourhoods have less of a social safety net during times of both health and socioeconomic stress. They are thus low cost antabuse more likely to face an unjust burden in overcoming the antabuse and its economic consequences.During spring 2020, the lockdown in Spain limited mobility strictly to those working in essential services, including low-wage jobs that require commuting by public transit to other parts of the city, which predicts higher alcoholism treatment incidence in geographical units with higher numbers of commuters.

In their case, additional health inequalities are likely to manifest because essential workers are often underpaid and underprotected, in positions that require close interactions low cost antabuse with the public. Additionally, they may already suffer from underlying health conditions due to their lower socioeconomic status, as recent research suggests.37 As non-essential workers are losing their jobs or facing less pay, these hardships affect lower educated (and logically income) communities more, and jeopardise their ability to overcome the antabuse in the long term.38 In contrast, more privileged residents have greater ability to financially and physically recover. The negative association we found between and neighbourhoods low cost antabuse with high percentages of individuals with post-secondary degree and/or born in high-HDI countries can be understood from a dual perspective.

First, the presence of this type of residents is closely associated with neighbourhoods dominated by middle and upper socioeconomic households, which, in addition, were more likely to work remotely. Second, this group is increasingly formed by young mobile and transient populations,39 who had the chance to return to their home countries at the low cost antabuse initial stage of the antabuse.Last, results also indicate an expected structural age-related vulnerability, with neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of residents over 70 years and/or with more nursing homes, predicting higher alcoholism treatment incidence. Those are thus intersectional social vulnerabilities, particularly important for a context like Spain, which has a high ageing population and a high number of residents in nursing homes, many of whom suffer from other comorbid conditions.Strengths and limitationsBarcelona is an excellent example to disentangle the spread of the within dense and highly mixed-use European urban areas.

Socioeconomic and urban conditions are significantly different to other low cost antabuse urban contexts where most of the research has been conducted. Another strength of our study is that the low cost antabuse high number of alcoholism treatment cases in Barcelona enabled us to test various area-level indicators. In addition, the vast availability of aggregated sociodemographic data at a fine-grained scale allowed us to include many contextual factors that in other studies are often analysed separately.

Nevertheless, using geographically aggregated data also has its low cost antabuse limitations, as association found in ecological studies may not necessarily reflect those observed at the individual level. An interesting future line of analysis would be to create buffer zones based on case addresses in order to overcome the limitations of administrative boundaries. Another limitation was that our estimates cover only the municipality of Barcelona and do not include data from the metropolitan low cost antabuse area.

Last, our measurement of incidence was biased toward more severe patients with alcoholism treatment as testing procedures were restricted to hospital admissions at this stage of the antabuse. The seroprevalence study conducted between 27 April and 11 May estimated that 7% of the residents in Barcelona’s province had developed IgG antibodies against alcoholism.40 Assuming this prevalence for the city, the total low cost antabuse number of cases that we analysed represented between 10% and 15% of the people who became infected during our period of study. Therefore, our model is likely to be biased in estimating intraurban variations of the entire infected population, but not for predicting the most severe cases.

Our results may also differ from subsequent waves when massive and rapid alcoholism treatment testing became available that also low cost antabuse detect asymptomatic cases. As the latter is more common among younger people, the predictive value of the percentage 70+ variable in intraurban variation of alcoholism treatment will likely be lower in subsequent waves.Final thoughtsDespite initial media and political narratives framing the antabuse as a social equaliser, our analysis shows how vulnerable groups by occupation, age and ethnicity, who reside in Barcelona neighbourhoods with poor pre-existing social and low cost antabuse environmental conditions, have statistically higher incidences of alcoholism treatment. With the antabuse, their exposure to overlapping health risks has been compounded by new ones.

The alcoholism treatment antabuse is therefore likely to reinforce existing low cost antabuse health and social inequalities, and exacerbate urban environmental injustice in the city. These trends call for public policies and planning interventions to address neighbourhood environmental and social factors, strengthen social welfare and healthcare systems, and improve open green and public spaces to serve as resources and refuges for socially vulnerable groups.What is already known on this subjectPrevious research on antabuse transmission has shown that individual, household, and neighbourhood-level socioeconomic and cultural factors are associated with viral transmission.Most of alcoholism treatment research on spatial variations has been mainly set at the national or subnational regional level. Because of the internal heterogeneity of these units, it is very difficult to disentangle the different intervening demographic and socioeconomic factors behind risks and exposures to alcoholism treatment.The limited research on the alcoholism treatment antabuse at the neighbourhood level (mainly in the USA and UK) identifies the effect of sociodemographic determinants, like socioeconomic status or ethnicity.What this study low cost antabuse addsWe analyse the spread of alcoholism treatment in Barcelona, a very dense and highly segregated city in Southern Europe, where the first outbreak led to very high levels.We test a wide range of sociodemographic and urban characteristics, including mobility during lockdown, 16 variables in total, in order to predict intraurban variations in alcoholism treatment s at the neighbourhood level in Barcelona.The alcoholism treatment antabuse is likely to reinforce existing health and social inequalities, and exacerbate urban environmental injustice.

These trends call for public policies and planning interventions that must address historical poor neighbourhood environmental and social factors, strengthen social welfare systems, and improve open green and public spaces in cities.Data availability statementOur data are accessible to researchers upon reasonable request for data sharing to the corresponding author. Our dataset has been built based on publicly available data in the referred repositories.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalNo ethical approval was sought for this study as it used aggregated, anonymous and publicly available data, collected at the neighbourhood level.IntroductionEmployment is a wider determinant of health, and the links between good employment and better health outcomes are well established.1 2 The response to the current global antabuse caused by alcoholism (alcoholism treatment) is already having a significant impact on people’s ability to work and employment status.Global estimates suggest that up to 25 million jobs could be low cost antabuse lost as a result of the alcoholism treatment antabuse.3 Typically, mass unemployment events disproportionately impact the younger and older age groups,4–6 and those with lower skills or underlying health conditions are at more risk of exiting the labour market in the longer term. Compared with other Western countries, the USA and the UK have experienced more severe immediate labour market impacts.7 8 The unemployment rate in the USA was estimated to be 20% in April 2020,7 and the unemployment rate in the UK reached a 3-year high of 4.5% in August 2020.9More specifically, in the UK, a greater fall in working hours was experienced by younger workers and those without guaranteed work,10 while declines in earnings have been hardest felt by the most deprived10 and ethnic minority communities.10 11 The introduction of economic interventions such as the alcoholism Job Retention Scheme (also known as ‘furlough’) will moderate the rise in redundancies initially, but a significant rise in unemployment is inevitable.12 Predictions have suggested that job losses will be greatest within the retail and hospitality low cost antabuse sectors13 14 and women, young people and the lowest paid are at particular risk of unemployment in this alcoholism treatment recession.14Identifying the groups most vulnerable to changes in employment during the alcoholism treatment antabuse is important to better develop and target the health, re-employment and social support needed to prevent a longer term detrimental impact on societal health.4 Emerging UK research has raised concerns about the disproportionate impact on specific demographic groups,10 11 15 while also commenting on regional disparities,15 suggesting a need for different approaches in the postantabuse recovery.

We investigated the impact of alcoholism treatment on employment in the initial phases of the antabuse as well as observed differences by underlying health and household financial security in Wales.MethodsData sourceThe data included in this study were collected from the alcoholism treatment Employment and Health in Wales Study, a nationally representative cross-sectional online household survey undertaken between 25 May 2020 and 22 June 2020.ParticipantsIndividuals were eligible to participate if they were resident in Wales, aged 18–64 years and in employment in February 2020. Those in full-time education or unemployed were not eligible to participate.Sample size calculationIn order to ensure the sample was representative low cost antabuse of the Welsh population, a stratified random probability sampling framework by age, gender and deprivation quintile was used. A target sample size of 1250 working age adults was set to provide an adequate sample across socioeconomic groups.

To achieve a sample size of 1250, a total of 20 low cost antabuse 000 households were invited to participate. These invitation figures were based on the proportion of eligible working age households in Wales and informed by the most recent midyear population estimates and UK Labour Force Survey projections (figures for 201716 17). The 20 000 sample included a main sample of 15 000 and a boosted low cost antabuse sample of 5000 of those in the lower deprivation quintiles to ensure representation from the most deprived populations.RecruitmentEach selected household was sent a survey pack containing an invitation letter and participant information sheet.

The invitation asked the eligible member of the household with low cost antabuse the next birthday to participate in the survey. It included instructions on how to access the online questionnaire by entering a unique reference number provided in the letter. The letter highlighted the value of responding to the survey, that participation was voluntary and responses would be confidential, and provided an email address and freephone telephone number to contact for further information, to request to complete the questionnaire by an alternative method (telephone or low cost antabuse postal) or to inform the project team that they did not wish to participate.

Any individuals who informed the project team that they did not meet the inclusion criteria or opted out were removed from the reminder mailing, which was posted 10 days after the initial invitation.In total, 1019 responses were received from the 15 000 base sample (6.8% response rate) and 273 responses received from the booster sample (5.5% response rate) resulting in 1382 respondents (6.9% overall response rate). The majority of the responses were online questionnaires (99.1%), with low cost antabuse an additional six paper and six telephone questionnaires. During data cleaning, individuals who had not completed the question on employment contract were excluded from the study, leaving a final sample of 1379 for analysis.Questionnaire measuresThe employment details were collected at the date of questionnaire completion in May/June 2020, and were at this point also retrospectively asked about their employment situation in February 2020.

Questions on employment including contract type, rights and wages were based on low cost antabuse the Employment Precariousness Scale18 and data on job role and associated skill level were determined using the current Standard Occupational Classification 2020 for the UK.19 Questions were asked on any employment changes experienced between February 2020 and May/June 2020. The outcomes of interest were. (1) same low cost antabuse job.

(2) new job, covering new job with same employer, new job with new employer and becoming low cost antabuse self-employed. And (3) unemployment. In addition, respondents were also asked if they had been placed on furlough low cost antabuse since February 2020.Explanatory variables included.

Sociodemographics (gender, age group and deprivation top article quintile assigned based on postcode of residence using the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation20). Individual self-reported health status including general health and pre-existing health conditions (defined using validated questions from the National Survey for Wales21) and mental well-being (determined using the short version of the low cost antabuse Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale22). We determined low mental well-being as 1 SD below the mean score.

Household factors low cost antabuse were also collected including income covering basic needs18 and child(ren) in household. More detailed information on the questionnaire variables is provided in table low cost antabuse 1.View this table:Table 1 Measures for variables included in the national surveyStatistical analysisData analysis on changes in employment was performed on the full sample (n=1379). Not all respondents answered the question on furlough and any individuals who answered ‘don’t know’ were also excluded from the furlough analysis, leaving a subsample of 1159.

To examine differences in low cost antabuse employment outcomes across population groups, we tested the relationships between changes in employment or furlough and the explanatory variables using χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics associated with changes in employment. Binary logistic low cost antabuse regression was performed to identify characteristics associated with furlough.

These results are reported as adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% CIs. A p low cost antabuse value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. To supplement our multinomial logistic regression analysis, we explored the relationship between employment changes and contract type further through computing predicted probabilities while setting the remaining variables to their central measures.ResultsSample demographicsFor reference, the demographic (gender, age, deprivation quintile) details of our ‘working age’ sample are compared with the latest Welsh population (midyear 2018 population estimates17) in table 2.

Although broadly representative overall, compared with the Welsh population, females and the low cost antabuse older age groups are over-represented in our sample.View this table:Table 2 Survey population and Welsh population estimate (midyear 2018) comparisonsChanges in employment statusOur findings suggest that 91.0% of the Welsh working age population were in the same job in May/June 2020 as they were in February 2020, 5.7% were now in a new job and 3.3% have experienced unemployment (table 3). There was low cost antabuse no statistically significant difference observed in changes in employment by gender, age or deprivation quintile demographics (table 3). Changes in employment were more apparent in those employed on non-permanent contracts (p<0.001.

Table 3), where job losses were experienced more by those employed on low cost antabuse an atypical contract (12.1%), fixed-term contract (7.7%) and also those who were self-employed (9.3%) compared with those employed on permanent arrangements (1.8%. Table 3). Unemployment was higher among those reporting financial difficulties in meeting basic needs (6.3%) compared low cost antabuse with 2.2% of those with no financial struggles (p<0.001.

Table 3) and also in those experiencing poorer mental health outcomes (low mental well-being. 11.5% compared with low cost antabuse average mental well-being. 2.5%.

P<0.001. Table 3).View this table:Table 3 The share of employment changes experienced by sociodemographics, wider determinants, health status and results of χ2 statisticsCharacteristics of those furloughedConsidering demographics, the proportion of respondents placed on furlough was highest in the youngest age group (18–29 years. 37.8%), decreasing to 18.8% in the 40–49 years age group and increasing to 29.6% in the 60–64 years age group (p<0.001.

Table 3). The highest proportion on furlough was evident among the most deprived communities (30.3%) and declined as a gradient across deprivation quintiles to 17.6% in the least deprived (p=0.015. Table 3).Employment characteristics also impacted on being placed on furlough, lowest skill workers (35.4%) had the highest proportions ‘furloughed’ and this also decreased as a gradient with increasing skill level to 12.9% among the highest skilled workers (p<0.001.

Table 3). People with atypical working arrangements experienced the highest proportions of being placed on furlough (42.6%. Table 3).

A higher proportion of households struggling to cover basic financial needs also had been placed on furlough compared with those households reporting no financial difficulties (32.2% compared with 20.7%. P<0.001).Predictors of changes in employment situation and ‘furlough’Younger people aged 18–29 years (aOR 2.5. 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3) and older people aged 60–64 years (aOR 2.2.

95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) were more likely to experience furlough compared with the 40–49 years age group (table 4). Skill level was also a significant predictor of furlough, with those working in lower skilled roles more likely to have been placed on furlough compared with the highest skilled jobs (job skill 1. AOR 3.3.

95% CI 1.8 to 4.1. Table 4). Individuals who experienced financial difficulties (aOR 1.9.

95% CI 1.4 to 2.6) were also more likely to have been placed on furlough (table 4). Those who were self-employed (aOR 0.3. 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6) or who reported having ‘not good’ general health (aOR 0.6.

95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) were less likely to have been placed on furlough (table 4).View this table:Table 4 Predictors of employment changes experienced in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuseCompared with permanent employment, the aORs were distinctly higher for experiencing unemployment in all other contract types (atypical employment. AOR 11.9. 95% CI 4.3 to 32.9.

Fixed-term contracts. AOR 4.4. 95% CI 1.3 to 14.8.

Table 4). In addition, those on atypical working arrangements (aOR 3.7. 95% CI 1.5 to 9.1) and holding fixed-term contracts (aOR 2.6.

95% CI 1.1 to 6.3) were more likely to have changed jobs. The computed predicted probabilities of falling into each of the three employment change categories were calculated among the different contract types (table 5). These figures demonstrate further that job insecurity (changing jobs or becoming unemployed) is higher among those individuals holding non-permanent contracts.

Furthermore, individuals who reported low mental well-being (aOR 4.1. 95% CI 1.9 to 9.0) or experienced financial difficulties (aOR 2.1. 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3) were also more likely to experience unemployment (table 4).View this table:Table 5 Predicted probabilities derived from multinomial logistic regression for employment changes experienced by contract typeDiscussionThis study reports findings from the first nationally representative survey in Wales that examines the associations between sociodemographics, wider determinants, underlying health status and employment outcomes during the alcoholism treatment antabuse.

The findings provide unique insights into the population groups experiencing societal harms23 as a result of the indirect effect of alcoholism treatment on employment. People who are younger (18–29 years), older (60–64 years), living in the most deprived communities, employed on non-permanent contracts, low-skilled workers and those with less financial security are more likely to experience employment harms as a result of the alcoholism treatment antabuse. Our study therefore identifies vulnerable groups that are ‘at risk’ of future job losses, and also reveals the disproportionate experiences of population subgroups in relation to unemployment experienced in the early part of the antabuse.These findings are consistent with early evidence from other parts of the UK in relation to the at-risk populations that have been furloughed, notably those in certain age groups (18–29 years and 60 years and older) and those in lower skilled jobs.13 14 Of concern, however, is the disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups in the population that are currently supported by the alcoholism Job Retention Scheme (‘furlough’).

Not all individuals placed on furlough (and subsequent job retention schemes) will ultimately lose their jobs, but there is the potential for the impact on employment and health to be greatest among the most vulnerable subpopulations when this scheme ceases.12 Evidence indicates that antabuses have the potential to exacerbate inequalities,6 24 especially within the most deprived communities, and our findings suggest alcoholism treatment will have a similar impact. One of the more striking observations is the unequal impacts of employment changes on those people employed on non-permanent contract arrangements. Existing research from the early months of the antabuse has also reported that those with temporary contracts were more likely to have experienced unemployment as a result of the alcoholism shock.8 In recent decades, employment trends have seen a marked increase in flexible, non-standard arrangements.

Contributing to reduced job security reduced income security, and increased temporary contracts.25 26 It is well documented that these precarious employment arrangements are more commonplace within younger, migrant and female subpopulations, and there is growing evidence to suggest there are negative impacts on health.26 27 Those on atypical and fixed-term contracts were also more likely to have changed jobs since February 2020, longitudinal research is required to assess the quality of this new employment and the potential longer term implications on health.Unemployment is also known to have a negative impact on an individual’s own health, such as poorer mental health outcomes.28 29 Our data confirm this association. This worrying finding warrants further investigation and intervention as, although causality cannot be established through our study, it may reflect a consequence of unemployment or furlough during the antabuse rather than a pre-existing state. However, research has suggested that mental health in the UK has deteriorated compared with pre-alcoholism treatment trends.30 Being, or in the case of our study, becoming unemployed during a recession can worsen levels of psychological distress.31 32 Our findings also suggest that those with pre-existing health conditions disproportionately experienced job loss in the early part of the antabuse.

This echoes a pre-alcoholism treatment European study where those with poorer mental and physical health were at greater risk of job losses.33 Addressing poorer health outcomes associated with poverty was already a public health priority before the alcoholism treatment antabuse.34 35 Our results suggest households struggling financially to meet basic needs have been disproportionately impacted by unemployment during the early part of the antabuse, and this may have potential to cause wider harm to other members in the household.36 37Our study helps to inform strategies and interventions to support vulnerable groups who have already disproportionately experienced harm from the early part of the antabuse and more importantly, re-emphasises the importance of permanent contract arrangements to negate adverse impacts of economic shocks. Uncertainties surrounding the global post-alcoholism treatment labour market remain and although job retention schemes in place in many countries across the world still have some months to run these are economic rather than health-driven solutions. The potential for long-term negative impacts on health and well-being is evident in our study and health-aligned solutions may be required to mitigate these negative consequences.

It is also important to remember that job insecurity itself, even if only perceived, can also have negative health consequences.38 39 Furthermore, given poverty and health are inextricably linked,34–37 the higher levels of furlough we observed among households who reported struggling financially to cover basic needs require attention. Social support systems and targeted initiatives to address inequalities in access to the labour market are needed by those potentially facing unemployment. Our study underscores the need to draw public health professionals and practices into the heart of debates around economic recovery and restructuring to ensure wider determinants of health and health inequalities are addressed.40Study limitationsOur study has three main limitations.

First, the cross-sectional design of the survey means that the observations demonstrate an association rather than causality. For example, caution is needed in interpretation of some of the findings in relation to mental well-being due to the data collection being at one time point and it is not known if low mental well-being was evident before. As noted, it has been observed that trends in UK mental health have worsened from pre-alcoholism treatment levels.30 Second, employment changes were a relatively rare event during the early stages of the antabuse.

Although this manuscript clearly demonstrates some important findings, some of the aORs should be interpreted with caution. To this end, for a more nuanced interpretation, we included predicted probabilities of falling into each of the three employment change status among people holding different types of contracts. Despite the low likelihood of job loss, employees on atypical contracts are at increased risk over other types of contracts.

Finally, although designed to be representative to the population, females and the older age groups are over-represented in our sample compared with the Welsh population, whereas deprivation quintiles are broadly representative except for the middle to high quintiles (quintiles 3 and 4). However, the consistencies within our data and national data (where comparators are available) suggest that our findings are generalisable. Future studies that examine the longer term impacts of alcoholism treatment on employment and health could adopt a household door-to-door approach (if restrictions allow) to improve response rate and representativity.ConclusionUnemployment in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuse impacted most on individuals in non-permanent work and those experiencing poorer mental well-being or financial difficulties.

Furlough disproportionately impacted several population groups including the youngest (18–29 years) and oldest (60–64 years) age groups, people living in deprived communities, those employed in lower skilled job roles and people struggling financially. A social gradient was observed across deprivation and worker skill level with those living in the most deprived areas and working in the lowest skilled jobs more likely to be furloughed. Interventions to support economic recovery need to target the groups identified here as most susceptible to the emerging harms of the antabuse.

Our study also strongly emphasises the importance of good, secure employment to survive economic shocks and protect individuals from the negative harms of unemployment.What is already known on this subjectThe response to the current global antabuse caused by alcoholism (alcoholism treatment) is already having a significant impact on people’s ability to work and employment status.Emerging UK employment data have raised concerns about the disproportionate impact on specific demographic groups.What this study addsGroups that reported higher proportions of being placed on furlough included younger (18–29 years) and older (50–64 years) workers, people from more deprived areas, in lower skilled jobs and those from households with less financial security.Job insecurity in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuse was experienced more by those self-employed or employed on atypical or fixed-term contract arrangements compared with those holding permanent contracts.To ensure that health and wealth inequalities are not exacerbated by alcoholism treatment or the economic response to the antabuse, interventions should include the promotion of secure employment and target the groups identified as most susceptible to the emerging harms of the antabuse.Data availability statementNo data are available. Owing to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalThe Health Research Authority approved the study (IRAS. 282223).AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to MEL Research who completed the data collection for this study and to the people from across Wales who completed the survey.

We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of our colleague James Bailey for his assistance in the initial stages of the manuscript..

IntroductionGlobal flows of buy generic antabuse people, resources, and capital involved in the production and maintenance of urban life facilitate the spread of infectious disease and the emergence of antabuses.1 After appearing in China in late 2019, the first cases of alcoholism treatment were confirmed in Spain and elsewhere in Europe, by late January 2020. Previous research on antabuse transmission has shown that socioeconomic and cultural factors at the individual, household and neighbourhood levels are essential mechanisms for community spread of the antabuse.2 3Individual-level risk factors such as gender, age or race/ethnicity are known to influence infectious disease incidence,4 5 including alcoholism treatment.6 7 Although rates are similar between genders, men are more likely to have comorbid conditions (such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity buy generic antabuse and cardiovascular diseases) that are also risk factors associated with worse alcoholism treatment outcomes.8 9 Women, however, are often more exposed because of their more frequent dedication to care professions.10 Older people are also known to be more susceptible to alcoholism treatment and show higher fatality rates.11 In contrast, the role that children play in disease transmission is still unclear as they are rarely the index case12 and are less likely to transmit alcoholism treatment to adults.13 On the other hand, school closures are likely to have led to increased childcare by seniors,14 potentially increasing risk of transmission.Individual socioeconomic factors such as level of education, income, employment status and type of occupation are also thought to impact risk of alcoholism treatment. Although initial alcoholism treatment outbreaks emerged from international (business) travel and winter holidays,15 subsequent trends reveal that those working in specific occupations, especially frontline, ‘essential’ jobs in health, care, retail and hospitality, are more at risk of .16 17 Individuals living in poverty and other marginalised populations are more susceptible to infectious diseases.5 For instance, in the US context, racialised minorities (especially African Americans) are vulnerable social groups that exhibit higher than average rates of infectious diseases. This has been attributed to systematic and interpersonal racism, and poorer access to healthcare facilities and other health-promoting resources.18Public health researchers have also long acknowledged the importance of neighbourhood-level sociodemographic and physical characteristics—including racial and economic residential segregation, and the spatial distribution of affordable and fresh food, or public transport—for understanding health outcomes.19 20 Structural contexts and neighbourhood environments can therefore create uneven poor living conditions and lasting environmental injustices for lower income or immigrant residents living in certain areas of a buy generic antabuse city,21 resulting in health inequity by neighbourhood. In fact, during the 1918 influenza antabuse, researchers already found a significant association between disease transmissibility and neighbourhood-level social characteristics such as population density, illiteracy and unemployment.4Emerging research on alcoholism treatment shows similar patterns and pathways.22 For example, people living in denser neighbourhoods, with poor and overcrowded housing conditions have an elevated risk of as social contact in these living scenarios is more likely.11 23 Urban connectivity, mobility and the mode of transport also play an important role in the spread of alcoholism treatment.24 At the neighbourhood level, greater use of private motor vehicles and less public transport mobility means less exposure to .25 Likewise, rates may be lower where part of the (more mobile, international and national) population was able to leave before movement restrictions or where a higher proportion of people was able to work from home during lockdown.

Conversely, rates may buy generic antabuse be higher where more essential workers live (occupations that are over-represented by women and immigrants from low-income countries) as they are more likely to commute. Overall, higher mortality rates from alcoholism treatment are associated with poorer neighbourhood conditions, including a scarcity of healthcare facilities.26 The number of nursing and retirement homes has also been associated with a greater number of s in the neighbourhood.27To date, alcoholism treatment research on spatial variations has been mainly set at the national or subnational levels. At this level of analysis, it is very difficult to disentangle the different intervening factors behind risks and exposures to alcoholism treatment as this approach fails to reveal the buy generic antabuse diverse patterns within these larger geographies. There is therefore a need to focus on geographically smaller units to allow for better account of confounding factors28 and enhance the predictive accuracy and interpretability of the resulting buy generic antabuse statistical model. As of late 2020, neighbourhood-level studies of socio-spatial inequality in alcoholism treatment and mortality have primarily focused on the USA and UK.29 30 Very little is known about such patterns in mainland Europe,31 especially so in much denser and mixed-use urban environments.

To address these shortfalls, we investigated the relationship between alcoholism treatment buy generic antabuse incidence and a comprehensive diversity of intraurban sociodemographic factors in Barcelona, Spain.MethodsStudy design and study populationThis cross-sectional ecological study used data from the alcoholism treatment Register of the Barcelona Public Health Agency. During the first wave, Spain registered one of the highest per capita number of cases in Europe, making analysis at the local scale more reliable. Barcelona became one of the initial hotspots in the country, possibly due to its international position in tourism, business, education and research.32Our study buy generic antabuse included 10 550 laboratory-confirmed cases of alcoholism treatment in Barcelona between 9 March and 3 May 2020. We selected these dates to focus on the first outbreak of the antabuse. During this period, tests were essentially performed for those hospitalised or from specific at-risk groups, especially healthcare workers, as buy generic antabuse well as residents and workers in long-term care facilities (LTCFs).

However, confirmed cases registered in LTCF were excluded, as test campaigns were unevenly implemented across time and space and addresses of residents correspond buy generic antabuse to those of the LTCF which do not necessarily reflect the socioeconomic position of the residents themselves.Our geographical unit of observation is the neighbourhood. We aggregated addresses of positive-tested individuals by neighbourhood of residence. Although the municipality of Barcelona (1.64 million inhabitants) is officially divided into 73 barris (Catalan for neighbourhood), for statistical purposes we have followed the adaptation developed by the Spanish National Statistical Office in several studies.33 This alternative division is based on the official administrative division, but creates more statistically robust units in terms buy generic antabuse of population size, merging the least populated with neighbouring units and splitting the most populated ones, always according to urban and sociodemographic criteria. Our final division consists of 76 units (henceforth referred to as neighbourhoods). They contain an average of 21 500 inhabitants and 1.3 km2 area buy generic antabuse.

These units are very diverse in terms of wealth, housing characteristics, demographic ageing and health, factors known to be associated with the spread of infectious diseases.Intraurban sociodemographic covariatesA total of 16 neighbourhood-level indicators on demographic structure, socioeconomic status, urban and household density, mobility and health characteristics were initially chosen based on earlier established associations with alcoholism treatment (see table 1 for sources, expected association with alcoholism treatment and summary statistics). Specifically, we included information on the proportion of (1) young people (ages 0–15 years) and (2) elderly (70 years and older), and (3) buy generic antabuse the percentage of the population aged 70+ years who was male. Socioeconomic indicators included were (4) mean income per person, (5) age-standardised ratio of population with at least post-secondary education, (6) percentage of the population born in foreign countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) and (7) low HDI. We also included (8) population density, (9) average number of persons per dwelling and buy generic antabuse (10) people living alone. We obtained mobility data buy generic antabuse on.

(11) the availability of private transportation and (12) mobility during lockdown. We also captured the presence of (13) transient populations (measured as the rate of inhabitants automatically deregistered by the municipality, which occurs when foreign residents fail to renew their registration), as cumulative may buy generic antabuse be lower in areas with hypermobile groups (eg, international students) that were likely to leave the city due to the antabuse. We also incorporated (14) the number of LTCF beds per 1000 inhabitants and (15) the percentage of economically active population in the health sector. Lastly, we included (16) the life expectancy at birth as a proxy for general health status.View this table:Table buy generic antabuse 1 Covariates used in the study. Hypothesised association with alcoholism treatment, definitions, sources and summary statistics before transformation (when required*)Statistical analysesData transformationThe distribution of each neighbourhood-level sociodemographic indicator and covariate was first assessed for normality using visual inspection of QQ plots and the Smirnov-Kolmogorov test for normality.

Accordingly, we buy generic antabuse log-transformed. (1) young population, (2) income, (3) foreigners from high-HDI countries, (4) foreigners from low-HDI countries, (5) buy generic antabuse mobility during lockdown and (6) transient populations. We also used a square root transformation for the nursing homes variable.Multiple variables modelTo fit the total number of cases observed in each unit of analysis, we relied on a generalised linear model (Quasi-Poisson regression) that takes into account the total population as an offset as well as the sociodemographic variables. Given the relatively large number of covariates included in the study and the potential multicollinearity among them, we ran a lasso analysis to automatically identify the most relevant variables.34 In the context of generalised linear regression buy generic antabuse modelling and prediction, lasso performs both variable selection and regularisation to enhance prediction accuracy and interpretability of the statistical model. The hyperparameter of the lasso-regularised maximum likelihood estimator was set using cross-validation and, once lasso identified the most informative variables, we fitted the final Quasi-Poisson model that explained the alcoholism treatment incidence for each unit of analysis considered.

Finally, variable elasticities buy generic antabuse were calculated. This enables estimating the increase of cumulative incidence (and predict the total number of positive cases) for a 1% change in a particular covariate and thereby compare the effect of the different covariates.ResultsThe intraurban geography of the alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona during the period of study reveals a strong proximity among the units with the highest and lowest values (figure 1). Northern neighbourhoods (mainly located within the buy generic antabuse districts of Nou Barris and Horta-Guinardó) have the highest incidence values, with some of them exceeding 1000 cases per 100 000 inhabitants during the 8 weeks of observation. On the other hand, the incidence in the geographical units located in the southeast of the city (ie, buy generic antabuse historical centre) is less than one-third of that in the worst-affected neighbourhoods.Intraurban distribution of alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020 (per 100 000 inhabitants)." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Intraurban distribution of alcoholism treatment cumulative incidence in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020 (per 100 000 inhabitants).From the initial 16 variables considered, the lasso method selected as meaningful to explain the observed alcoholism treatment levels the following seven (see also online supplemental material). (1) elderly, (2) high education, (3) foreigners from high-HDI countries, (4) population density (urban), (5) mobility during lockdown, (6) LTCF and (7) health workers.

These variables buy generic antabuse are mapped in figure 2.Supplemental materialIntraurban distribution of the sociodemographic covariates. HDI, Human Development Index." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Intraurban distribution of the sociodemographic covariates. HDI, Human Development Index.Results of our Quasi-Poisson model confirm that the associations between the final selection of variables and the intraurban alcoholism treatment buy generic antabuse incidence in Barcelona are all in the expected direction (table 2). Neighbourhoods that are densely populated, with a higher number of older adults, with more numerous LTCF and with higher proportions of individuals who left their area of residence during lockdown were statistically more likely to have a higher number of cases of alcoholism treatment during the first outbreak of the antabuse. The work in health-related occupations variable was significant buy generic antabuse at the 0.063 level.

Conversely, the association with alcoholism treatment cases is negative with the other two socioeconomic factors. Post-secondary-educated residents and population born in high-HDI countries, with the second one being less relevant (note that while the cross-validation analysis of buy generic antabuse the lasso-regularised 16-variable regression deems the high-HDI variable meaningful, the p value associated with the 7-variable regression casts doubts about its statistical significance). Considering the effect of the factors on the number of alcoholism treatment s in a neighbourhood of Barcelona with average characteristics, a buy generic antabuse 1% increase in older people or mobility during lockdown would lead to almost 30 extra cases, while a neighbourhood with a 1% higher ratio of post-secondary-educated inhabitants leads to 26 fewer cases during the observed period according to our model. We finally ran a Global Moran’s I test to assess the potential spatial autocorrelation of the model’s residuals, but results were not significant (see online supplemental material).View this table:Table 2 Results of the generalised linear (Quasi-Poisson regression) analysis of social and demographic factors on alcoholism treatment rates in Barcelona from 9 March to 3 May 2020Discussion, interpretation and implicationsDiscussionOur results confirm that incidence of alcoholism treatment is related to several intraurban sociodemographic factors. In Barcelona, higher rates of were found in geographical units that were more densely populated, had more residents aged 70 years or over, observed high levels of buy generic antabuse mobility during lockdown, contained more nursing home facilities and had the highest levels of people working in health-related occupations.

Conversely, neighbourhoods with relatively more residents with high levels of education and with an immigration background from high-HDI countries registered fewer alcoholism treatment s.Our results are mostly in line with other indicators of spatial health inequalities for Barcelona which indicate that residents in neighbourhoods located in the north of the city—generally lower income neighbourhoods, with lower education, denser areas and higher immigration from lower HDI countries (as an indicator of ethnicity)—also have lower life expectancy and suffer more from chronic diseases.35 The same exposures that put residents at risk of general poor health and comorbidities also have implications for risk of alcoholism treatment s.8 9The environmental justice literature further demonstrates several causal pathways which may account for health differences by neighbourhood socioeconomic status by showing that, for example, neighbourhoods with high percentages of low-income and non-university-educated residents historically have more environmental hazards,36 putting residents at greater exposure to risks leading to greater related health impacts. Because urban buy generic antabuse social and health injustices already existed in those neighbourhoods with higher alcoholism treatment incidence in Barcelona, including poor housing conditions, and at greater risk of economic disadvantage among others, the current antabuse is likely to reinforce health and social inequalities and urban environmental injustice. People living in these neighbourhoods have less of a social safety net during times of both health and socioeconomic stress. They are thus more likely to face an unjust burden in overcoming the antabuse and its economic consequences.During spring 2020, the lockdown in Spain limited mobility strictly to those working buy generic antabuse in essential services, including low-wage jobs that require commuting by public transit to other parts of the city, which predicts higher alcoholism treatment incidence in geographical units with higher numbers of commuters. In their case, additional health inequalities are likely buy generic antabuse to manifest because essential workers are often underpaid and underprotected, in positions that require close interactions with the public.

Additionally, they may already suffer from underlying health conditions due to their lower socioeconomic status, as recent research suggests.37 As non-essential workers are losing their jobs or facing less pay, these hardships affect lower educated (and logically income) communities more, and jeopardise their ability to overcome the antabuse in the long term.38 In contrast, more privileged residents have greater ability to financially and physically recover. The negative association we found between and neighbourhoods with high percentages of individuals buy generic antabuse with post-secondary degree and/or born in high-HDI countries can be understood from a dual perspective. First, the presence of this type of residents is closely associated with neighbourhoods dominated by middle and upper socioeconomic households, which, in addition, were more likely to work remotely. Second, this buy generic antabuse group is increasingly formed by young mobile and transient populations,39 who had the chance to return to their home countries at the initial stage of the antabuse.Last, results also indicate an expected structural age-related vulnerability, with neighbourhoods with a higher percentage of residents over 70 years and/or with more nursing homes, predicting higher alcoholism treatment incidence. Those are thus intersectional social vulnerabilities, particularly important for a context like Spain, which has a high ageing population and a high number of residents in nursing homes, many of whom suffer from other comorbid conditions.Strengths and limitationsBarcelona is an excellent example to disentangle the spread of the within dense and highly mixed-use European urban areas.

Socioeconomic and urban conditions are significantly different to other urban contexts where most of the research has been conducted buy generic antabuse. Another strength of our buy generic antabuse study is that the high number of alcoholism treatment cases in Barcelona enabled us to test various area-level indicators. In addition, the vast availability of aggregated sociodemographic data at a fine-grained scale allowed us to include many contextual factors that in other studies are often analysed separately. Nevertheless, using geographically aggregated data also has its limitations, as association found in ecological studies may not necessarily reflect those observed at the buy generic antabuse individual level. An interesting future line of analysis would be to create buffer zones based on case addresses in order to overcome the limitations of administrative boundaries.

Another limitation buy generic antabuse was that our estimates cover only the municipality of Barcelona and do not include data from the metropolitan area. Last, our measurement of incidence was biased toward more severe patients with alcoholism treatment as testing procedures were restricted to hospital admissions at this stage of the antabuse. The seroprevalence study conducted between 27 April and 11 May estimated that 7% of the residents in Barcelona’s province had developed IgG antibodies against alcoholism.40 Assuming this prevalence for the city, the total number of cases that we analysed represented between 10% and buy generic antabuse 15% of the people who became infected during our period of study. Therefore, our model is likely to be biased in estimating intraurban variations of the entire infected population, but not for predicting the most severe cases. Our results may also differ from subsequent waves when massive and rapid alcoholism treatment testing became available that also detect buy generic antabuse asymptomatic cases.

As the latter is more common among younger people, the predictive value of the percentage 70+ variable in intraurban variation of alcoholism treatment will likely be lower in subsequent buy generic antabuse waves.Final thoughtsDespite initial media and political narratives framing the antabuse as a social equaliser, our analysis shows how vulnerable groups by occupation, age and ethnicity, who reside in Barcelona neighbourhoods with poor pre-existing social and environmental conditions, have statistically higher incidences of alcoholism treatment. With the antabuse, their exposure to overlapping health risks has been compounded by new ones. The alcoholism treatment antabuse is therefore likely to reinforce existing health and buy generic antabuse social inequalities, and exacerbate urban environmental injustice in the city. These trends call for public policies and planning interventions to address neighbourhood environmental and social factors, strengthen social welfare and healthcare systems, and improve open green and public spaces to serve as resources and refuges for socially vulnerable groups.What is already known on this subjectPrevious research on antabuse transmission has shown that individual, household, and neighbourhood-level socioeconomic and cultural factors are associated with viral transmission.Most of alcoholism treatment research on spatial variations has been mainly set at the national or subnational regional level. Because of the internal heterogeneity of these units, it is very difficult to disentangle the different intervening demographic and socioeconomic factors behind risks and exposures to alcoholism treatment.The limited research on the alcoholism treatment antabuse at the neighbourhood level (mainly in the USA and UK) identifies the effect of sociodemographic determinants, like socioeconomic status or ethnicity.What this study addsWe analyse the spread of alcoholism treatment in Barcelona, a very dense and highly segregated city in Southern Europe, where the first outbreak led to very high buy generic antabuse levels.We test a wide range of sociodemographic and urban characteristics, including mobility during lockdown, 16 variables in total, in order to predict intraurban variations in alcoholism treatment s at the neighbourhood level in Barcelona.The alcoholism treatment antabuse is likely to reinforce existing health and social inequalities, and exacerbate urban environmental injustice.

These trends call for public policies and planning interventions that must address historical poor neighbourhood environmental and social factors, strengthen social welfare systems, and improve open green and public spaces in cities.Data availability statementOur data are accessible to researchers upon reasonable request for data sharing to the corresponding author. Our dataset has been built based on publicly available data in the referred repositories.Ethics statementsPatient consent buy generic antabuse for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalNo ethical approval was sought for this study as it used aggregated, anonymous and publicly available data, collected at the neighbourhood level.IntroductionEmployment is a wider determinant of health, and the links between good employment and better health outcomes are well established.1 2 The response to the current global antabuse caused by alcoholism (alcoholism treatment) is already having a significant impact on people’s ability to work and employment status.Global estimates suggest that up to 25 million jobs could be lost as a result of the alcoholism treatment antabuse.3 Typically, mass unemployment events disproportionately impact the younger and older age groups,4–6 and those with lower skills or underlying health conditions are at more risk of exiting the labour market in the longer term. Compared with other Western countries, the USA and the UK have experienced more severe immediate labour market impacts.7 8 The unemployment rate in the USA was estimated to be 20% in April 2020,7 and the unemployment rate in the UK reached a 3-year high of 4.5% in August 2020.9More specifically, in the UK, a greater fall in working hours was experienced by younger workers and those without guaranteed work,10 while declines in earnings have been hardest felt by the most deprived10 and ethnic minority communities.10 11 The introduction of economic interventions such as the alcoholism Job Retention Scheme (also known as ‘furlough’) will moderate the rise in redundancies initially, but a significant rise in unemployment is inevitable.12 Predictions have suggested that job losses buy generic antabuse will be greatest within the retail and hospitality sectors13 14 and women, young people and the lowest paid are at particular risk of unemployment in this alcoholism treatment recession.14Identifying the groups most vulnerable to changes in employment during the alcoholism treatment antabuse is important to better develop and target the health, re-employment and social support needed to prevent a longer term detrimental impact on societal health.4 Emerging UK research has raised concerns about the disproportionate impact on specific demographic groups,10 11 15 while also commenting on regional disparities,15 suggesting a need for different approaches in the postantabuse recovery. We investigated the impact of alcoholism treatment on employment in the initial phases of the antabuse as well as observed differences by underlying health and household financial security in Wales.MethodsData sourceThe data included in this study were collected from the alcoholism treatment Employment and Health in Wales Study, a nationally representative cross-sectional online household survey undertaken between 25 May 2020 and 22 June 2020.ParticipantsIndividuals were eligible to participate if they were resident in Wales, aged 18–64 years and in employment in February 2020. Those in full-time education or unemployed were not eligible to participate.Sample buy generic antabuse size calculationIn order to ensure the sample was representative of the Welsh population, a stratified random probability sampling framework by age, gender and deprivation quintile was used.

A target sample size of 1250 working age adults was set to provide an adequate sample across socioeconomic groups. To achieve buy generic antabuse a sample size of 1250, a total of 20 000 households were invited to participate. These invitation figures were based on the proportion of eligible working age households in Wales and informed by the most recent midyear population estimates and UK Labour Force Survey projections (figures for 201716 17). The 20 000 sample included a main sample of 15 000 and buy generic antabuse a boosted sample of 5000 of those in the lower deprivation quintiles to ensure representation from the most deprived populations.RecruitmentEach selected household was sent a survey pack containing an invitation letter and participant information sheet. The invitation buy generic antabuse asked the eligible member of the household with the next birthday to participate in the survey.

It included instructions on how to access the online questionnaire by entering a unique reference number provided in the letter. The letter highlighted the value of responding to the survey, that participation was voluntary and responses would be confidential, and provided an email address and freephone telephone number to contact for further information, to request to buy generic antabuse complete the questionnaire by an alternative method (telephone or postal) or to inform the project team that they did not wish to participate. Any individuals who informed the project team that they did not meet the inclusion criteria or opted out were removed from the reminder mailing, which was posted 10 days after the initial invitation.In total, 1019 responses were received from the 15 000 base sample (6.8% response rate) and 273 responses received from the booster sample (5.5% response rate) resulting in 1382 respondents (6.9% overall response rate). The majority of the responses were online questionnaires (99.1%), with an additional six paper and six buy generic antabuse telephone questionnaires. During data cleaning, individuals who had not completed the question on employment contract were excluded from the study, leaving a final sample of 1379 for analysis.Questionnaire measuresThe employment details were collected at the date of questionnaire completion in May/June 2020, and were at this point also retrospectively asked about their employment situation in February 2020.

Questions on employment including contract type, rights and wages were based on the Employment Precariousness Scale18 and data on job role and associated skill level were determined buy generic antabuse using the current Standard Occupational Classification 2020 for the UK.19 Questions were asked on any employment changes experienced between February 2020 and May/June 2020. The outcomes of interest were. (1) same job buy generic antabuse. (2) new buy generic antabuse job, covering new job with same employer, new job with new employer and becoming self-employed. And (3) unemployment.

In addition, respondents were also asked if they had been placed on buy generic antabuse furlough since February 2020.Explanatory variables included. Sociodemographics (gender, age group and deprivation quintile assigned based on postcode of residence using the Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation20). Individual self-reported health status including general health and pre-existing health conditions (defined using validated questions from buy generic antabuse the National Survey for Wales21) and mental well-being (determined using the short version of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale22). We determined low mental well-being as 1 SD below the mean score. Household factors were also collected including income covering basic needs18 buy generic antabuse and child(ren) in household.

More detailed information on buy generic antabuse the questionnaire variables is provided in table 1.View this table:Table 1 Measures for variables included in the national surveyStatistical analysisData analysis on changes in employment was performed on the full sample (n=1379). Not all respondents answered the question on furlough and any individuals who answered ‘don’t know’ were also excluded from the furlough analysis, leaving a subsample of 1159. To examine differences in employment outcomes across population groups, we tested the relationships between changes in employment or furlough and the explanatory variables using buy generic antabuse χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics associated with changes in employment. Binary logistic regression buy generic antabuse was performed to identify characteristics associated with furlough.

These results are reported as adjusted ORs (aOR) and 95% CIs. A p buy generic antabuse value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. To supplement our multinomial logistic regression analysis, we explored the relationship between employment changes and contract type further through computing predicted probabilities while setting the remaining variables to their central measures.ResultsSample demographicsFor reference, the demographic (gender, age, deprivation quintile) details of our ‘working age’ sample are compared with the latest Welsh population (midyear 2018 population estimates17) in table 2. Although broadly representative overall, compared with the Welsh population, females and the older age groups are over-represented in our buy generic antabuse sample.View this table:Table 2 Survey population and Welsh population estimate (midyear 2018) comparisonsChanges in employment statusOur findings suggest that 91.0% of the Welsh working age population were in the same job in May/June 2020 as they were in February 2020, 5.7% were now in a new job and 3.3% have experienced unemployment (table 3). There was no statistically significant difference observed in changes in employment buy generic antabuse by gender, age or deprivation quintile demographics (table 3).

Changes in employment were more apparent in those employed on non-permanent contracts (p<0.001. Table 3), where job losses were experienced more by those employed on an atypical contract (12.1%), fixed-term contract (7.7%) and also buy generic antabuse those who were self-employed (9.3%) compared with those employed on permanent arrangements (1.8%. Table 3). Unemployment was higher among those reporting buy generic antabuse financial difficulties in meeting basic needs (6.3%) compared with 2.2% of those with no financial struggles (p<0.001. Table 3) and also in those experiencing poorer mental health outcomes (low mental well-being.

11.5% compared with average buy generic antabuse mental well-being. 2.5%. P<0.001. Table 3).View this table:Table 3 The share of employment changes experienced by sociodemographics, wider determinants, health status and results of χ2 statisticsCharacteristics of those furloughedConsidering demographics, the proportion of respondents placed on furlough was highest in the youngest age group (18–29 years. 37.8%), decreasing to 18.8% in the 40–49 years age group and increasing to 29.6% in the 60–64 years age group (p<0.001.

Table 3). The highest proportion on furlough was evident among the most deprived communities (30.3%) and declined as a gradient across deprivation quintiles to 17.6% in the least deprived (p=0.015. Table 3).Employment characteristics also impacted on being placed on furlough, lowest skill workers (35.4%) had the highest proportions ‘furloughed’ and this also decreased as a gradient with increasing skill level to 12.9% among the highest skilled workers (p<0.001. Table 3). People with atypical working arrangements experienced the highest proportions of being placed on furlough (42.6%.

Table 3). A higher proportion of households struggling to cover basic financial needs also had been placed on furlough compared with those households reporting no financial difficulties (32.2% compared with 20.7%. P<0.001).Predictors of changes in employment situation and ‘furlough’Younger people aged 18–29 years (aOR 2.5. 95% CI 1.5 to 4.3) and older people aged 60–64 years (aOR 2.2. 95% CI 1.3 to 3.8) were more likely to experience furlough compared with the 40–49 years age group (table 4).

Skill level was also a significant predictor of furlough, with those working in lower skilled roles more likely to have been placed on furlough compared with the highest skilled jobs (job skill 1. AOR 3.3. 95% CI 1.6 to 6.9. Job skill 2. AOR 3.2.

95% CI 2.2 to 4.7. Job skill 3. AOR 2.7. 95% CI 1.8 to 4.1. Table 4).

Individuals who experienced financial difficulties (aOR 1.9. 95% CI 1.4 to 2.6) were also more likely to have been placed on furlough (table 4). Those who were self-employed (aOR 0.3. 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6) or who reported having ‘not good’ general health (aOR 0.6. 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) were less likely to have been placed on furlough (table 4).View this table:Table 4 Predictors of employment changes experienced in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuseCompared with permanent employment, the aORs were distinctly higher for experiencing unemployment in all other contract types (atypical employment.

AOR 11.9. 95% CI 4.3 to 32.9. Fixed-term contracts. AOR 4.4. 95% CI 1.3 to 14.8.

Self-employed. AOR 6.2. 95% CI 2.7 to 14.1. Table 4). In addition, those on atypical working arrangements (aOR 3.7.

95% CI 1.5 to 9.1) and holding fixed-term contracts (aOR 2.6. 95% CI 1.1 to 6.3) were more likely to have changed jobs. The computed predicted probabilities of falling into each of the three employment change categories were calculated among the different contract types (table 5). These figures demonstrate further that job insecurity (changing jobs or becoming unemployed) is higher among those individuals holding non-permanent contracts. Furthermore, individuals who reported low mental well-being (aOR 4.1.

95% CI 1.9 to 9.0) or experienced financial difficulties (aOR 2.1. 95% CI 1.1 to 4.3) were also more likely to experience unemployment (table 4).View this table:Table 5 Predicted probabilities derived from multinomial logistic regression for employment changes experienced by contract typeDiscussionThis study reports findings from the first nationally representative survey in Wales that examines the associations between sociodemographics, wider determinants, underlying health status and employment outcomes during the alcoholism treatment antabuse. The findings provide unique insights into the population groups experiencing societal harms23 as a result of the indirect effect of alcoholism treatment on employment. People who are younger (18–29 years), older (60–64 years), living in the most deprived communities, employed on non-permanent contracts, low-skilled workers and those with less financial security are more likely to experience employment harms as a result of the alcoholism treatment antabuse. Our study therefore identifies vulnerable groups that are ‘at risk’ of future job losses, and also reveals the disproportionate experiences of population subgroups in relation to unemployment experienced in the early part of the antabuse.These findings are consistent with early evidence from other parts of the UK in relation to the at-risk populations that have been furloughed, notably those in certain age groups (18–29 years and 60 years and older) and those in lower skilled jobs.13 14 Of concern, however, is the disproportionate impact on vulnerable groups in the population that are currently supported by the alcoholism Job Retention Scheme (‘furlough’).

Not all individuals placed on furlough (and subsequent job retention schemes) will ultimately lose their jobs, but there is the potential for the impact on employment and health to be greatest among the most vulnerable subpopulations when this scheme ceases.12 Evidence indicates that antabuses have the potential to exacerbate inequalities,6 24 especially within the most deprived communities, and our findings suggest alcoholism treatment will have a similar impact. One of the more striking observations is the unequal impacts of employment changes on those people employed on non-permanent contract arrangements. Existing research from the early months of the antabuse has also reported that those with temporary contracts were more likely to have experienced unemployment as a result of the alcoholism shock.8 In recent decades, employment trends have seen a marked increase in flexible, non-standard arrangements. Contributing to reduced job security reduced income security, and increased temporary contracts.25 26 It is well documented that these precarious employment arrangements are more commonplace within younger, migrant and female subpopulations, and there is growing evidence to suggest there are negative impacts on health.26 27 Those on atypical and fixed-term contracts were also more likely to have changed jobs since February 2020, longitudinal research is required to assess the quality of this new employment and the potential longer term implications on health.Unemployment is also known to have a negative impact on an individual’s own health, such as poorer mental health outcomes.28 29 Our data confirm this association. This worrying finding warrants further investigation and intervention as, although causality cannot be established through our study, it may reflect a consequence of unemployment or furlough during the antabuse rather than a pre-existing state.

However, research has suggested that mental health in the UK has deteriorated compared with pre-alcoholism treatment trends.30 Being, or in the case of our study, becoming unemployed during a recession can worsen levels of psychological distress.31 32 Our findings also suggest that those with pre-existing health conditions disproportionately experienced job loss in the early part of the antabuse. This echoes a pre-alcoholism treatment European study where those with poorer mental and physical health were at greater risk of job losses.33 Addressing poorer health outcomes associated with poverty was already a public health priority before the alcoholism treatment antabuse.34 35 Our results suggest households struggling financially to meet basic needs have been disproportionately impacted by unemployment during the early part of the antabuse, and this may have potential to cause wider harm to other members in the household.36 37Our study helps to inform strategies and interventions to support vulnerable groups who have already disproportionately experienced harm from the early part of the antabuse and more importantly, re-emphasises the importance of permanent contract arrangements to negate adverse impacts of economic shocks. Uncertainties surrounding the global post-alcoholism treatment labour market remain and although job retention schemes in place in many countries across the world still have some months to run these are economic rather than health-driven solutions. The potential for long-term negative impacts on health and well-being is evident in our study and health-aligned solutions may be required to mitigate these negative consequences. It is also important to remember that job insecurity itself, even if only perceived, can also have negative health consequences.38 39 Furthermore, given poverty and health are inextricably linked,34–37 the higher levels of furlough we observed among households who reported struggling financially to cover basic needs require attention.

Social support systems and targeted initiatives to address inequalities in access to the labour market are needed by those potentially facing unemployment. Our study underscores the need to draw public health professionals and practices into the heart of debates around economic recovery and restructuring to ensure wider determinants of health and health inequalities are addressed.40Study limitationsOur study has three main limitations. First, the cross-sectional design of the survey means that the observations demonstrate an association rather than causality. For example, caution is needed in interpretation of some of the findings in relation to mental well-being due to the data collection being at one time point and it is not known if low mental well-being was evident before. As noted, it has been observed that trends in UK mental health have worsened from pre-alcoholism treatment levels.30 Second, employment changes were a relatively rare event during the early stages of the antabuse.

Although this manuscript clearly demonstrates some important findings, some of the aORs should be interpreted with caution. To this end, for a more nuanced interpretation, we included predicted probabilities of falling into each of the three employment change status among people holding different types of contracts. Despite the low likelihood of job loss, employees on atypical contracts are at increased risk over other types of contracts. Finally, although designed to be representative to the population, females and the older age groups are over-represented in our sample compared with the Welsh population, whereas deprivation quintiles are broadly representative except for the middle to high quintiles (quintiles 3 and 4). However, the consistencies within our data and national data (where comparators are available) suggest that our findings are generalisable.

Future studies that examine the longer term impacts of alcoholism treatment on employment and health could adopt a household door-to-door approach (if restrictions allow) to improve response rate and representativity.ConclusionUnemployment in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuse impacted most on individuals in non-permanent work and those experiencing poorer mental well-being or financial difficulties. Furlough disproportionately impacted several population groups including the youngest (18–29 years) and oldest (60–64 years) age groups, people living in deprived communities, those employed in lower skilled job roles and people struggling financially. A social gradient was observed across deprivation and worker skill level with those living in the most deprived areas and working in the lowest skilled jobs more likely to be furloughed. Interventions to support economic recovery need to target the groups identified here as most susceptible to the emerging harms of the antabuse. Our study also strongly emphasises the importance of good, secure employment to survive economic shocks and protect individuals from the negative harms of unemployment.What is already known on this subjectThe response to the current global antabuse caused by alcoholism (alcoholism treatment) is already having a significant impact on people’s ability to work and employment status.Emerging UK employment data have raised concerns about the disproportionate impact on specific demographic groups.What this study addsGroups that reported higher proportions of being placed on furlough included younger (18–29 years) and older (50–64 years) workers, people from more deprived areas, in lower skilled jobs and those from households with less financial security.Job insecurity in the early months of the alcoholism treatment antabuse was experienced more by those self-employed or employed on atypical or fixed-term contract arrangements compared with those holding permanent contracts.To ensure that health and wealth inequalities are not exacerbated by alcoholism treatment or the economic response to the antabuse, interventions should include the promotion of secure employment and target the groups identified as most susceptible to the emerging harms of the antabuse.Data availability statementNo data are available.

Owing to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required.Ethics approvalThe Health Research Authority approved the study (IRAS. 282223).AcknowledgmentsThe authors express their gratitude to MEL Research who completed the data collection for this study and to the people from across Wales who completed the survey. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of our colleague James Bailey for his assistance in the initial stages of the manuscript..

List of foods to avoid on antabuse

Latest Healthy Kids News list of foods to avoid on antabuse MONDAY, Aug. 31, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- The new alcoholism can be present in children's noses and throats for weeks without causing any symptoms, according to a new study that suggests how the antabuse list of foods to avoid on antabuse can spread silently.Researchers found that among 91 pre-symptomatic and symptomatic South Korean children diagnosed with alcoholism treatment between Feb. 18 and March 31, 22% never had any obvious symptoms and another 20% didn't have symptoms initially but developed them later, CNN reported.The list of foods to avoid on antabuse study was published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics."In this case series study, inapparent s in children may have been associated with silent alcoholism treatment transmission in the community," the researchers wrote."Interestingly, this study aligns with adult data in which up to 40% of adults may remain asymptomatic in the face of ," Dr. Roberta DeBiasi list of foods to avoid on antabuse and Dr.

Meghan Delaney, both of Children's National Hospital in Washington, D.C., wrote in an accompanying editorial."In this study, the authors estimate that 85 infected children (93%) would have been missed using a testing strategy focused on testing of symptomatic patients alone," DeBiasi and Delaney wrote, CNN reported.The study was released shortly after the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidelines saying that some list of foods to avoid on antabuse people without alcoholism treatment symptoms may not need to be tested for the new alcoholism, a policy change that's been criticized by many medical experts and groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics."We know that children often show few or no symptoms of alcoholism treatment. We also know they are not immune to this antabuse, and they list of foods to avoid on antabuse can become very sick. Testing exposed individuals who list of foods to avoid on antabuse may not yet show symptoms of alcoholism treatment is crucial to contact tracing, which helps identify and support other people who are at risk of ," AAP President Dr.

Sally Goza said in a statement, CNN reported.Copyright © 2019 HealthDay. All rights reserved.Latest list of foods to avoid on antabuse Allergies News MONDAY, Aug. 31, 2020Some fall allergy symptoms mimic list of foods to avoid on antabuse those of alcoholism treatment, so seasonal allergy sufferers should follow treatment plans and take precautions to avoid any confusion, an expert says."A rise in ragweed tends to mark the informal start of the fall allergy season, which typically begins in mid-August," said Dr. Rachna Shah, an allergist with Loyola Medicine in Maywood, Ill.Along with ragweed, fall allergens include pollen, mold and grass."With alcoholism treatment in the mix and some of the symptoms overlapping [including congestion, runny nose, headaches and throat irritation], it's especially important this year to have your preventive allergy treatment plan in place," Shah said in a Loyola news release."Often, when people are feeling well, they will become more lax about following their treatment plans," she added.If you have chronic allergies, you should begin seasonal treatment protocols -- prescriptions, over-the-counter allergy medications and/or steroid nasal sprays -- as soon as possible, "as they may take a week or more to kick in," Shah advised.She also noted that because "allergy symptoms can worsen asthma, causing breathing difficulties, it's important that you have all of your asthma tools list of foods to avoid on antabuse.

Make sure that your inhaler is up to list of foods to avoid on antabuse date, not expired, that you have additional inhalers and refills on hand, and that you are taking preventive measures."For example, change the timing of outdoor activities on days when allergen levels are particularly high."Pollen counts are highest in the beginning of the day -- from dawn until 10 a.m.," Shah said. "Shifting activities to later in the day can help a lot."Also, keeping windows closed and/or rinsing off or changing clothes after being outside can help on high allergen days.If you follow the recommendations and fail to find relief, you may need medical help."Patients who are still suffering from allergy symptoms after adhering to their treatment protocols, taking preventive measures and/or modifying daily activities should be evaluated by a physician," Shah said.Symptoms of fall allergies may include itchy eyes, itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, headaches, ear itching or popping, postnasal drip and throat irritation.-- Robert PreidtCopyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights list of foods to avoid on antabuse reserved. SLIDESHOW list of foods to avoid on antabuse Could I Be Allergic?.

Discover Your Allergy Triggers See Slideshow References SOURCE. Loyola Medicine, news release..

Latest Healthy Kids News MONDAY, Aug buy generic antabuse. 31, 2020 (HealthDay News) -- The new alcoholism can be present in children's noses and throats for weeks without causing any symptoms, according to a new study that suggests how the antabuse can spread silently.Researchers found that among 91 pre-symptomatic and symptomatic South Korean children diagnosed buy generic antabuse with alcoholism treatment between Feb. 18 and March 31, 22% never had any obvious symptoms and another 20% didn't have symptoms initially but developed them later, CNN reported.The study was published Monday in the journal JAMA Pediatrics."In this case series study, inapparent s in children may have buy generic antabuse been associated with silent alcoholism treatment transmission in the community," the researchers wrote."Interestingly, this study aligns with adult data in which up to 40% of adults may remain asymptomatic in the face of ," Dr.

Roberta DeBiasi and Dr buy generic antabuse. Meghan Delaney, both of Children's National Hospital in Washington, D.C., wrote in an accompanying editorial."In this study, the authors estimate that 85 infected children (93%) would have been missed using a testing strategy focused on testing of symptomatic patients alone," DeBiasi and Delaney wrote, CNN reported.The study was released shortly after the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued new guidelines saying that some people without alcoholism treatment symptoms may not need to buy generic antabuse be tested for the new alcoholism, a policy change that's been criticized by many medical experts and groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics."We know that children often show few or no symptoms of alcoholism treatment.

We also know they are not immune to buy generic antabuse this antabuse, and they can become very sick. Testing exposed individuals buy generic antabuse who may not yet show symptoms of alcoholism treatment is crucial to contact tracing, which helps identify and support other people who are at risk of ," AAP President Dr. Sally Goza said in a statement, CNN reported.Copyright © 2019 HealthDay.

All rights reserved.Latest Allergies buy generic antabuse News MONDAY, Aug. 31, 2020Some fall allergy symptoms mimic those of alcoholism treatment, so seasonal buy generic antabuse allergy sufferers should follow treatment plans and take precautions to avoid any confusion, an expert says."A rise in ragweed tends to mark the informal start of the fall allergy season, which typically begins in mid-August," said Dr. Rachna Shah, an allergist with Loyola Medicine in Maywood, Ill.Along with ragweed, fall allergens include pollen, mold and grass."With alcoholism treatment in the mix and some of the symptoms overlapping [including congestion, runny nose, headaches and throat irritation], it's especially important this year to buy generic antabuse have your preventive allergy treatment plan in place," Shah said in a Loyola news release."Often, when people are feeling well, they will become more lax about following their treatment plans," she added.If you have chronic allergies, you should begin seasonal treatment protocols -- prescriptions, over-the-counter allergy medications and/or steroid nasal sprays -- as soon as possible, "as they may take a week or more to kick in," Shah advised.She also noted that because "allergy symptoms can worsen asthma, causing breathing difficulties, it's important that you have all of your asthma tools.

Make sure that your inhaler is up to date, not expired, that you have additional inhalers and refills on hand, and that you are taking preventive measures."For example, change the timing of outdoor activities on days when allergen levels are particularly high."Pollen counts are highest in the beginning buy generic antabuse of the day -- from dawn until 10 a.m.," Shah said. "Shifting activities to later in the day can help a lot."Also, keeping windows closed and/or rinsing off or changing clothes after being outside can help on high allergen days.If you follow the recommendations and fail to find relief, you may need medical help."Patients who are still suffering from allergy symptoms after adhering to their treatment protocols, taking preventive measures and/or modifying daily activities should be evaluated by a physician," Shah said.Symptoms of fall allergies may include itchy eyes, itchy nose, sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, headaches, ear itching or popping, postnasal drip and throat irritation.-- Robert PreidtCopyright © 2020 HealthDay. All rights reserved buy generic antabuse.

SLIDESHOW Could I Be Allergic?. Discover Your Allergy Triggers See Slideshow References SOURCE. Loyola Medicine, news release..

Can i buy antabuse online

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is http://scaeyc.net/events/locations/ the leading cause of can i buy antabuse online death in women in high-income countries. Most CVD events in women occur after menopause and there is a clear relationship between earlier age at menopause and increased CVD risk. Thus, it seems biologically plausible that the decrease in hormone levels after menopause might be related to CVD can i buy antabuse online risk (figure 1). Yet, the potential role of post-menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in reducing CVD risk in women remains controversial.

In this issue of Heart, Gersh et al1 summarise the pros and cons of MHT and provide a historical overview of MHT studies, highlighting limitations such as inclusion of women with pre-existing heart disease, can i buy antabuse online and the type, dose and timing of MHT. They argue that ‘Human-identical hormones initiated early in menopause appear safe to be continued indefinitely, under close supervision, offering post-menopausal women greater potential for long-term CV health and improved quality of life.’ Of course, ‘Individualised decision-making is a key component of all MHT conversations. Standard CVD can i buy antabuse online risk reduction must be included in all therapeutic plans.’Age-dependent shift in oestrogen levels. Levels of oestrogen decline with age and result in increased visceral fat, higher rates of insulin resistance and an increase in cardiovascular disease." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Age-dependent shift in oestrogen levels.

Levels of oestrogen decline with age and result in increased visceral fat, higher rates of insulin resistance and an increase in cardiovascular disease.In an editorial counterpoint, Thamman2 disagrees with this approach because of the lack of hard clinical CVD endpoints in the more recent data. She concludes can i buy antabuse online. €˜Age at menopause should be taken into account as part of CVD risk stratification. However, using cardioprevention as the justification for MHT is not advisable.’ On the can i buy antabuse online other hand, a recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association leans toward MHT for CVD risk reduction when started within 10 years of menopause, especially in younger women.3 It is more than disappointing that in 2021 there is inadequate scientific evidence to make clear recommendations about CVD risk for a life-stage that all women experience.

Surely those studies are long overdue.Controversy persists regarding the optimal P2Y12 receptor inhibitor for patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (MI). Venetsanos and colleagues4 found no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events at 1 year (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.24) or in bleeding risk (2.5% vs 3.2%, adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22) comparing 2073 patients treated with prasugrel compared with 35 917 treated with ticagrelor after PCI can i buy antabuse online for MI in the SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies) registry4 (figure 2).Cumulative rate of adverse events stratified by treatment. Kaplan-Meier curves present the cumulative rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and net adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (NACCE), stratified by treatment." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Cumulative rate of adverse events stratified by treatment. Kaplan-Meier curves present the cumulative rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and net adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (NACCE), stratified by treatment.In the accompanying can i buy antabuse online editorial, Professor Storey5 provides a detailed comparison of the properties of prasugrel and ticagrelor, reminding us that these agents are preferable to clopidogrel.

He then goes on to discuss potential reasons for the conflicting results reported from the ISAR-REACT-5 (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment-5) trial, suggesting that ‘the most likely explanations for the superior outcomes [in ISAR-REACT-5] in the prasugrel group are (1) worse treatment adherence in patients without diabetes in the ticagrelor group and (2) by chance, numerically fewer non-cardiovascular deaths in the prasugrel group.’ He concludes that the current data from the SWEDEHEART registry ‘provide reassurance about the continued place of ticagrelor in first-line management of patients with ACS managed with PCI.’Also in this issue of Heart is a post hoc analysis from the Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies trial which was discontinued early due to a beneficial effect of rivaroxaban in addition to aspirin in patients with chronic coronary or peripheral artery disease.6 After early termination of the study, the benefit of therapy for incident myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death were lost and there was a higher stroke rate after switching to aspirin alone for participants who originally had been randomised to rivaroxaban in addition to aspirin (figure 3).Outcomes from the time of switching to non-study aspirin until final contact in participants who took study antithrombotic drugs until early stopping (n=14 086). (A) Composite outcome can i buy antabuse online panel. (B) cardiovascular death.

(C) MI can i buy antabuse online. (D) stroke. ASA, aspirin can i buy antabuse online http://msalbasclass.com/2017/12/2774/. MI, myocardial infarction.

RIVA, rivaroxaban." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Outcomes from the time of switching to non-study aspirin until final contact in participants who can i buy antabuse online took study antithrombotic drugs until early stopping (n=14 086). (A) Composite outcome panel. (B) cardiovascular death. (C) MI can i buy antabuse online.

(D) stroke. ASA, aspirin can i buy antabuse online. MI, myocardial infarction. RIVA, rivaroxaban.Darmon and Ducrocq7 address the medical, ethical and can i buy antabuse online regulatory challenges when a study is terminated before approval for continuation of study medication (if effective) has been obtained.

As they conclude. €˜The study by Dagenais et al6 sheds light on the various serious consequences can i buy antabuse online of discontinuing study treatments that were proven effective in randomised clinical trials. It should be seen as a call for developing strategies for management of patients after trial completion, whether it is earlier than expected or scheduled.’The Education in Heart article in this issue summarises the cardiovascular manifestations of systemic inflammatory diseases.8 Advanced cardiac imaging approaches have greatly expanded our understanding of the frequency, type and extent of cardiac involvement in patients with conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune myositis and the vasculitides. A detailed summary table will be invaluable to clinicians, along with imaging examples of cardiac involvement (figure 4).Cardiovascular magnetic resonance from a patient who was 13 weeks into her first pregnancy and presented with chest pain, ECG changes and an elevated troponin.

An angiogram showed unobstructed can i buy antabuse online coronary arteries. The figure shows T2 mapping in panel (A), with high signal (inflammation) in the mid-inferolateral wall. Panel (B) shows the can i buy antabuse online cause of this to be a localised myocardial infarction. The patient went on to have a positive antiphospholipid screen and was started on anticoagulation." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance from a patient who was 13 weeks into her first pregnancy and presented with chest pain, ECG changes and an elevated troponin.

An angiogram showed unobstructed coronary arteries can i buy antabuse online. The figure shows T2 mapping in panel (A), with high signal (inflammation) in the mid-inferolateral wall. Panel (B) shows the cause of this to can i buy antabuse online be a localised myocardial infarction. The patient went on to have a positive antiphospholipid screen and was started on anticoagulation.The Cardiology-in-Focus article in this issue9 provides a concise guide to minimising risk for women, such as cardiology trainees and consultants, who work with radiation during pregnancy and points out that.

€˜A better awareness of radiation protection—with more use of low-dose techniques and protective equipment—would benefit all operators and not just those who are pregnant.’Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required..

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) how to get antabuse tablets is the leading cause of buy generic antabuse death in women in high-income countries. Most CVD events in women occur after menopause and there is a clear relationship between earlier age at menopause and increased CVD risk. Thus, it seems biologically plausible that the buy generic antabuse decrease in hormone levels after menopause might be related to CVD risk (figure 1). Yet, the potential role of post-menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in reducing CVD risk in women remains controversial. In this issue of Heart, Gersh et al1 summarise buy generic antabuse the pros and cons of MHT and provide a historical overview of MHT studies, highlighting limitations such as inclusion of women with pre-existing heart disease, and the type, dose and timing of MHT.

They argue that ‘Human-identical hormones initiated early in menopause appear safe to be continued indefinitely, under close supervision, offering post-menopausal women greater potential for long-term CV health and improved quality of life.’ Of course, ‘Individualised decision-making is a key component of all MHT conversations. Standard CVD risk reduction must be included in all therapeutic buy generic antabuse plans.’Age-dependent shift in oestrogen levels. Levels of oestrogen decline with age and result in increased visceral fat, higher rates of insulin resistance and an increase in cardiovascular disease." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Age-dependent shift in oestrogen levels. Levels of oestrogen decline with age and result in increased visceral fat, higher rates of insulin resistance and an increase in cardiovascular disease.In an editorial counterpoint, Thamman2 disagrees with this approach because of the lack of hard clinical CVD endpoints in the more recent data. She concludes buy generic antabuse.

€˜Age at menopause should be taken into account as part of CVD risk stratification. However, using cardioprevention as the justification for MHT is not advisable.’ On the other hand, a recent scientific statement from the American Heart Association leans toward MHT for CVD risk reduction when started buy generic antabuse within 10 years of menopause, especially in younger women.3 It is more than disappointing that in 2021 there is inadequate scientific evidence to make clear recommendations about CVD risk for a life-stage that all women experience. Surely those studies are long overdue.Controversy persists regarding the optimal P2Y12 receptor inhibitor for patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (MI). Venetsanos and colleagues4 found no difference in major adverse cardiovascular events at 1 year (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.24) or in bleeding risk (2.5% vs 3.2%, adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22) comparing 2073 patients buy generic antabuse treated with prasugrel compared with 35 917 treated with ticagrelor after PCI for MI in the SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web-system for enhancement and development of evidence-based care in heart disease evaluated according to recommended therapies) registry4 (figure 2).Cumulative rate of adverse events stratified by treatment. Kaplan-Meier curves present the cumulative rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and net adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (NACCE), stratified by treatment." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Cumulative rate of adverse events stratified by treatment.

Kaplan-Meier curves present the cumulative rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and net adverse cardiac buy generic antabuse and cerebrovascular events (NACCE), stratified by treatment.In the accompanying editorial, Professor Storey5 provides a detailed comparison of the properties of prasugrel and ticagrelor, reminding us that these agents are preferable to clopidogrel. He then goes on to discuss potential reasons for the conflicting results reported from the ISAR-REACT-5 (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen. Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment-5) trial, suggesting that ‘the most likely explanations for the superior outcomes [in ISAR-REACT-5] in the prasugrel group are (1) worse treatment adherence in patients without diabetes in the ticagrelor group and (2) by chance, numerically fewer non-cardiovascular deaths in the prasugrel group.’ He concludes that the current data from the SWEDEHEART registry ‘provide reassurance about the continued place of ticagrelor in first-line management of patients with ACS managed with PCI.’Also in this issue of Heart is a post hoc analysis from the Cardiovascular Outcomes for People Using Anticoagulation Strategies trial which was discontinued early due to a beneficial effect of rivaroxaban in addition to aspirin in patients with chronic coronary or peripheral artery disease.6 After early termination of the study, the benefit of therapy for incident myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death were lost and there was a higher stroke rate after switching to aspirin alone for participants who originally had been randomised to rivaroxaban in addition to aspirin (figure 3).Outcomes from the time of switching to non-study aspirin until final contact in participants who took study antithrombotic drugs until early stopping (n=14 086). (A) Composite outcome panel buy generic antabuse. (B) cardiovascular death.

(C) MI buy generic antabuse. (D) stroke. ASA, aspirin buy generic antabuse. MI, myocardial infarction. RIVA, rivaroxaban." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Outcomes from the time of switching buy generic antabuse to non-study aspirin until final contact in participants who took study antithrombotic drugs until early stopping (n=14 086).

(A) Composite outcome panel. (B) cardiovascular death. (C) MI buy generic antabuse. (D) stroke. ASA, aspirin buy generic antabuse.

MI, myocardial infarction. RIVA, rivaroxaban.Darmon and Ducrocq7 address the medical, ethical and regulatory challenges when a study is terminated before buy generic antabuse approval for continuation of study medication (if effective) has been obtained. As they conclude. €˜The study by Dagenais et al6 buy generic antabuse sheds light on the various serious consequences of discontinuing study treatments that were proven effective in randomised clinical trials. It should be seen as a call for developing strategies for management of patients after trial completion, whether it is earlier than expected or scheduled.’The Education in Heart article in this issue summarises the cardiovascular manifestations of systemic inflammatory diseases.8 Advanced cardiac imaging approaches have greatly expanded our understanding of the frequency, type and extent of cardiac involvement in patients with conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic sclerosis, autoimmune myositis and the vasculitides.

A detailed summary table will be invaluable to clinicians, along with imaging examples of cardiac involvement (figure 4).Cardiovascular magnetic resonance from a patient who was 13 weeks into her first pregnancy and presented with chest pain, ECG changes and an elevated troponin. An angiogram showed unobstructed coronary buy generic antabuse arteries. The figure shows T2 mapping in panel (A), with high signal (inflammation) in the mid-inferolateral wall. Panel (B) buy generic antabuse shows the cause of this to be a localised myocardial infarction. The patient went on to have a positive antiphospholipid screen and was started on anticoagulation." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Cardiovascular magnetic resonance from a patient who was 13 weeks into her first pregnancy and presented with chest pain, ECG changes and an elevated troponin.

An angiogram buy generic antabuse showed unobstructed coronary arteries. The figure shows T2 mapping in panel (A), with high signal (inflammation) in the mid-inferolateral wall. Panel (B) shows the cause of this to be a localised myocardial infarction buy generic antabuse. The patient went on to have a positive antiphospholipid screen and was started on anticoagulation.The Cardiology-in-Focus article in this issue9 provides a concise guide to minimising risk for women, such as cardiology trainees and consultants, who work with radiation during pregnancy and points out that. €˜A better awareness of radiation protection—with more use of low-dose techniques and protective equipment—would benefit all operators and not just those who are pregnant.’Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required..

Antabuse effects on liver

The risk score was derived from data antabuse effects on liver on 28 055 AF patients treated with apixaban and then tested in 19 569 patients treated with either dabigatran or rivaroxaban. Points were assigned for each identified risk factors and then added to provide an overall score. Male sex (7), anaemia (6), thrombocytopenia (9), antiplatelet therapy (7), hypertension (8), prior major bleeding (5), fall risk (4), low serum cholesterol (0–5) and renal function (0–8). There was a strong relationship between the total risk score and 1 year probably of major antabuse effects on liver bleeding (figure 1).Points-based tool for predicting major bleeding event by 1 year. The histogram refers to the risk score distribution in the cohort.

Each bar represents the proportion of subjects in the cohort that was assigned the relevant score range. The histogram antabuse effects on liver was divided into quartiles. Each quartile was coloured differently. For example, the middle 50% of the cohort had points score between 20 and 30. The 1 year major bleeding probability can be read by the predicted risk blue curve, using the right y-axis antabuse effects on liver.

For example, a points score of 50 is associated with ~6% risk." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 Points-based tool for predicting major bleeding event by 1 year. The histogram refers to the risk score distribution in the cohort. Each bar represents the proportion of subjects in the cohort that was assigned the relevant score range antabuse effects on liver. The histogram was divided into quartiles. Each quartile was coloured differently.

For example, the antabuse effects on liver middle 50% of the cohort had points score between 20 and 30. The 1 year major bleeding probability can be read by the predicted risk blue curve, using the right y-axis. For example, a points score of 50 is associated with ~6% risk.In the accompanying editorial, Morrone and De Caterina2 summarise the numerous previous risk scores for bleeding in patients with AF, pointing out that all have limited predictive values and that the factors that predict risk of bleeding also tend to predict risk of thromboembolic events. Although the proposed new model provides some a somewhat improved risk estimate, older scores have easily remembered acronyms and antabuse effects on liver are practical for daily clinical practice. Still, none of the existing scores is ideal so that continued research to improve outcomes in patients with AF is needed with the goal of minimising thromboembolic risk without increasing bleeding risk.Population based data on disease incidence is needed to inform healthcare policy and planning and, perhaps, might lead to improved preventative strategies.

In a study of heart failure (HF) incidence from 2006 to 2018 in New Zealand, Chan and colleagues3 found that overall HF incidence declined from 403 to 323 per 100 000 between 2006 and 2013. However, overall HF incidence plateaued from 2013 to 2018, with an increase in HF younger (age 20–49 years) individuals offsetting a decline antabuse effects on liver in HF incidence in those age 80 years of age or older (figure 2). The increase in HF incidence in younger individuals occurred despite an overall reduction in the proportion of HF hospitalisation due to ischaemic heart disease from 35% in 2006 to 28% in 2018.Age-standardised and age-specific rates of incident heart failure hospitalisation by history of IHD. Rates are age-standardised to revised 2013 European standard population. Trend lines antabuse effects on liver calculated with joinpoint regression modelling.

IHD, ischaemic heart disease." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Age-standardised and age-specific rates of incident heart failure hospitalisation by history of IHD. Rates are age-standardised to revised 2013 European standard population. Trend lines calculated with joinpoint regression antabuse effects on liver modelling. IHD, ischaemic heart disease.As discussed in an editorial by Nedkoff and Weber,4 the causes of increased HF incidence in younger individuals are unknown. One hypothesis is that the increase in obesity and diabetes is leading to an increased incidence of HF.

Other possible causes include genetic cardiomyopathies, or alcohol and methamphetamine antabuse effects on liver use. Nedkoff and Weber4 point out that the incidence of HF in younger individuals is ‘50 times lower than rates in the oldest age groups. However, in absolute terms, this equates to nearly 600 people annually in the New Zealand population aged <50 years with onset of heart failure, with ongoing substantial risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes and increasing heart failure burden with ageing.’In patients with cardiovascular conditions, the effects and risk of fasting during Ramadan vary with the specific type and severity of disease. In this issue of Heart, Akhtar and colleagues5 provide guidance for classifying patients as antabuse effects on liver low-moderate versus high-very high risk and make recommendations to avoid dehydration, fluid overload or cardiac decompensation due to altered medication dosing schedules during Ramadan (figure 3).Suggested pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan checklist for reviewing patients with cardiovascular conditions. CKD, chronic kidney disease.

DM, diabetes mellitus. IM, intramuscular. S/L, sublingual antabuse effects on liver. U&E, urea and electrolytes. € See figure 1 in this article.

€¡ see references antabuse effects on liver 3, 9, 11–14 in this article. €¡â€¡see table in this article (created with biorender.com)." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Suggested pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan checklist for reviewing patients with cardiovascular conditions. CKD, chronic kidney disease. DM, diabetes antabuse effects on liver mellitus. IM, intramuscular.

S/L, sublingual. U&E, urea antabuse effects on liver and electrolytes. € See figure 1 in this article. €¡ see references 3, 9, 11–14 in this article. €¡â€¡see table in this article (created with biorender.com).The Education in Heart article6 in this issue, discusses the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in treatment of patients with heart failure which complements a state-of-the-art review article on this topic published recently in Heart.7 Two large, randomised, placebo-controlled trials of antabuse effects on liver SGLT2 inhibitors in patients hospitalised for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) demonstrated a reduction in mortality and morbidity as well as symptoms.

Thus, although guideline updates are pending, the authors recommend the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF and provide practical guidance for starting and monitoring therapy (figure 4).Summary of the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF. BP, blood pressure. EGFR, estimated antabuse effects on liver glomerular fiation rate. HFrEF, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. IV, intravenous.

LV, left antabuse effects on liver ventricle. NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Summary of the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF. BP, blood antabuse effects on liver pressure. EGFR, estimated glomerular fiation rate.

HFrEF, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. IV, intravenous antabuse effects on liver. LV, left ventricle. NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.The Cardiology-in-Focus topic8 in this issue focuses on antabuse effects on liver the ethics of allocating scare resources, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during a antabuse or other crisis situation.

The authors conclude that ‘An understanding of the practical constraints of ECMO is essential, as is an appreciation for the strengths and limitations of different ethical perspectives that drive decision-making in resource allocation, particularly the impact of utilitarian-prioritisation on justice and equity.’Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot applicable.Ethics approvalThis study does not involve human participants.Achieving a good balance between the benefit of anticoagulation in preventing thrombotic events and its currently unavoidable risk of bleeding is crucial in patients with any of the indications to oral anticoagulants, including those with atrial fibrillation (AF). For long, the fear of bleeding has resulted in a gross underuse of oral anticoagulants.1 The net clinical benefit of oral anticoagulation in AF and venous thromboembolism has definitely improved with the introduction of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), which—besides being much more convenient, with lesser interaction with food or other medications and usable at fixed dosages not requiring routine coagulation monitoring—are also associated with a clear (50%) lower risk of the most ominous type of bleeding—intracranial haemorrhage—and, to a large extent because of this, with a 10% lower mortality.2Rather than cured, bleeding needs to be prevented, because, when it occurs, it entails the interruption of antithrombotic therapies. Indeed, along with several other reasons such as underlying thromboembolic risk and comorbid conditions, and the risks of transfusion,3 interruption of antithrombotic medications is most likely the best explanation for the tight link between bleeding and the occurrence of thrombotic events.4 Assessing the bleeding risk in AF is therefore certainly not futile for prognostic reasons.

Points were assigned for each identified risk factors and buy generic antabuse then added to provide an overall score. Male sex (7), anaemia (6), thrombocytopenia (9), antiplatelet therapy (7), hypertension (8), prior major bleeding (5), fall risk (4), low serum cholesterol (0–5) and renal function (0–8). There was a strong relationship between the total risk score and 1 year probably of major bleeding (figure 1).Points-based tool for predicting major bleeding event by 1 year. The histogram buy generic antabuse refers to the risk score distribution in the cohort. Each bar represents the proportion of subjects in the cohort that was assigned the relevant score range.

The histogram was divided into quartiles. Each quartile was coloured buy generic antabuse differently. For example, the middle 50% of the cohort had points score between 20 and 30. The 1 year major bleeding probability can be read by the predicted risk blue curve, using the right y-axis. For example, a points score of 50 is associated with ~6% risk." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 1 buy generic antabuse Points-based tool for predicting major bleeding event by 1 year.

The histogram refers to the risk score distribution in the cohort. Each bar represents the proportion of subjects in the cohort that was assigned the relevant score range. The histogram was divided buy generic antabuse into quartiles. Each quartile was coloured differently. For example, the middle 50% of the cohort had points score between 20 and 30.

The 1 year major bleeding probability can be read by the predicted buy generic antabuse risk blue curve, using the right y-axis. For example, a points score of 50 is associated with ~6% risk.In the accompanying editorial, Morrone and De Caterina2 summarise the numerous previous risk scores for bleeding in patients with AF, pointing out that all have limited predictive values and that the factors that predict risk of bleeding also tend to predict risk of thromboembolic events. Although the proposed new model provides some a somewhat improved risk estimate, older scores have easily remembered acronyms and are practical for daily clinical practice. Still, none of the existing scores is ideal so that continued research to improve outcomes in patients with AF is needed with the goal of minimising thromboembolic risk without increasing bleeding risk.Population based data on disease incidence is needed to inform healthcare policy and planning buy generic antabuse and, perhaps, might lead to improved preventative strategies. In a study of heart failure (HF) incidence from 2006 to 2018 in New Zealand, Chan and colleagues3 found that overall HF incidence declined from 403 to 323 per 100 000 between 2006 and 2013.

However, overall HF incidence plateaued from 2013 to 2018, with an increase in HF younger (age 20–49 years) individuals offsetting a decline in HF incidence in those age 80 years of age or older (figure 2). The increase in HF incidence in younger individuals occurred despite an overall reduction in the proportion of HF hospitalisation due to ischaemic heart disease from 35% in buy generic antabuse 2006 to 28% in 2018.Age-standardised and age-specific rates of incident heart failure hospitalisation by history of IHD. Rates are age-standardised to revised 2013 European standard population. Trend lines calculated with joinpoint regression modelling. IHD, ischaemic heart disease." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 2 Age-standardised and age-specific buy generic antabuse rates of incident heart failure hospitalisation by history of IHD.

Rates are age-standardised to revised 2013 European standard population. Trend lines calculated with joinpoint regression modelling. IHD, ischaemic heart disease.As discussed in an editorial by Nedkoff and Weber,4 the causes of increased HF incidence in younger individuals buy generic antabuse are unknown. One hypothesis is that the increase in obesity and diabetes is leading to an increased incidence of HF. Other possible causes include genetic cardiomyopathies, or alcohol and methamphetamine use.

Nedkoff and Weber4 point out that the incidence of HF in younger individuals is ‘50 times lower than rates buy generic antabuse in the oldest age groups. However, in absolute terms, this equates to nearly 600 people annually in the New Zealand population aged <50 years with onset of heart failure, with ongoing substantial risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes and increasing heart failure burden with ageing.’In patients with cardiovascular conditions, the effects and risk of fasting during Ramadan vary with the specific type and severity of disease. In this issue of Heart, Akhtar and colleagues5 provide guidance for classifying patients as low-moderate versus high-very high risk and make recommendations to avoid dehydration, fluid overload or cardiac decompensation due to altered medication dosing schedules during Ramadan (figure 3).Suggested pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan checklist for reviewing patients with cardiovascular conditions. CKD, chronic kidney disease buy generic antabuse. DM, diabetes mellitus.

IM, intramuscular. S/L, sublingual. U&E, urea buy generic antabuse and electrolytes. € See figure 1 in this article. €¡ see references 3, 9, 11–14 in this article.

€¡â€¡see table in this article buy generic antabuse (created with biorender.com)." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 3 Suggested pre-Ramadan and post-Ramadan checklist for reviewing patients with cardiovascular conditions. CKD, chronic kidney disease. DM, diabetes mellitus. IM, intramuscular buy generic antabuse. S/L, sublingual.

U&E, urea and electrolytes. € See figure 1 in this buy generic antabuse article. €¡ see references 3, 9, 11–14 in this article. €¡â€¡see table in this article (created with biorender.com).The Education in Heart article6 in this issue, discusses the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in treatment of patients with heart failure which complements a state-of-the-art review article on this topic published recently in Heart.7 Two large, randomised, placebo-controlled trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients hospitalised for HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) demonstrated a reduction in mortality and morbidity as well as symptoms. Thus, although guideline updates are pending, the authors recommend the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF and provide practical guidance for starting and monitoring buy generic antabuse therapy (figure 4).Summary of the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF.

BP, blood pressure. EGFR, estimated glomerular fiation rate. HFrEF, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction buy generic antabuse. IV, intravenous. LV, left ventricle.

NT-proBNP, N-terminal buy generic antabuse prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus." data-icon-position data-hide-link-title="0">Figure 4 Summary of the benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HFrEF. BP, blood pressure. EGFR, estimated buy generic antabuse glomerular fiation rate. HFrEF, heart failure and reduced ejection fraction.

IV, intravenous. LV, left buy generic antabuse ventricle. NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of B-type natriuretic peptide. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.The Cardiology-in-Focus topic8 in this issue focuses on the ethics of allocating scare resources, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during a antabuse or other crisis situation. The authors conclude that ‘An understanding of the practical constraints of ECMO is essential, as is an appreciation for the strengths and limitations of different ethical perspectives that drive decision-making in resource allocation, particularly the impact of utilitarian-prioritisation on justice and equity.’Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot applicable.Ethics approvalThis study does not involve human participants.Achieving a good balance between the benefit of anticoagulation in preventing thrombotic events and its currently unavoidable risk of bleeding is crucial in patients with any of the indications to buy generic antabuse oral anticoagulants, including those with atrial fibrillation (AF).

For long, the fear of bleeding has resulted in a gross underuse of oral anticoagulants.1 The net clinical benefit of oral anticoagulation in AF and venous thromboembolism has definitely improved with the introduction of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), which—besides being much more convenient, with lesser interaction with food or other medications and usable at fixed dosages not requiring routine coagulation monitoring—are also associated with a clear (50%) lower risk of the most ominous type of bleeding—intracranial haemorrhage—and, to a large extent because of this, with a 10% lower mortality.2Rather than cured, bleeding needs to be prevented, because, when it occurs, it entails the interruption of antithrombotic therapies. Indeed, along with several other reasons such as underlying thromboembolic risk and comorbid conditions, and the risks of transfusion,3 interruption of antithrombotic medications is most likely the best explanation for the tight link between bleeding and the occurrence of thrombotic events.4 Assessing the bleeding risk in AF is therefore certainly not futile for prognostic reasons. While it has been argued that a high risk of bleeding should not deter ….