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Successful baking requires careful measurement, the female viagra for sale precise mixing https://blog.printpapa.com/cheap-generic-viagra/ of ingredients and an attentive eye while the mixture is in the oven. However, the environment may have an impact on the final product. Humidity, quality of ingredients, type of female viagra for sale oven used and altitude can all mean the difference between a perfect cake and a goopy mess.

Although chlamydia control may seem quite different from baking, there are some important parallels, notably the context in which control programmes are developed, implemented and evaluated. The same inputs and approaches applied in different contexts may produce drastically different results.van Bergen et al1 describe the methods of and female viagra for sale conclusions from addressing the question ‘Where to go to in Chlamydia control?. €™ for the Netherlands in this issue of Sexually Transmitted s.The author and colleagues1 convened a panel that met in November 2019 and discussed expert perspectives on chlamydia control.

This panel considered the interpretation of available evidence on the impact female viagra for sale and/or effectiveness of a variety of testing scenarios. Asymptomatic screening including opportunistic testing of asymptomatic patients in routine healthcare settings, syndromic testing, and at-home specimen collection and/or testing. Their paper reports on a problem analysis and the consensus viewpoint that evolved from this expert meeting, which suggested that future strategies should reduce rather than expand the role of widespread testing for asymptomatic chlamydial s, and therefore the authors conclude that they ‘do not recommend age-based screening and widespread testing for chlamydia in asymptomatic persons in the Netherlands’.1In this thought-provoking paper, van Bergen et al1 focus on female viagra for sale the assessment of three points.

Evidence for prevalence reductions, the rate of severe long-term complications caused by chlamydia and the potential harms of overdiagnoses and overtreatment. They find that all three points argue for the need to reassess and question current practices female viagra for sale. €¦HIV and active TB may skew immune responses to erectile dysfunctionThe HIATUS consortium in South Africa analysed erectile dysfunction specific immunity in 95 patients hospitalised with erectile dysfunction treatment and 38 controls without erectile dysfunction treatment.

One aim was to assess immune responses in a small subset of people with HIV (n=44) and/or active TB female viagra for sale (n=20). People with HIV (66% on antiretroviral therapy) displayed lower CD4 T-cell frequencies than HIV-negative patients, which was associated with lower magnitudes of CD4 T-cell and antibody responses to erectile dysfunction. Among those with both HIV and active TB and those with severe lymphopenia, only a minority had erectile dysfunction female viagra for sale specific responses.

Results suggest that in people with HIV, untreated or poor CD4 reconstitution despite therapy may impede the generation of T cell and/or antibody responses against erectile dysfunction, with a potential aggravating role of active TB. Results illustrate important female viagra for sale reciprocal interactions between s, requiring confirmation in larger cohorts.Riou C, du Bruyn E, Stek C, et al. Relationship of erectile dysfunction-specific CD4 response to erectile dysfunction treatment severity and impact of HIV-1 and tuberculosis co.

J Clin Invest 2021;131:e149125.Systematic review underscores the disproportionately high burden of syphilis among MSMThe WHO Global Health Sector Strategy aims to reduce worldwide incidence of syphilis by 90% between 2018 and 2030.1 To help the global community set priorities, investigators compiled syphilis point prevalence estimates from studies done among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 2000–2020. Data from 275 studies in 77 countries, totalling 606 232 participants, yielded a global pooled prevalence of 7.5% (95% CI 7.0% to 8.0%), ranging regionally from 1.9% (Australia and New Zealand) female viagra for sale to 10.6% (Latin America and the Caribbean). Prevalence was 8.7% versus 5.8% in countries with HIV prevalence among MSM above or below 5%, respectively.

Placing the findings into perspective, WHO previously estimated that female viagra for sale the global syphilis prevalence among all men was 0.51% in 2016,2 which clearly illustrates how syphilis disproportionately affects MSM. Reducing incidence will require high rates of targeted screening and treatment.Tsuboi M, Evans J, Davies EP, et al. Prevalence of syphilis among men female viagra for sale who have sex with men.

A global systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000 to 20. Lancet Glob Health female viagra for sale 2021;9:e1110–e1118.Published in STI—The Editor’s Choice. A survey of MSM in Ireland reveals opportunities for improving knowledge of HIV and STIsPoor knowledge of HIV and STIs is one recognised determinant of risk among MSM.

Using data from a self-completed online national survey available to MSM living in Ireland in 2015, researchers analysed factors associated with having lower knowledge female viagra for sale of HIV and STI transmission, testing and treatment. Among 2905 participants, 1055 (36%) were classed as having lower knowledge (ie, knowing ≤10/13 statements). HIV testing was less common among those with lower knowledge female viagra for sale.

Multiple factors were associated with lower knowledge, notably being aged 18–24 years (vs >40 years), being born in Ireland and not being out to contacts. Knowledge was also lower among female viagra for sale those who never visited a national MSM-specific sexual health promotion website. The findings highlight the need to promote knowledge of HIV and STIs among young MSM and suggest the potential utility of dedicated websites.Carey C, O'Donnell K, Davoren M et al.

Factors associated female viagra for sale with lower knowledge of HIV and STI transmission, testing and treatment among MSM in Ireland. Findings from the MSM Internet Survey Ireland (MISI) 2015. Sex Trans female viagra for sale Infect 2021.

97:351–356.HPV vaccination prevents penile HPV s in MSM and transgender women if administered at age ≤18 yearsTo assess treatment effectiveness against penile HPV s, a cross-sectional study recruited 687 participants aged 18–26 years. Most (97%) self-reported as non-straight male, with a small number (0.9%) identifying as female or transgender female. Using self-collected penile swabs, HPV prevalence was compared in 348 people who self-reported ever female viagra for sale receiving ≥1 dose of the quadrivalent HPV treatment (4vHPV) versus 339 participants with no/unknown vaccination history.

HIV-positive status was reported by 3.7% and 0.6%, respectively. HPV vaccination female viagra for sale administered at >18 years was ineffective, probably reflecting pre-vaccination HPV exposure. In contrast, the adjusted prevalence ratio was 0.15 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.62) among those vaccinated at age ≤18 years relative to those with no/unknown vaccination history, supporting the benefit of early vaccination in highly sexually active populations.Winer RL, Lin J, Querec TD, et al.

Effectiveness of human papillomaviagra (HPV) vaccination female viagra for sale against penile HPV in men who have sex with men and transgender women. J Infect Dis 2021 Jul 28.HPV increases the risk of HIV acquisition in young African womenWhether HPV increases the risk of HIV acquisition remains unclear.3 4 In a substudy of a HIV prophylaxis trial (VOICE) conducted in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe, HPV prevalence in cervicovaginal swabs was retrospectively compared in 138 women who acquired HIV versus 412 controls. While high female viagra for sale in both groups, prevalence was higher in those who acquired HIV.

84% versus 65% for any HPV type, 66% versus 48% for low-risk types and 74% versus 55% for high-risk types (p<0.001). After adjusting for parameters that included sexual history and other STIs, HPV was associated with a 2.6 times higher risk of HIV seroconversion, and the risk increased with the number of female viagra for sale HPV types detected. Expanding HPV vaccination coverage offers the potential added benefit of reducing HIV acquisition.Liu G, Mugo NR, Brown ER, et al.

Prevalent HPV increases female viagra for sale the risk of HIV acquisition in African women. Advancing the argument for HPV immunisation. AIDS 2021 Jun 24.Growing concern of gonococcal strains with reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporinsNeisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) strains associated with treatment failure to ceftriaxone, the female viagra for sale recommended treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhoea, have been reported worldwide.

Investigators conducted a whole genome analysis of 813 NG isolates collected between 2005 and 2017 and analysed results in the global context to characterise circulating lineages in the USA. Results showed distinct female viagra for sale NG lineages with reduced extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) susceptibility, which resulted from repeated importation, clonal expansion and extensive recombination events. Several were long established and persisting in circulation through the years within multiple sexual networks.

The results underline the need for ongoing surveillance of NG susceptibility to ESCs, improved availability of point-of-care antimicrobial susceptibility tests and female viagra for sale development of antimicrobial drugs with novel mechanisms of action.Thomas JC, Joseph SJ, Cartee JC, et al. Phylogenomic analysis reveals persistence of gonococcal strains with reduced-susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and mosaic penA-34. Nat Commun 2021;12:3801.Ethics statementsPatient consent for publicationNot required..

Can you snort viagra

Global health leaders discussed the challenges of climate change http://www.venditebagni.com/cost-of-propecia-generic/ and widening inequality during the closing keynote sssion, 'Climate Change, Social Determinants can you snort viagra of Health. Leading Recovery and Preparing for the Future'.The speakers were Prof Jan Semenza, lead of the Health Determinants Programme, European Centre for Disease can you snort viagra Prevention and Control (ECDC) in Sweden, Professor Prof Sam Shah, founder &. Director, Faculty of Future Health in the UK, Dr Hans Kluge, regional director for Europe, WHO in Denmark and Hal Wolf, president and CEO, HIMSS, US. WHY IT MATTERS HIMSS20 Digital Learn on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions can you snort viagra.

Get Started >>. It is predicted that climate change can you snort viagra will cause around 250,000 additional annual deaths between 2030 and 2050. The combined effect of climate change, and increasing inequality, could lead to a more divided world. This could exacerbate the impact of social and environmental determinants can you snort viagra of health, for example, clean air.

Safe drinking water. Sufficient quantity and quality of can you snort viagra food. Secure shelter. And access to quality health and care services.ON THE can you snort viagra RECORDProfessor Jan Semenza said climate change would impact health.

€œExtreme weather events such as heat or rising sea levels are modulated by a number of vulnerabilities, or factors, such as the human capital in the human population, social capital, financial capital, fiscal capital and natural capital. Exposure can cause injuries, fatalities, drownings, heat- related mortality, morbidity, can you snort viagra displacement. A whole slew of different kinds of risks”. Semenza said a Matched Case Control Study was carried out between 1992 and 2012 in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to determine whether can you snort viagra excess precipitation could mobilise and transport pathogens, leading to water-borne outbreaks.

This showed there was an association between heavy precipitation events and water-borne outbreaks.Dr Hans Kluge, WHO, said. €œThe relationship between health and economic development can you snort viagra and social cohesion, is linked to climate change. An economy of wellbeing is a fair and environmentally friendly society where everyone has his social safety protector and where health does not put on an economic burden but is a job creator.What citizens legitimately, and reasonably, expect from the health authorities is to guarantee the fundamental right to universal health coverage. But for that you can you snort viagra need solidarity.

If solidarity does not come from the heart, it should come from the brain because no-one is safe until everyone is safe”.Hal Wolf, HIMSS, said. €œThe stark realisation from erectile dysfunction treatment is that can you snort viagra borders have nothing to with the spread of disease and no-one is safe until everyone is safe. We do not understand how to bring the most basic healthcare and the most basic service to each and every village, and every country, around the world. We are going to continue to create vulnerabilities that will start someplace else, spread across the borders and really put everyone in jeopardy, so this idea that strong economies will remain strong can you snort viagra and invulnerable to the hardships of individuals, who don’t have the same capabilities, or luxuries, just isn’t true.”He said digital health might help.

€œIt is one of the big equalisers. We will face shortages of primary care physicians and clinicians so we have to create, through digital health, some of those equalisers, which can spread can you snort viagra all the way down to the most basic phone in the most basic village and that’s a positive step forward.“ Professor Sam Shah, faculty of Future Health in the UK also recognised the potential impact of digital to help citizens access services. However, he questioned whether the right technology was reaching the right people but concluded that the digital divide was “probably just a transitory state”. However, he can you snort viagra warned that wider society was becoming increasingly divided.

€œerectile dysfunction treatment, if anything, has exacerbated, highlighted and exposed the widening of inequalities in society. The gap between those who have can you snort viagra and those who have not. The results of this are very different, in everything from life expectancy, outcomes and access to services.”Shah said that climate change could cause a range of problems such as respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, injuries, and premature death. He also believed it would have an impact on can you snort viagra mental health and wellbeing.

He said the wider social determinants of health, such as education, employment and housing, could significantly affect health, particularly mental health.Access sessions from the HIMSS &. Health 2.0 European Digital Conference 'On Demand' and find all the latest news and deveopments from the event here.Hyland, a Westlake, Ohio-based content services and enterprise imaging technology vendor, signed a definitive agreement to acquire content services platform Alfresco this week.The move follows Hyland's acquisition of German robotic process automation software developer Another Monday this past month."We continue to grow our business and advance our platform organically and via acquisitions," said Bill Priemer, president and CEO of Hyland, in a statement.WHY IT MATTERSHyland, which provides content services for a variety of industries – including financial services, government, higher education, insurance and healthcare – has products in use at more than half of Fortune 100 companies, says the vendor.Its cloud-based, SaaS can you snort viagra platform includes security features such as version control, data classification and at-rest data encryption, according to the company's website.Expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2020, Alfresco's entire business of cloud-native content services solutions for enterprises with large volumes of unstructured content will likely be managed under Hyland."With this acquisition Alfresco brings significant geographic and industry experience to Hyland as well as an open source community as a new source of product innovation," said Jay Bhatt, president and CEO of Alfresco. Another Monday, meanwhile, houses four complementary software products for automation, including tools for automatic process documentation, development, conduction and monitoring."The RPA market is an exciting and challenging space with rapid growth and a vast number of possible applications that organizations can easily combine and integrate for better and more flexible business processes support," said Hans Martens, CEO of Another Monday, in a statement."We see Hyland as the best fit to embed our RPA technology into their powerful automation platform, to truly implement easy, end-to-end automation for everyone," Martens continued.Hyland also this past month announced new enhancements to its platform, including updated mobile capabilities and an improved upgrade process.THE LARGER TRENDSusan deCathelineau, senior vice president of healthcare sales and services at Hyland, told Healthcare IT News earlier this year that unstructured information – such as clinical documents, narratives, consents and images – has largely been overlooked when it comes to interoperability concerns. She also pointed to artificial can you snort viagra intelligence as a needed complement to physicians overwhelmed by data and noted that moving to the cloud was an essential shift for the healthcare industry."The hesitancy that used to surround cloud adoption in healthcare now is being replaced by the realization of its ultimate inevitability.

Once again, this shift in mindset largely has to do with data overload," she said.Hyland had at the time recently acquired the blockchain-credentialing vendor LearningMachine, another in a string of acquisitions dating back years.ON THE RECORD"This acquisition will expand our global reach, enabling us to help more organizations achieve their digital transformation goals and become more informed, empowered and connected," said Priemer in a statement. Kat Jercich is senior editor of can you snort viagra Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.With the can you snort viagra increasing spread of erectile dysfunction treatment s, the governor of Arizona declared a moratorium on “elective surgeries” on March 19, 2020, in order to conserve hospital PPE supplies and build capacity for potential erectile dysfunction treatment patients needing hospitalization.The moratorium lasted for six weeks and was finally lifted on May 1, 2020.

The end of the suspension resulted in a backlog of more than can you snort viagra 3,000 surgical procedures at Phoenix Children’s Hospital.THE PROBLEM HIMSS20 Digital Learn on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions. Get Started >>. “While can you snort viagra it is true that elective surgeries are typically nonurgent, many of these are medically necessary and important for a child’s health and well-being,” explained Dr. Vinay Vaidya, chief medical information officer at Phoenix Children’s Hospital.“Besides the delay in surgery for the patient, deferring all elective surgeries put a major financial strain on hospitals across the country.

The challenge we had to address was how to resume the thousands of deferred surgeries, in addition to the new surgeries that were being added each day.”These operations needed to can you snort viagra be conducted in a timely and efficient manner while ensuring utmost safety for patients and healthcare providers. The scheduling of surgeries is a complex process that involves many players and requires a series of sequential and interdependent actions. The erectile dysfunction treatment viagra added magnitudes of complexity to each step in this process.“This was an unprecedented situation that needed coordination across our entire system of care, from executive leadership to surgeons, anesthesiologists, nursing staff, operating room staff, schedulers, and ultimately patients and their families,” Vaidya said.“We needed to build a common communication highway, based on information technology, that would provide real-time visibility through the entire scheduling process, and to all stakeholders.”PROPOSALOnce can you snort viagra the moratorium on elective surgeries was lifted, the process of rescheduling the backlog of more than 3,000 cases could begin.Clearly, what was needed was much more than simply throwing additional scheduling staff to work through the backlog one patient at a time, Vaidya said. Amidst a viagra, staff had to rewrite the rules of how a surgical scheduling process would unfold.“Based on our previous experience of successfully using information technology in general, and data analytic dashboards in particular, it was evident at the very outset that we would need a similar approach to address the complex logistics,” he said.

€œThe solution to resuming these surgeries was the development of a proprietary dashboard, which could facilitate the entire triage of operations.”MEETING THE CHALLENGEGiven the challenges posed by erectile dysfunction treatment, it was important can you snort viagra to take into consideration a number of factors such as. The type of surgery, medical necessity and need for hospital/ICU stay, Vaidya explained. These elements needed to be balanced with the availability of PPE, adequate staffing, general and ICU bed availability, and ventilator availability, while ensuring the highest standards of safety for patients and hospital staff.“Using a careful and well-planned approach, a surgical can you snort viagra prioritization was developed and uniformly communicated to all surgical teams,” Vaidya said. €œTo support the assignment of surgical priority for 3,000-plus cases, a new dashboard was created.

This technology allowed each surgeon to review all their respective cases, and rapidly assign a priority of high, can you snort viagra medium or low to all the backlogged cases, as well as new cases.”As this data was captured electronically, it was used to feed a separate dashboard created specifically for the schedulers, who found it easy to work through the list, based on surgical priority. This significantly improved the efficiency of the process, allowing staff to schedule a much higher number of patients each day than previously possible."The technology allowed for synergies across the enterprise in addressing the multifaceted challenges of resuming these operations."Dr. Vinay Vaidya, Phoenix can you snort viagra Children’s Hospital“For those patients who were successfully scheduled for surgery, it was mandatory to test them for erectile dysfunction treatment in the 72 hours preceding the date of surgery,” Vaidya noted.“This process was also facilitated using the dashboard, which displayed the patients who were scheduled for erectile dysfunction treatment testing, those who completed the test, and those who tested negative and were finally cleared for surgery. It also identified patients who tested positive for erectile dysfunction treatment and needed to have their surgeries postponed.”The entire end-to-end electronic process provided a single enterprise-wide view that allowed streamlined tracking of the patient throughout the multiple steps, not unlike that of an Amazon package, right from ordering to final delivery, Vaidya described.“This also obviated the need for inefficient and time-consuming internal communication via emails, phone calls and spreadsheets between the surgeons, operating room staff and the schedulers,” Vaidya said.

€œThe dashboard thus became the de facto central hub and the single source of truth, updated in real time, and extensively used across the entire organization, from the frontline staff right up to senior leadership.”Vaidya can you snort viagra added that it is important to point out that the hospital was able to accomplish all of this very quickly.“We already had in place an existing robust data warehouse structure that was receiving feeds from almost every information system used in the hospital, including live feeds from our EHR,” he said. €œIn addition, much of the data needed for the dashboards had already been prepackaged into ready-to-use analysis cubes that had been previously built for other surgical projects preceding erectile dysfunction treatment.”Finally, a couple of data analysts who were already proficient in rapidly building visually informative, interactive, actionable dashboards using Microsoft’s Power BI software, were able to deliver the dashboards in record time.RESULTSThe one success metric of this project that stands out is that the hospital was not only able to catch up quickly on the backlog of surgeries, but actually ended up performing 166 more surgeries in June and July of this year, compared with the same period last year – 4,199 versus 4,033 – Vaidya reported. This volume speaks to the can you snort viagra approach. An extensive use of data, analytics and dashboards to support every stage of the process, from surgeon prioritization to scheduling, testing and finally surgery, he added.“Among the numerous types of surgeries performed during this challenging period, it is worth highlighting the results of our surgical volumes for two very complex surgeries,” he said.“Phoenix Children’s Hospital is nationally recognized as a center of excellence, and draws patients from all across the country for Pectus surgery, done to correct chest wall deformities, and Scoliosis surgery, to correct abnormal spine curvature.

Both are complex, long-duration surgeries that require a hospital stay, and are often planned months in advance to coincide with school summer break.”In the case of Scoliosis surgery, the hospital succeeded in performing more surgeries this year during May through August compared with the same period last year, can you snort viagra 95 versus 91. The results for Pectus repair surgery were even more noteworthy. The surgical teams outperformed by 41% the number can you snort viagra of surgeries performed this year from May to August compared with the same period last year, 72 versus 51.“The technology allowed for synergies across the enterprise in addressing the multifaceted challenges of resuming these operations,” Vaidya said. €œThroughout this project, given that patient and provider safety was our highest priority, it is important to point out that no surgeon or anesthesiologist has tested positive for erectile dysfunction treatment since surgery restarted – a testament to extensive safety protocols that were supported by dashboard usage at every stage.”ADVICE FOR OTHERSThe success of this project no doubt depended on the collaboration and cooperation of many different teams, Vaidya said.

However, its foundation was built upon the optimum use of data analytics, and dashboard technology, to provide precise, real-time, actionable information to all the key players, can you snort viagra he added.“Fortunately, most hospitals and health systems have developed their electronic capabilities over the last 10 years and are sitting on a trove of data,” he said.“Ensuring that the multiple, often disparate, information systems in a hospital setting all feed their data to a common data warehouse platform allows for optimum use of this data,” he explained. €œMining the data, and providing it to frontline users via intuitive interfaces, turns it into actionable intelligence that produces results.“As IT professionals, we have been promising our health providers that data can be used to produce higher quality outcomes,” he added. €œUsing technology in the resumption of surgeries is a perfect can you snort viagra example of delivering on this promise.”Twitter. @SiwickiHealthITEmail the writer.

Bsiwicki@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.A woman living in Woodstock, New York, has filed suit against HealthAlliance Hospital and the information management vendor Ciox Health for allegedly declining to release her deceased husband's electronic health can you snort viagra records in a non-paper format.The lawyer for the plaintiff, Sherry Russell, said that HealthAlliance Hospital's Broadway campus (formerly known as Kingston Hospital) has repeatedly directed her to Ciox for the records, which in turn allegedly told her she will have to pay 75 cents a page for photocopied paper versions."The maximum charge for electronic medical records under federal law is $6.50," said Russell's lawyer, John Fisher, in an interview with Healthcare IT News. "But if they charge for the paper copy of the records, it could be thousands of dollars." According to a 2016 guidance from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HIPAA-covered entities can you snort viagra and business associates should either charge $6.50 to fulfill a record request or calculate fees based on the labor cost of doing so.Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lifted that cap on fees when it comes to organizations charging third parties, such as law firms, when releasing copies of electronic records.

The fee can you snort viagra cap for patients, however, remains in place. Fisher says that Russell's alleged treatment is a violation of the HITECH Act, which – among other provisions – requires HIPAA-covered entities to provide patients with an electronic copy of their records. According to Fisher, after the death of Russell's husband, Charlie, in October 2019, she requested his electronic health records in order to file a separate malpractice can you snort viagra lawsuit against the hospital. Without the records, said Fisher, Russell cannot identify the physician involved in her husband's care.

Ciox said that it could not comment on can you snort viagra pending litigation. The Westchester Medical Health Network, of which HealthAlliance is a part, said it did not comment on ongoing litigation. WHY IT MATTERSAccording to Fisher, in March 2017, Charlie Russell underwent a chest can you snort viagra X-ray as part of a routine procedure. That X-ray showed a mass in his lung, but as Fisher told Healthcare IT News, neither Russell nor his wife were informed of it.

The can you snort viagra next March, Fisher said, Russell went in for another chest X-ray. This time, doctors found can you snort viagra a six-centimeter mass in his lung. Further imaging showed cancer in his brain and liver.Sherry Russell believes her husband's cancer could have been treated sooner, had the mass been identified and communicated about in 2017. She is planning to file a medical malpractice lawsuit can you snort viagra.

The deadline to sue is September 14, said Fisher, but Russell is relying on the electronic health records for her case. Fisher said he has other clients with similar experiences at HealthAlliance concerning their records, and can you snort viagra that clients whose cases qualify could join onto Russell's class-action suit filed this past week. "We know firsthand that there are others" that have experienced problems obtaining their electronic health records, said Fisher. THE LARGER TREND The HIPAA Privacy Right Rule of Access guarantees patient access to physical or digital copies of healthcare records – and noncompliant health can you snort viagra systems can face hefty fines.

In 2019, Bayfront Health St. Petersburg had to pay the HHS Office of Civil Rights $85,000 and promise remediation after failing to give a pregnant woman timely access to her medical records.Meanwhile, Ciox can you snort viagra has been at the center of a number of lawsuits concerning the costs of electronic health records. In 2018, the company sued HHS over the $6.50 flat fee Fisher invoked, saying that it "bears no rational relationship to the actual costs associated with processing such requests." HHS, in turn, said that it couldn't actually enforce that flat fee against Ciox, because Ciox is a business associate, not a covered entity.This lawsuit eventually led to the agency lifting the cap on fees for third-party organizations' requests for records. And last year, Ciox Health can you snort viagra and the Wisconsin-based Aurora Health paid $35.4 million to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the companies of overcharging for records requests.Studies have shown other hospitals not complying with the HHS-recommended $6.50, with one reportedly charging more than $500 for a 200-page record.

ON THE RECORD HealthAlliance, said Fisher, is "stonewalling our client and affecting her ability to bring a lawsuit." Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.While some of the more obvious barriers to digital therapeutics adoption in Europe have come crashing down recently, adoption is still hampered by cultural momentum. That was the conclusion of a group of digital therapeutics stakeholders who presented at HIMSS &.

Health 2.0 Europe Digital Event today, in a session moderated by YourCoach Health chairman and COO Eugene Borukhovich.“Once a product is CE Marked, has all the clinical evidence, has gone through even an HTA process, that even isn’t enough,” said Jessica Shull, European lead at the Digital Therapeutics Alliance. €œSo what we’re looking at is countries where there are these frameworks, products have been approved, they’ve been shown to be effective, they’ve even been shown to have healthy economic data, but physicians still aren’t prescribing at the rates that we would hope.”A number of European governments have rolled-out the red carpet for digital therapeutics, including Germany, which has announced broad reimbursement for digital therapeutics. HIMSS20 DigitalLearn on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions. Get Started >>.

€œAll eyes are on Germany,” Borukhovich said. €œThere’s a lot of entrepreneurs and large companies that are saying ‘Cool, we’re going to get reimbursed, let’s hop on over to Germany.’ But I know the picture’s not that simple.”“That’s what we wanted,” Julia Hagen, director, regulatory and politics, at Health Innovation Hub. €œWe want to attract great digital solutions to the German healthcare system. So yes, welcome.

Come on over.”The rest of the panelists represented people who either used or made digital therapeutics. Ken Cahill, CEO of digital mental health company SilverCloud, Alejandro Suero, whose company ReHand offers a digital therapeutic for physical rehab for hand injuries, and Dr César Morcillo Serra, medical director of internal medicine at Sanitas Digital Hospital.Panelists agreed on two major takeaways for how to improve adoption of digital therapeutics. The need to integrate these new devices into old workflows and processes and the importance of working with providers.“Digital transformation must focus on the patient and the healthcare professionals, because as you know people and culture are the main barrier for this kind of transformation,” Serra said. €œWe must focus on how to prescribe these digital tools to help our patients.

Everything must help with these workflows — not giving us more work, but trying to help us.”As such, Serra encouraged digital therapeutics innovators to focus on chronic conditions, which take up so much of the time of physicians like him.Suero’s chosen focus — hand injuries, are a $5.8 billion per year problem, he said, and one that doesn’t lend itself well to the intermittent contact of traditional medicine.To bring providers on board, Shull shared that the DtX alliance is working with medical societies as well as creating webinars and continuing education opportunities. Cahill has another approach. SilverCloud has found success by getting them invested first as patients.“One of the most powerful workstreams is to deploy the programme within the health system’s own staff,” he said. €œThey’re one of the most heavily challenged workforces that are out there in terms of stigma for mental healthcare, in terms of actually being able to take time away and go and do it.

So them almost taking their own medicine has been a huge way of creating champions within these organisations.”Panelists warned that there are other challenges still awaiting digital therapeutics beyond adoption."The ongoing challenge of EHR interoperability, for instance, will impact the long-term success of digital health and digital therapeutics," Shull said. "Because of the influx of data digital health products can produce, most legacy EHR systems aren't yet enabled to incorporate data from several sources at once.”Additionally, building a clinical evidence base is no small thing, Suero and Cahill said.“The challenge in terms of building that evidence base is to build it in the right way,” Cahill said. If you are building an evidence-base, it has to mirror what the protocol design was, what the research design was. It may seem simple, but in fact it’s reasonably complicated.

€¦ We’ve got five active randomised control trials today even though we’re 10 years out [of launch]. That will be one of the biggest challenges for us to show that proof.”But one thing is for sure. It’s time to move beyond the rudimentary conversations about digital therapeutics and get into the nitty-gritty.“I want to see real discussion, not about the broad ‘Should we have a data privacy discussion?. €™, but I want to get the discussion to the level where it’s about the medical application and its effects and not this general digital health blah blah is it great or not and can we stop it?.

€ Hagen said. €œNo, we can’t.”Register now to attend the HIMSS &. Health 2.0 European Digital Conference and keep up with the latest news and deveopments from the event here..

Global health leaders discussed the challenges Cost of propecia generic of climate change and widening inequality during the closing female viagra for sale keynote sssion, 'Climate Change, Social Determinants of Health. Leading Recovery and Preparing for the Future'.The speakers were Prof Jan Semenza, lead of the Health Determinants Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) female viagra for sale in Sweden, Professor Prof Sam Shah, founder &. Director, Faculty of Future Health in the UK, Dr Hans Kluge, regional director for Europe, WHO in Denmark and Hal Wolf, president and CEO, HIMSS, US.

WHY IT MATTERS HIMSS20 female viagra for sale Digital Learn on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions. Get Started >>. It is predicted that climate change will cause around 250,000 additional annual deaths between 2030 and 2050 female viagra for sale.

The combined effect of climate change, and increasing inequality, could lead to a more divided world. This could female viagra for sale exacerbate the impact of social and environmental determinants of health, for example, clean air. Safe drinking water.

Sufficient quantity and quality of female viagra for sale food. Secure shelter. And access female viagra for sale to quality health and care services.ON THE RECORDProfessor Jan Semenza said climate change would impact health.

€œExtreme weather events such as heat or rising sea levels are modulated by a number of vulnerabilities, or factors, such as the human capital in the human population, social capital, financial capital, fiscal capital and natural capital. Exposure can cause female viagra for sale injuries, fatalities, drownings, heat- related mortality, morbidity, displacement. A whole slew of different kinds of risks”.

Semenza said a Matched Case Control Study was carried out between 1992 and 2012 in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden to determine whether excess precipitation female viagra for sale could mobilise and transport pathogens, leading to water-borne outbreaks. This showed there was an association between heavy precipitation events and water-borne outbreaks.Dr Hans Kluge, WHO, said. €œThe relationship between health and economic development female viagra for sale and social cohesion, is linked to climate change.

An economy of wellbeing is a fair and environmentally friendly society where everyone has his social safety protector and where health does not put on an economic burden but is a job creator.What citizens legitimately, and reasonably, expect from the health authorities is to guarantee the fundamental right to universal health coverage. But for that you need solidarity female viagra for sale. If solidarity does not come from the heart, it should come from the brain because no-one is safe until everyone is safe”.Hal Wolf, HIMSS, said.

€œThe stark realisation from erectile dysfunction treatment is that borders have nothing to with the female viagra for sale spread of disease and no-one is safe until everyone is safe. We do not understand how to bring the most basic healthcare and the most basic service to each and every village, and every country, around the world. We are going to continue to create vulnerabilities that will start someplace else, spread across the borders and really put everyone in jeopardy, so this idea that strong economies will remain strong and invulnerable to the hardships of individuals, who don’t have the same capabilities, or luxuries, just isn’t true.”He female viagra for sale said digital health might help.

€œIt is one of the big equalisers. We will face shortages of primary care physicians and clinicians female viagra for sale so we have to create, through digital health, some of those equalisers, which can spread all the way down to the most basic phone in the most basic village and that’s a positive step forward.“ Professor Sam Shah, faculty of Future Health in the UK also recognised the potential impact of digital to help citizens access services. However, he questioned whether the right technology was reaching the right people but concluded that the digital divide was “probably just a transitory state”.

However, he warned that wider society was becoming increasingly female viagra for sale divided. €œerectile dysfunction treatment, if anything, has exacerbated, highlighted and exposed the widening of inequalities in society. The gap between those female viagra for sale who have and those who have not.

The results of this are very different, in everything from life expectancy, outcomes and access to services.”Shah said that climate change could cause a range of problems such as respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease, injuries, and premature death. He also believed it would have an impact on mental female viagra for sale health and wellbeing. He said the wider social determinants of health, such as education, employment and housing, could significantly affect health, particularly mental health.Access sessions from the HIMSS &.

Health 2.0 European Digital Conference 'On Demand' and find all the latest news and deveopments from the event here.Hyland, a Westlake, Ohio-based content services and enterprise imaging technology vendor, signed a definitive agreement to acquire content services platform Alfresco this week.The move follows Hyland's acquisition of German robotic process automation software developer Another Monday this past month."We continue to grow our business and advance our platform organically and via acquisitions," said Bill Priemer, president and CEO of Hyland, in a statement.WHY IT MATTERSHyland, which provides content services for a variety of industries – including financial services, government, higher education, insurance and healthcare – has products female viagra for sale in use at more than half of Fortune 100 companies, says the vendor.Its cloud-based, SaaS platform includes security features such as version control, data classification and at-rest data encryption, according to the company's website.Expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2020, Alfresco's entire business of cloud-native content services solutions for enterprises with large volumes of unstructured content will likely be managed under Hyland."With this acquisition Alfresco brings significant geographic and industry experience to Hyland as well as an open source community as a new source of product innovation," said Jay Bhatt, president and CEO of Alfresco. Another Monday, meanwhile, houses four complementary software products for automation, including tools for automatic process documentation, development, conduction and monitoring."The RPA market is an exciting and challenging space with rapid growth and a vast number of possible applications that organizations can easily combine and integrate for better and more flexible business processes support," said Hans Martens, CEO of Another Monday, in a statement."We see Hyland as the best fit to embed our RPA technology into their powerful automation platform, to truly implement easy, end-to-end automation for everyone," Martens continued.Hyland also this past month announced new enhancements to its platform, including updated mobile capabilities and an improved upgrade process.THE LARGER TRENDSusan deCathelineau, senior vice president of healthcare sales and services at Hyland, told Healthcare IT News earlier this year that unstructured information – such as clinical documents, narratives, consents and images – has largely been overlooked when it comes to interoperability concerns. She also pointed to artificial intelligence as a needed complement to physicians overwhelmed by data and noted that moving to the cloud was an essential shift for the healthcare industry."The hesitancy that used to female viagra for sale surround cloud adoption in healthcare now is being replaced by the realization of its ultimate inevitability.

Once again, this shift in mindset largely has to do with data overload," she said.Hyland had at the time recently acquired the blockchain-credentialing vendor LearningMachine, another in a string of acquisitions dating back years.ON THE RECORD"This acquisition will expand our global reach, enabling us to help more organizations achieve their digital transformation goals and become more informed, empowered and connected," said Priemer in a statement. Kat Jercich female viagra for sale is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter. @kjercichEmail.

Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.With the increasing spread of erectile dysfunction treatment s, the governor of Arizona declared a moratorium on “elective surgeries” on March 19, 2020, in order to conserve hospital PPE supplies and build capacity for female viagra for sale potential erectile dysfunction treatment patients needing hospitalization.The moratorium lasted for six weeks and was finally lifted on May 1, 2020. The end of the suspension resulted in a backlog of more than 3,000 surgical procedures at Phoenix Children’s Hospital.THE PROBLEM HIMSS20 Digital Learn female viagra for sale on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions. Get Started >>.

“While it is true that elective surgeries are typically nonurgent, many of these are medically necessary and important for a child’s health and well-being,” explained Dr female viagra for sale. Vinay Vaidya, chief medical information officer at Phoenix Children’s Hospital.“Besides the delay in surgery for the patient, deferring all elective surgeries put a major financial strain on hospitals across the country. The challenge we had to address was how to resume the thousands of deferred surgeries, in addition to female viagra for sale the new surgeries that were being added each day.”These operations needed to be conducted in a timely and efficient manner while ensuring utmost safety for patients and healthcare providers.

The scheduling of surgeries is a complex process that involves many players and requires a series of sequential and interdependent actions. The erectile dysfunction treatment viagra added magnitudes of complexity to each step in this process.“This was an unprecedented situation that needed coordination across our entire system of care, from executive leadership to surgeons, anesthesiologists, nursing staff, operating room staff, schedulers, and ultimately patients and their families,” Vaidya said.“We needed to build a common communication highway, based on information technology, that would provide real-time visibility through the entire scheduling process, and to all stakeholders.”PROPOSALOnce the moratorium on elective surgeries was lifted, the process of rescheduling the backlog of more than 3,000 cases could begin.Clearly, what was needed was much more than simply throwing additional scheduling staff to work through the backlog one patient at female viagra for sale a time, Vaidya said. Amidst a viagra, staff had to rewrite the rules of how a surgical scheduling process would unfold.“Based on our previous experience of successfully using information technology in general, and data analytic dashboards in particular, it was evident at the very outset that we would need a similar approach to address the complex logistics,” he said.

€œThe solution to female viagra for sale resuming these surgeries was the development of a proprietary dashboard, which could facilitate the entire triage of operations.”MEETING THE CHALLENGEGiven the challenges posed by erectile dysfunction treatment, it was important to take into consideration a number of factors such as. The type of surgery, medical necessity and need for hospital/ICU stay, Vaidya explained. These elements needed to be balanced with the availability of PPE, adequate staffing, general and ICU bed availability, and ventilator availability, while ensuring female viagra for sale the highest standards of safety for patients and hospital staff.“Using a careful and well-planned approach, a surgical prioritization was developed and uniformly communicated to all surgical teams,” Vaidya said.

€œTo support the assignment of surgical priority for 3,000-plus cases, a new dashboard was created. This technology allowed each surgeon to review all their respective cases, and rapidly assign a priority of high, medium or low to all the backlogged cases, as well as new cases.”As this data was captured electronically, it was used to feed a separate dashboard created female viagra for sale specifically for the schedulers, who found it easy to work through the list, based on surgical priority. This significantly improved the efficiency of the process, allowing staff to schedule a much higher number of patients each day than previously possible."The technology allowed for synergies across the enterprise in addressing the multifaceted challenges of resuming these operations."Dr.

Vinay Vaidya, Phoenix Children’s Hospital“For those patients who were successfully scheduled for surgery, it was mandatory to test them for erectile dysfunction treatment in the 72 hours preceding the date of surgery,” female viagra for sale Vaidya noted.“This process was also facilitated using the dashboard, which displayed the patients who were scheduled for erectile dysfunction treatment testing, those who completed the test, and those who tested negative and were finally cleared for surgery. It also identified patients who tested positive for erectile dysfunction treatment and needed to have their surgeries postponed.”The entire end-to-end electronic process provided a single enterprise-wide view that allowed streamlined tracking of the patient throughout the multiple steps, not unlike that of an Amazon package, right from ordering to final delivery, Vaidya described.“This also obviated the need for inefficient and time-consuming internal communication via emails, phone calls and spreadsheets between the surgeons, operating room staff and the schedulers,” Vaidya said. €œThe dashboard thus became the de facto central hub and the single source of truth, updated in real time, and extensively used across the entire organization, from the frontline staff right up to senior leadership.”Vaidya added that it is important to point out that the hospital was able to accomplish all of this very quickly.“We already had in place an existing robust data female viagra for sale warehouse structure that was receiving feeds from almost every information system used in the hospital, including live feeds from our EHR,” he said.

€œIn addition, much of the data needed for the dashboards had already been prepackaged into ready-to-use analysis cubes that had been previously built for other surgical projects preceding erectile dysfunction treatment.”Finally, a couple of data analysts who were already proficient in rapidly building visually informative, interactive, actionable dashboards using Microsoft’s Power BI software, were able to deliver the dashboards in record time.RESULTSThe one success metric of this project that stands out is that the hospital was not only able to catch up quickly on the backlog of surgeries, but actually ended up performing 166 more surgeries in June and July of this year, compared with the same period last year – 4,199 versus 4,033 – Vaidya reported. This volume female viagra for sale speaks to the approach. An extensive use of data, analytics and dashboards to support every stage of the process, from surgeon prioritization to scheduling, testing and finally surgery, he added.“Among the numerous types of surgeries performed during this challenging period, it is worth highlighting the results of our surgical volumes for two very complex surgeries,” he said.“Phoenix Children’s Hospital is nationally recognized as a center of excellence, and draws patients from all across the country for Pectus surgery, done to correct chest wall deformities, and Scoliosis surgery, to correct abnormal spine curvature.

Both are complex, long-duration surgeries that require a hospital stay, and are often planned months in advance to coincide female viagra for sale with school summer break.”In the case of Scoliosis surgery, the hospital succeeded in performing more surgeries this year during May through August compared with the same period last year, 95 versus 91. The results for Pectus repair surgery were even more noteworthy. The surgical teams outperformed by 41% the number of surgeries performed female viagra for sale this year from May to August compared with the same period last year, 72 versus 51.“The technology allowed for synergies across the enterprise in addressing the multifaceted challenges of resuming these operations,” Vaidya said.

€œThroughout this project, given that patient and provider safety was our highest priority, it is important to point out that no surgeon or anesthesiologist has tested positive for erectile dysfunction treatment since surgery restarted – a testament to extensive safety protocols that were supported by dashboard usage at every stage.”ADVICE FOR OTHERSThe success of this project no doubt depended on the collaboration and cooperation of many different teams, Vaidya said. However, its foundation was built upon the optimum use of data analytics, and dashboard technology, to provide precise, real-time, actionable information to all the key players, he added.“Fortunately, most hospitals and health systems have developed their electronic capabilities over the last 10 years and are sitting on a female viagra for sale trove of data,” he said.“Ensuring that the multiple, often disparate, information systems in a hospital setting all feed their data to a common data warehouse platform allows for optimum use of this data,” he explained. €œMining the data, and providing it to frontline users via intuitive interfaces, turns it into actionable intelligence that produces results.“As IT professionals, we have been promising our health providers that data can be used to produce higher quality outcomes,” he added.

€œUsing technology in the resumption of surgeries is a perfect example of delivering on this female viagra for sale promise.”Twitter. @SiwickiHealthITEmail the writer. Bsiwicki@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.A woman living in Woodstock, New York, has filed suit female viagra for sale against HealthAlliance Hospital and the information management vendor Ciox Health for allegedly declining to release her deceased husband's electronic health records in a non-paper format.The lawyer for the plaintiff, Sherry Russell, said that HealthAlliance Hospital's Broadway campus (formerly known as Kingston Hospital) has repeatedly directed her to Ciox for the records, which in turn allegedly told her she will have to pay 75 cents a page for photocopied paper versions."The maximum charge for electronic medical records under federal law is $6.50," said Russell's lawyer, John Fisher, in an interview with Healthcare IT News.

"But if they charge for the paper copy of the records, it could be thousands of dollars." According to a 2016 guidance from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, HIPAA-covered entities and business associates should either charge $6.50 to fulfill a record request or calculate fees based on female viagra for sale the labor cost of doing so.Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services lifted that cap on fees when it comes to organizations charging third parties, such as law firms, when releasing copies of electronic records.

The fee cap for patients, however, female viagra for sale remains in place. Fisher says that Russell's alleged treatment is a violation of the HITECH Act, which – among other provisions – requires HIPAA-covered entities to provide patients with an electronic copy of their records. According to Fisher, after the death of Russell's female viagra for sale husband, Charlie, in October 2019, she requested his electronic health records in order to file a separate malpractice lawsuit against the hospital.

Without the records, said Fisher, Russell cannot identify the physician involved in her husband's care. Ciox said that it could not female viagra for sale comment on pending litigation. The Westchester Medical Health Network, of which HealthAlliance is a part, said it did not comment on ongoing litigation.

WHY IT MATTERSAccording to Fisher, in March 2017, Charlie Russell female viagra for sale underwent a chest X-ray as part of a routine procedure. That X-ray showed a mass in his lung, but as Fisher told Healthcare IT News, neither Russell nor his wife were informed of it. The next March, Fisher said, Russell went in for another chest X-ray female viagra for sale.

This time, doctors found a female viagra for sale six-centimeter mass in his lung. Further imaging showed cancer in his brain and liver.Sherry Russell believes her husband's cancer could have been treated sooner, had the mass been identified and communicated about in 2017. She is planning to female viagra for sale file a medical malpractice lawsuit.

The deadline to sue is September 14, said Fisher, but Russell is relying on the electronic health records for her case. Fisher said he has other clients with similar experiences at HealthAlliance concerning their records, and that clients whose cases qualify could female viagra for sale join onto Russell's class-action suit filed this past week. "We know firsthand that there are others" that have experienced problems obtaining their electronic health records, said Fisher.

THE LARGER TREND The HIPAA Privacy Right Rule of female viagra for sale Access guarantees patient access to physical or digital copies of healthcare records – and noncompliant health systems can face hefty fines. In 2019, Bayfront Health St. Petersburg had to pay the HHS Office of Civil Rights $85,000 and promise remediation after failing to give a pregnant woman timely access to her medical records.Meanwhile, Ciox has been at the center of a number of lawsuits female viagra for sale concerning the costs of electronic health records.

In 2018, the company sued HHS over the $6.50 flat fee Fisher invoked, saying that it "bears no rational relationship to the actual costs associated with processing such requests." HHS, in turn, said that it couldn't actually enforce that flat fee against Ciox, because Ciox is a business associate, not a covered entity.This lawsuit eventually led to the agency lifting the cap on fees for third-party organizations' requests for records. And last year, Ciox Health and the Wisconsin-based Aurora Health female viagra for sale paid $35.4 million to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the companies of overcharging for records requests.Studies have shown other hospitals not complying with the HHS-recommended $6.50, with one reportedly charging more than $500 for a 200-page record. ON THE RECORD HealthAlliance, said Fisher, is "stonewalling our client and affecting her ability to bring a lawsuit." Kat Jercich is senior editor of Healthcare IT News.Twitter.

@kjercichEmail. Kjercich@himss.orgHealthcare IT News is a HIMSS Media publication.While some of the more obvious barriers to digital therapeutics adoption in Europe have come crashing down recently, adoption is still hampered by cultural momentum. That was the conclusion of a group of digital therapeutics stakeholders who presented at HIMSS &.

Health 2.0 Europe Digital Event today, in a session moderated by YourCoach Health chairman and COO Eugene Borukhovich.“Once a product is CE Marked, has all the clinical evidence, has gone through even an HTA process, that even isn’t enough,” said Jessica Shull, European lead at the Digital Therapeutics Alliance. €œSo what we’re looking at is countries where there are these frameworks, products have been approved, they’ve been shown to be effective, they’ve even been shown to have healthy economic data, but physicians still aren’t prescribing at the rates that we would hope.”A number of European governments have rolled-out the red carpet for digital therapeutics, including Germany, which has announced broad reimbursement for digital therapeutics. HIMSS20 DigitalLearn on-demand, earn credit, find products and solutions.

Get Started >>. €œAll eyes are on Germany,” Borukhovich said. €œThere’s a lot of entrepreneurs and large companies that are saying ‘Cool, we’re going to get reimbursed, let’s hop on over to Germany.’ But I know the picture’s not that simple.”“That’s what we wanted,” Julia Hagen, director, regulatory and politics, at Health Innovation Hub.

€œWe want to attract great digital solutions to the German healthcare system. So yes, welcome. Come on over.”The rest of the panelists represented people who either used or made digital therapeutics.

Ken Cahill, CEO of digital mental health company SilverCloud, Alejandro Suero, whose company ReHand offers a digital therapeutic for physical rehab for hand injuries, and Dr César Morcillo Serra, medical director of internal medicine at Sanitas Digital Hospital.Panelists agreed on two major takeaways for how to improve adoption of digital therapeutics. The need to integrate these new devices into old workflows and processes and the importance of working with providers.“Digital transformation must focus on the patient and the healthcare professionals, because as you know people and culture are the main barrier for this kind of transformation,” Serra said. €œWe must focus on how to prescribe these digital tools to help our patients.

Everything must help with these workflows — not giving us more work, but trying to help us.”As such, Serra encouraged digital therapeutics innovators to focus on chronic conditions, which take up so much of the time of physicians like him.Suero’s chosen focus — hand injuries, are a $5.8 billion per year problem, he said, and one that doesn’t lend itself well to the intermittent contact of traditional medicine.To bring providers on board, Shull shared that the DtX alliance is working with medical societies as well as creating webinars and continuing education opportunities. Cahill has another approach. SilverCloud has found success by getting them invested first as patients.“One of the most powerful workstreams is to deploy the programme within the health system’s own staff,” he said.

€œThey’re one of the most heavily challenged workforces that are out there in terms of stigma for mental healthcare, in terms of actually being able to take time away and go and do it. So them almost taking their own medicine has been a huge way of creating champions within these organisations.”Panelists warned that there are other challenges still awaiting digital therapeutics beyond adoption."The ongoing challenge of EHR interoperability, for instance, will impact the long-term success of digital health and digital therapeutics," Shull said. "Because of the influx of data digital health products can produce, most legacy EHR systems aren't yet enabled to incorporate data from several sources at once.”Additionally, building a clinical evidence base is no small thing, Suero and Cahill said.“The challenge in terms of building that evidence base is to build it in the right way,” Cahill said.

If you are building an evidence-base, it has to mirror what the protocol design was, what the research design was. It may seem simple, but in fact it’s reasonably complicated. €¦ We’ve got five active randomised control trials today even though we’re 10 years out [of launch].

That will be one of the biggest challenges for us to show that proof.”But one thing is for sure. It’s time to move beyond the rudimentary conversations about digital therapeutics and get into the nitty-gritty.“I want to see real discussion, not about the broad ‘Should we have a data privacy discussion?. €™, but I want to get the discussion to the level where it’s about the medical application and its effects and not this general digital health blah blah is it great or not and can we stop it?.

€ Hagen said. €œNo, we can’t.”Register now to attend the HIMSS &. Health 2.0 European Digital Conference and keep up with the latest news and deveopments from the event here..

What should I tell my health care provider before I take Viagra?

They need to know if you have any of these conditions:

• eye or vision problems, including a rare inherited eye disease called retinitis pigmentosa
• heart disease, angina, high or low blood pressure, a history of heart attack, or other heart problems
• kidney disease
• liver disease
• stroke
• an unusual or allergic reaction to sildenafil, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives

Viagra by mail

Walmart Health viagra by mail will open five view website new locations in Florida, as the retailer continues to scale its "one-stop-shop" vision for healthcare offerings.Walmart is opening two clinics in Jacksonville, two in Orlando and one in Tampa in the coming months, the company said Tuesday. The retail giant represents a growing number of non-traditional healthcare providers that seek to provide a more convenient and affordable experience through a mix of virtual and in-person care. "The population viagra by mail growth is significant in Florida, where demand is outstripping the provider assets," said Dr. David Carmouche, who recently left Ochsner Health as its president of its physician group to lead Walmart's omnichannel care division. "We marry a mix of assets in nutrition, pharmacy and primary care to deliver on our vision to viagra by mail be a great place for all of a person's healthcare needs."Florida is home to a growing Medicare Advantage market and many of its residents manage chronic diseases, Carmouche said.Walmart's clinics provide chronic disease management, urgent care and mental health counseling, along with dental, vision and hearing services.

The locations also offer lab services, X-rays and diagnostics via a joint venture with Quest Diagnostics.Patients pay a flat fee, regardless of insurance coverage, and can ask community health workers about insurance benefits or nutritionists about food as they shop for groceries. Here are five things to know about Walmart Health's expansion:Its Florida clinics will be the first to implement the viagra by mail electronic health record Epic. Walmart Health isn't slowing the rollout of its clinics, but incrementally expanding into different markets as it customizes its offerings for the local population, executives said. "We have a set of assets that will allow us to approach markets uniquely based on their needs," Carmouche said, noting that Walmart acquired telehealth provider MeMD, which will allow viagra by mail it to offer primary, urgent and behavioral care across the country. "Our services may evolve on the needs of the market, like if they prefer virtual or in-person encounters.

Everything will be connected through a common EMR so the data is available regardless of how they enter viagra by mail the system."Walmart Health is generating more revenue for the company. Its health division reported $42.84 billion in its U.S. Net sales viagra by mail last year, which amounted to nearly 11% of its order viagra online total revenue. Its health business was its fastest growing division in the fourth quarter. Walmart Health's annual net sales were up 11% from 2021, when it comprised around 10% viagra by mail of the organization's total U.S.

Sales. Walmart has partnered with the Elton John AIDS foundation to expand testing and Chicago-based HabitNu, which offers disease prevention training for Walmart's community health workers.Nearly 4,000 Walmart locations are located within one or more underserved areas, as viagra by mail defined by the Health Resources and Services Administration. About half of Walmart Health patients are returning users. "To make healthcare more affordable and equitable at scale is hard to do inside a legacy healthcare system," Carmouche said, adding that Walmart has more flexibility to pursue capitation viagra by mail and other alternative payment models. "We're excited about our platform's reach and that seems to resonate with the people we recruit.

A lot of people are frustrated about where healthcare is, and are viagra by mail looking to non-traditional players." Longtime legacy healthcare executives, like Carmouche, are joining companies like Walmart and Amazon, which is offering nationwide telehealth services and in-person care in select cities through employer health plans via Amazon Care. Walmart is leveraging their new hires to partner with health systems. In Atlanta, viagra by mail Georgia, for instance, Walmart has offered HIV-AIDS tests and referred patients to neighboring health systems. "For the services we do, we want to be an omnichannel, accessible site, but we truly want to make sure we are partnering so that people are getting the right care when they need with what they have in their community," said Dr. Cheryl Pegus, executive vice president of health and wellness at Walmart.Find out more about Walmart Health's strategy by watching Modern Healthcare's Check Up..

Walmart Health buy viagra online usa will open five new locations in Florida, as the retailer continues to scale its female viagra for sale "one-stop-shop" vision for healthcare offerings.Walmart is opening two clinics in Jacksonville, two in Orlando and one in Tampa in the coming months, the company said Tuesday. The retail giant represents a growing number of non-traditional healthcare providers that seek to provide a more convenient and affordable experience through a mix of virtual and in-person care. "The population growth is female viagra for sale significant in Florida, where demand is outstripping the provider assets," said Dr. David Carmouche, who recently left Ochsner Health as its president of its physician group to lead Walmart's omnichannel care division. "We marry a mix of assets in nutrition, pharmacy and primary care to deliver on our vision to be a great place for all of a person's healthcare needs."Florida is home to a growing Medicare Advantage market and many of its residents female viagra for sale manage chronic diseases, Carmouche said.Walmart's clinics provide chronic disease management, urgent care and mental health counseling, along with dental, vision and hearing services.

The locations also offer lab services, X-rays and diagnostics via a joint venture with Quest Diagnostics.Patients pay a flat fee, regardless of insurance coverage, and can ask community health workers about insurance benefits or nutritionists about food as they shop for groceries. Here are five female viagra for sale things to know about Walmart Health's expansion:Its Florida clinics will be the first to implement the electronic health record Epic. Walmart Health isn't slowing the rollout of its clinics, but incrementally expanding into different markets as it customizes its offerings for the local population, executives said. "We have a set of assets that will allow us to approach markets uniquely based on their needs," Carmouche said, noting that Walmart female viagra for sale acquired telehealth provider MeMD, which will allow it to offer primary, urgent and behavioral care across the country. "Our services may evolve on the needs of the market, like if they prefer virtual or in-person encounters.

Everything will be connected through a female viagra for sale common EMR so the data is available regardless of how they enter the system."Walmart Health is generating more revenue for the company. Its health division reported $42.84 billion in its U.S. Net sales last year, which amounted to nearly 11% of its total revenue female viagra for sale. Its health business was its fastest growing division in the fourth quarter. Walmart Health's annual net sales were up 11% from 2021, when it comprised around 10% of the organization's female viagra for sale total U.S.

Sales. Walmart has partnered with the Elton John AIDS foundation to expand testing and Chicago-based HabitNu, which offers disease prevention training for female viagra for sale Walmart's community health workers.Nearly 4,000 Walmart locations are located within one or more underserved areas, as defined by the Health Resources and Services Administration. About half of Walmart Health patients are returning users. "To make female viagra for sale healthcare more affordable and equitable at scale is hard to do inside a legacy healthcare system," Carmouche said, adding that Walmart has more flexibility to pursue capitation and other alternative payment models. "We're excited about our platform's reach and that seems to resonate with the people we recruit.

A lot of people are frustrated about where healthcare is, and are looking to non-traditional players." Longtime legacy healthcare executives, like Carmouche, are joining companies like Walmart and Amazon, which female viagra for sale is offering nationwide telehealth services and in-person care in select cities through employer health plans via Amazon Care. Walmart is leveraging their new hires to partner with health systems. In Atlanta, Georgia, for instance, Walmart has offered HIV-AIDS female viagra for sale tests and referred patients to neighboring health systems. "For the services we do, we want to be an omnichannel, accessible site, but we truly want to make sure we are partnering so that people are getting the right care when they need with what they have in their community," said Dr. Cheryl Pegus, executive vice president of health and wellness at Walmart.Find out more about Walmart Health's strategy by watching Modern Healthcare's Check Up..

Girl on viagra

As the Delta girl on viagra variant takes hold among unvaccinated populations. Antiviral pills given early in the course of to prevent severe erectile dysfunction treatment symptoms and hospitalizations are still lacking, but a new Biden administration effort hopes to change that. The Antiviral Program for viagras (APP) is spending more than $3 billion to support research on drugs not just for erectile dysfunctiones but also for other viagraes with viagra potential.

Scientific American spoke with Anthony Fauci, long-time director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and chief medical adviser to President Joe Biden, about his hopes for the APP, the girl on viagra government’s ongoing efforts to boost immunizations in areas with low vaccination rates and what keeps him up at night. [An edited transcript of the interview follows.] What are the goals of the Antiviral Program for viagras?. There are two components to the program.

Accelerating clinical testing of promising antivirals that girl on viagra are already in various stages of the development pipeline and expanding the basic science and knowledge needed to discover new antiviral medicines. The primary mover is erectile dysfunction treatment. But if the APP is successful—and I believe it will be—then it can be directed at any viagra of viagra potential.

It will require us to develop the sorts of strong girl on viagra public-private partnerships that allowed us to successfully develop antivirals for HIV and hepatitis C. The important thing to remember is that if you can block an acute viral pathogen in the early stage of , then you can avoid progression to the advanced stage of disease. Can you say anything about which drugs are being considered now?.

There are a few drugs that are girl on viagra out there. For instance, a protease inhibitor from Pfizer [currently known as PF-07321332], a drug called molnupiravir from Merck and a drug from Atea Pharmaceuticals [AT-527]. The purpose of the APP is to develop a more robust pipeline.

erectile dysfunction treatment antivirals work most effectively during the first girl on viagra week or so of . Doesn’t that create logistic hurdles for treatment?. That is absolutely correct.

You have to give the drugs quickly, during the acute stage of disease, girl on viagra which is a different paradigm than how we treat HIV and hepatitis C, which are both chronic s. The seven-day window might be a bit more challenging from a strategic standpoint. That is why we are also developing specific and sensitive erectile dysfunction treatment diagnostic tests, so you know what you’re dealing with and can then quickly and effectively treat people.

What about girl on viagra variants such as Delta?. Could they make the drugs less effective over time?. Obviously you have to be concerned that variants might be problematic for antivirals, just as they [may be] for treatments and monoclonal antibodies.

But what we’re aiming at with these drugs are also components of the viagra that girl on viagra are critical for replication, which may not be subverted by variants. This is also why we need more than a single drug—which is the same approach we used with HIV when one drug ultimately turned out not to be as effective as multiple drugs in combination. Moreover, as you correctly pointed out, viagraes of viagra potential usually cause acute s.

And because you only need to treat people for relatively short durations, the induction of mutations that would limit the effects of girl on viagra the drugs might not be as likely as when you’re treating people for literally an entire lifetime. The Biden administration fell short of its goal to at least partially vaccinate 70 percent of the U.S. Population by July 4.

What can be done about treatment girl on viagra refusal—a major roadblock to achieving herd immunity?. Even though our [vaccination goal] wasn’t reached, we never intended to stop pushing to get more people vaccinated well beyond the Fourth. So, we're doing everything we can to make treatments easily available and make sure that people—especially young people—are listening to trusted messengers.

We’re working with girl on viagra local community leaders, and we have the erectile dysfunction treatment Community Corps initiative. We have mobile units for ease of vaccination. We’re doing our very best to get people who haven’t been vaccinated to seriously consider how important it is for themselves, the safety of their families and their community responsibility to put an end to this viagra.

And the way you put an end to this viagra is by getting as many girl on viagra people vaccinated as possible. What are you watching out for as society opens up and people try to get back to normal life?. We need to do good surveillance to make sure that we’re not having blips of , particularly in the states, cities and counties with low vaccination rates.

We have the tools now to effectively suppress the spread of erectile dysfunction in this country.

There are two components to the female viagra for sale program. Accelerating clinical testing of promising antivirals that are already in various stages of the development pipeline and expanding the basic science and knowledge needed to discover new antiviral medicines. The primary mover is erectile dysfunction treatment. But if the APP is successful—and I believe it will female viagra for sale be—then it can be directed at any viagra of viagra potential.

It will require us to develop the sorts of strong public-private partnerships that allowed us to successfully develop antivirals for HIV and hepatitis C. The important thing to remember is that if you can block an acute viral pathogen in the early stage of , then you can avoid progression to the advanced stage of disease. Can you say anything about which drugs are being considered now? female viagra for sale. There are a few drugs that are out there.

For instance, a protease inhibitor from Pfizer [currently known as PF-07321332], a drug called molnupiravir from Merck and a drug from Atea Pharmaceuticals [AT-527]. The purpose of female viagra for sale the APP is to develop a more robust pipeline. erectile dysfunction treatment antivirals work most effectively during the first week or so of . Doesn’t that create logistic hurdles for treatment?.

That is absolutely correct female viagra for sale. You have to give the drugs quickly, during the acute stage of disease, which is a different paradigm than how we treat HIV and hepatitis C, which are both chronic s. The seven-day window might be a bit more challenging from a strategic standpoint. That is female viagra for sale why we are also developing specific and sensitive erectile dysfunction treatment diagnostic tests, so you know what you’re dealing with and can then quickly and effectively treat people.

What about variants such as Delta?. Could they make the drugs less effective over time?. Obviously you have to be concerned that variants might be problematic for antivirals, just as they [may be] for treatments and monoclonal female viagra for sale antibodies. But what we’re aiming at with these drugs are also components of the viagra that are critical for replication, which may not be subverted by variants.

This is also why we need more than a single drug—which is the same approach we used with HIV when one drug ultimately turned out not to be as effective as multiple drugs in combination. Moreover, as you correctly pointed out, viagraes female viagra for sale of viagra potential usually cause acute s. And because you only need to treat people for relatively short durations, the induction of mutations that would limit the effects of the drugs might not be as likely as when you’re treating people for literally an entire lifetime. The Biden administration fell short of its goal to at least partially vaccinate 70 percent of the U.S.

Population by female viagra for sale July 4. What can be done about treatment refusal—a major roadblock to achieving herd immunity?. Even though our [vaccination goal] wasn’t reached, we never intended to stop pushing to get more people vaccinated well beyond the Fourth. So, we're female viagra for sale doing everything we can to make treatments easily available and make sure that people—especially young people—are listening to trusted messengers.

We’re working with local community leaders, and we have the erectile dysfunction treatment Community Corps initiative. We have mobile units for ease of vaccination. We’re doing our very best to get people who haven’t been vaccinated to seriously consider how important it is for themselves, the safety of their families and their community responsibility to put an end to this viagra female viagra for sale. And the way you put an end to this viagra is by getting as many people vaccinated as possible.

What are you watching out for as society opens up and people try to get back to normal life?. We need to do good surveillance to make sure that we’re not having blips of , particularly in the states, cities and counties with low vaccination rates female viagra for sale. We have the tools now to effectively suppress the spread of erectile dysfunction in this country. And unfortunately, there’s a degree of disparity in the willingness of people in different parts of the country to get vaccinated.

And so we have to watch for female viagra for sale regional surges in these areas. Are you getting enough sleep these days?. No [laughs]!. Unfortunately, I’m not..

Female viagra effects

Key takeaways In the 2022 open http://www.luckjunky.com/buy-generic-levitra-online-canada/ enrollment period for ACA marketplace plans, more Americans enrolled than in any previous female viagra effects year. An estimated 14.5 million people obtained 2022 marketplace coverage, female viagra effects an increase of 21% over 2021. And 89% of them were subsidized, with the federal government paying more than 80% of the premium on average in the 33 states that use HealthCare.gov, the federal platform.The increased enrollment was largely due to a boost to premium subsidies provided last March by the American Rescue Plan. (The boost extends only through 2022 and subsidy increases will expire next year unless Congress extends them.) The ARP did away with the ACA’s female viagra effects notorious subsidy cliff, which cut off subsidy eligibility at 400% of the Federal Poverty Level ($51,040 for an individual, $104,800 for a family of four in 2022). The ARP also reduced the percentage of income required to pay for a benchmark Silver plan (the second cheapest Silver plan in each area) at every income level.In fact, the ARP made a benchmark Silver plan free at incomes up to 150% FPL.

A third of all female viagra effects marketplace enrollees – 4.9 million – have incomes below that threshold ($19,320 for an individual, $26,130 for a couple, $39,750 for a family of four).That’s really good news. But not every low-income enrollee obtained the full value of the coverage available to them. A substantial female viagra effects number chose or remained enrolled in Bronze plans with much higher out-of-pocket costs.Bronze plan holders may be leaving money on the tableAt incomes up to 250% FPL, Silver plans are enhanced by cost-sharing reduction, which reduces out-of-pocket costs. CSR is particularly strong at incomes up to 150% FPL, where it reduces the average deductible to $146 and the average annual out-of-pocket maximum – the most an enrollee will pay for in-network care – to $1,208. Bronze plans – in prior years usually the only free option – have deductibles averaging $7,051 and OOP maxes usually in the $7,000-8,700 range.Thanks to the ARP, every ACA market now has two Silver plans that are free female viagra effects to people with incomes up to 150% FPL, and often several more with single-digit premiums.

Still, more than 600,000 enrollees with income below the 150% FPL threshold – 14% of enrollees in that income category – are enrolled in Bronze plans. Many of them may have been enrolled in those Bronze plans female viagra effects in 2021, when Silver plans were rarely free, and let themselves be passively auto-renewed, which happens if you take no action during the open enrollment period.A small percentage of enrollees with income under 150% FPL may be ineligible for premium subsidies – for example, if they have an offer of insurance from an employer that’s deemed affordable by ACA standards but for some reason prefer to pay full cost for a marketplace plan. But the vast majority of the more than 600,000 low-income enrollees in Bronze plans are leaving serious money on the table – or, more exactly, exposing themselves to serious costs if they prove to need significant medical care. At low incomes, a new opportunity to switch to SilverFortunately, if you find yourself in this situation – enrolled in a Bronze plan while a free high-CSR female viagra effects Silver plan is available to you – CMS (U.S. Centers for Medicare female viagra effects &.

Medicaid Services) has created a remedy that went into effect just this March. As Louise Norris recently female viagra effects explained on this site:In September 2021, the U.S. Department of Health &. Human Services finalized a new special enrollment period (SEP) in states that use HealthCare.gov (optional for other states), granting year-round enrollment in ACA-compliant health insurance if an applicant’s household income does not exceed 150% of the federal poverty level (FPL) and if the applicant is eligible for female viagra effects a premium tax credit (subsidy) that will cover the cost of the benchmark plan.This SEP became available on the HealthCare.gov website (and enhanced direct enrollment entity websites) as of March 21, 2022.Some but not all of the 18 state-based exchanges are currently offering this SEP. Several don’t need to, because they offer another type of free health insurance (Medicaid or a Basic Health Program) to enrollees with incomes up to 150% FPL or higher.

See the note at bottom for details.This newly female viagra effects instituted SEP also allows current enrollees with income below the 150% FPL threshold to switch into a Silver plan at any time. In fact, enrolling low-income people in Silver plans specifically is an express goal of the department of Health and Human Services, spelled out in its finalization of the rule establishing the SEP:HHS proposed making this special enrollment period available to individuals based on household income level because enhanced financial assistance provided by the ARP for tax years 2021 and 2022 is such that many individuals with a household income no greater than 150 percent of the FPL have access to a silver plan with a zero dollar monthly premium.If your income is below 150% FPL in particular, HHS wants you in a Silver plan:… enrollees with a newly-enrolling dependent or other household member may not use the new monthly special enrollment period to change to a plan of a different metal level other than a silver-level QHP to enroll together with their newly-enrolling household member, but can stay in the same plan or change to a silver plan to enroll together with the newly-enrolling household member.There is one downside to switching to a Silver plan during the plan year. Any money you’ve already spent this year female viagra effects on medical care will not count toward your new deductible and out-of-pocket max. But the deductible, OOP max and copays or coinsurance are generally so much lower in Silver plans than in Bronze that this will rarely be a deterrent – unless you have already spent enough to have reached or nearly your current plan’s OOP max.Why choose Bronze when Silver is free?. Some low-income Bronze plan enrollees may be aware female viagra effects of the much lower out-of-pocket costs generally required by a Silver plan, but still have chosen Bronze deliberately.

In some cases, a desired insurer’s Silver plan (e.g., with a superior provider network) might be priced well above benchmark, while that insurer’s Bronze plan with the same provider network might be available free or at very low cost.There is also a modest trend toward lower deductibles in Bronze plans. This year, 10% have $0 deductibles female viagra effects. But a Bronze plan’s female viagra effects much lower actuarial value – 60% vs. 94% for silver plans at incomes up to 150% FPL – means the higher out-of-pocket costs have to be paid in other ways – for example, in very high hospital copays and highest allowable out-of-pocket maximums.In most cases, even if the Silver plan with desired provider network costs, say, $50/month while a Bronze with the same network is available for free, the Silver plan is likely to be a better value. If you know enough to female viagra effects care enough about a plan’s provider network to forgo a different insurer’s free Silver plan, odds are that you’ll need enough care to make the Silver premium worth paying.

In the example above, you’d be accepting $600 in premiums to get a likely $5,000-7,000 improvement in the plan’s out-of-pocket maximum, and in most cases in its deductible as well.Roughly 50,000 enrollees with income below 150% FPL chose Gold plans. At this female viagra effects income level, Silver plans are higher-value than Gold plans too. Deductibles for gold plans average $1,600, and out-of-pocket maximums are usually above $5,000, often much higher.Bottom line. If your income is below the 150% FPL threshold female viagra effects (again. $19,140 for a single person, $32,580 for a family of four) and you are enrolled in a Bronze or Gold plan, strongly consider switching to Silver.

The new female viagra effects SEP for low incomes makes switching easy. SEP varies in state-based exchanges (SBEs)Our prior post about the SEP for enrollees with income up to 150% FPL explains:State-run exchanges (there are 18 as of the 2022 plan year) are not required to offer this SEP. But as of early 2022, several state-run exchanges (Colorado, Maine, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California, female viagra effects and Rhode Island) had already debuted the new SEP.Several other state-run exchanges have no need for this SEP, because they have other programs with year-round availability. This includes:New York and Minnesota, both of which have Basic Health Programs that cover people with income up to 200% of FPLMassachusetts, which offers Connector Care to people with income up to 300% of FPL (enrollment is open year-round to people who are newly eligible or who have not been covered under the program in the past)DC, which offers Medicaid to adults with income up to 215% of the poverty levelSome of the remaining state-run exchanges may female viagra effects decide to allow this SEP as of 2022, and others may choose not to offer it at all. Some state-run exchanges may find that it’s too operationally challenging to make this SEP available for 2022, and may postpone it until 2023 (assuming that the ARP’s subsidy enhancements are extended).State-run exchanges have flexibility in terms of how they implement this SEP.As noted above, some may choose not to offer this SEP at all.

For those that do offer it, proof of income might be required in order to trigger the SEP, or they may follow the federal government’s lead and allow the SEP eligibility to be based on the income attested by the consumer.Andrew Sprung is a freelance writer who blogs about politics and female viagra effects healthcare policy at xpostfactoid. His articles about the Affordable Care Act have appeared in publications including The American Prospect, Health Affairs, The Atlantic, and The New Republic. He is the winner of the National female viagra effects Institute of Health Care Management’s 2016 Digital Media Award. He holds a Ph.D. In English literature from the University of female viagra effects Rochester.Key takeaways During the open enrollment period for 2022 health coverage, more than 14.5 million Americans enrolled in private health plans through the health insurance marketplaces nationwide.

That was a record high, and a 21% increase over the number of people who enrolled the previous year.The open enrollment period for 2022 was a month longer in most states, and the federal government spent significantly more money on outreach and enrollment assistance. But the primary factor driving female viagra effects the enrollment growth was affordability. Thanks to the American Rescue Plan (ARP) – which took effect last spring – self-purchased coverage is a lot more affordable for most people than it used to be.Unfortunately, the improved affordability is currently set to expire at the end of 2022. Unless Congress takes action to extend the subsidy enhancements made by the ARP, the subsidy structure will revert to the basic Affordable Care Act subsidies as of January 1, 2023.Health insurance would again become unaffordable for manyAlthough the Congressional Budget Office projected last female viagra effects year that the enhanced subsidies would increase marketplace enrollment by 1.7 million Americans in 2022, enrollment actually grew by 2.5 million people. Again, some of that was due to the longer open enrollment window and the additional federal funding for enrollment assistance and outreach.

But the improved affordability of marketplace coverage is the primary reason for the enrollment growth.If the ARP subsidy enhancements are not extended, nearly everyone with marketplace coverage will have to pay higher female viagra effects premiums next year. And the 2.5 million additional enrollees who signed up this year may no longer be able to afford their coverage in 2023.The female viagra effects subsidy cliff would return, as subsidies would no longer be available to households that earn more than 400% of the federal poverty level. As we’ve explained here, some Americans with household income a little over 400% of the poverty level had to pay a quarter – or even half – of their annual income for health insurance before the ARP’s subsidy structure was implemented.That’s untenable, obviously. (Before the ARP, people in that situation often went female viagra effects uninsured or relied on less expensive options that are not comprehensive coverage – such as a health care sharing ministry plan or short-term health insurance.)If the ARP’s subsidy enhancements expire, coverage will also become less affordable for people with income below 400% of the poverty level. Although most of them will continue to be subsidy-eligible, their subsidy amounts will drop, leaving them with higher net premiums each month.

This chart shows some examples of how the ARP increased female viagra effects subsidies. Those subsidy boosts will disappear at the end of this year unless Congress passes legislation to extend them.HHS. ARP is saving consumers $59 a month on premiumsAcross the 10.3 million people female viagra effects who enrolled through the federally run exchange (HealthCare.gov, which is currently used in 33 states), the average net premium this year is $111/month. HHS noted that without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, the average net premium would be $170/month, so the ARP is saving the average enrollee $59 per month in 2022. At ACA Signups, Charles Gaba has some alarming graphs showing just how much more people will be paying for their health insurance female viagra effects if the subsidy enhancements aren’t extended.And across all 14.5 million exchange enrollees this year, 66% are enrolled in Silver or Gold plans, versus 63% in early 2021 (prior to the ARP).

Some of the people who were previously enrolled in Bronze plans have shifted to more-robust Silver and Gold plans this year.Although those percentages are still in the same ballpark, we also have to remember that enrollment is considerably higher this year. The result is that 2 million additional female viagra effects people have coverage under robust Silver and Gold plans this year (9.6 million, versus 7.6 million last year). This is a direct result of the additional affordability created by the ARP’s subsidy enhancements. People generally prefer the most robust coverage that they can realistically afford, and the ARP made it easier to afford better coverage.It’s particularly important to point out that the ARP subsidies allow people with female viagra effects income up to 150% of the poverty level to enroll in the benchmark Silver plan for free (for 2022 coverage, 150% of the poverty level is $19,320 in annual income. For a family of four, female viagra effects it’s $39,750).

For these enrollees, robust cost-sharing reductions make these Silver plans better than a Platinum plan, with very low out-of-pocket costs. Prior to the ARP, people in this income range had to pay premiums of female viagra effects up to about 4% of their income for the benchmark plan. And without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, many of these people would be unable to afford the coverage they have this year.The availability of free Silver plans for this population has proven to be especially important in the dozen states that have not expanded Medicaid, since people in those states are eligible for marketplace premium subsidies with income as low as 100% of the poverty level (in states that have expanded Medicaid, Medicaid is available to people with income up to 138% of the poverty level, resulting in a much smaller segment of low-income enrollees being subsidy-eligible). Although enrollment in marketplace plans grew by 21% nationwide in 2022, the most significant female viagra effects growth tended to be concentrated in the states that have not expanded Medicaid, where it grew by an average of 31%.If Congress doesn’t take action to extend the ARP’s subsidies, all of these gains will be lost. Millions of people will lose their coverage or be forced to shift to less robust coverage, because their current coverage will no longer be affordable in 2023.Special enrollment for low-income households would expire with ARP’s subsidiesIt’s also worth noting that the new special enrollment period for people with income up to 150% of the poverty level would expire at the end of 2022 if the ARP’s subsidies are not extended.

When HHS created this special enrollment period, they clarified that it will only remain in effect as long as people in that income range can enroll in female viagra effects the benchmark plan without paying any premiums.Without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, that would no longer be the case.Will Congress extend the ARP’s subsidy structure?. Last fall, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Build Back Better female viagra effects Act, which called for a temporary extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements. Under that legislation, the larger and more widely available subsidies would have continued to be in place through 2025 (instead of just through 2022), and the legislation also called for a one-year extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements for people receiving unemployment compensation.Unfortunately, the legislation stalled in the Senate, after being opposed by all 50 Republican Senators, as well as Sen. Joe Manchin, female viagra effects a Democrat from West Virginia.

So the subsidy enhancements for Americans receiving unemployment compensation expired at the end of 2021, and the rest of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements are currently slated to expire at the end of 2022.The Build Back Better Act is a massive piece of legislation, addressing a wide range of issues and costing more than $2 trillion. But Sen female viagra effects. Manchin supports the extension of the ARP’s subsidies, which means a smaller piece of legislation addressing just this issue would be likely to garner his female viagra effects support.How will the ARP subsidy extension uncertainty affect 2023 premiums?. Technically, Congress could take action to preserve the current subsidy structure at any time between now and the end of 2022 (or even in 2023, with subsidy enhancements retroactive to the start of 2023, as was the case with ARP subsidy enhancements in 2021). But health insurers are already starting to sort out the details for 2023 plan designs and pricing, and subsidy structure plays a large role in that female viagra effects process.If the ARP’s subsidies remain in place for 2023, enrollment will continue to be higher than it would otherwise be, and healthy people — who might otherwise forego coverage if it was less affordable — will stay in the insurance pool.

Health insurance actuaries take all of this into consideration when determining whether to remain in (or enter) various markets, what plans to offer, and how much they have to charge in premiums in order to cover their costs.Since the extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements is still up in the air, states and insurers will have to be flexible in terms of how they handle this issue over the coming weeks and months. The ARP was enacted on March 11 last female viagra effects year, so insurers knew by then what the subsidy parameters would look like for 2022. But we’re already a few weeks past that point this year, and there is no such clarity for 2023.States can have insurers file two sets of rates for 2023, or file a single set of rates that explain whether they’re assuming the ARP subsidies will expire or be extended (Missouri is an example of a state taking this approach). Some states will tell insurers to simply base their rate filings on the current situation — ie, that the ARP subsidies will not exist in 2023 — and deal with potential revisions later on (Virginia is an example of a state that has instructed insurers to file rates based on the assumption that the ARP subsidies will expire at the end of female viagra effects 2023. This was clarified in a recent teleconference hosted by the Virginia Bureau of Insurance).States and insurers have previously demonstrated the ability to turn on a dime, as we saw with the rate revisions that were implemented in many states in October 2017, after federal funding for cost-sharing reductions was eliminated at the eleventh hour.

So if the ARP subsidies are extended mid-way through the rate filing/review process, insurers will be able to revise their rates accordingly, even at the last minute.The sooner ARP’s female viagra effects subsidy structure is extended, the betterBut for everyone involved, this process will be smoother if legislation to extend the ARP subsidies is enacted sooner rather than later. This would help consumers — particularly those with income a little over 400% of the poverty level — plan ahead for next year. It would help insurers nail female viagra effects down their rate proposals and coverage areas. And it would make the rate review process simpler for state insurance departments.If you buy your own health insurance, you can reach out to your members of Congress about this, asking them to extend the subsidy enhancements that have likely made your coverage more affordable than it used to be.Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces female viagra effects about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.

Her state health exchange updates are regularly cited by media who cover health reform and by other health insurance experts..

Key takeaways In female viagra for sale the 2022 open enrollment period for ACA marketplace plans, more Americans enrolled than in any previous year. An estimated 14.5 million people obtained female viagra for sale 2022 marketplace coverage, an increase of 21% over 2021. And 89% of them were subsidized, with the federal government paying more than 80% of the premium on average in the 33 states that use HealthCare.gov, the federal platform.The increased enrollment was largely due to a boost to premium subsidies provided last March by the American Rescue Plan. (The boost extends only through 2022 and subsidy increases will expire next year unless Congress extends them.) The ARP did away with the ACA’s notorious subsidy cliff, which cut off subsidy eligibility at 400% of the Federal Poverty Level ($51,040 for an individual, $104,800 for a family female viagra for sale of four in 2022).

The ARP also reduced the percentage of income required to pay for a benchmark Silver plan (the second cheapest Silver plan in each area) at every income level.In fact, the ARP made a benchmark Silver plan free at incomes up to 150% FPL. A third of all marketplace enrollees – 4.9 million – have incomes below that threshold ($19,320 for female viagra for sale an individual, $26,130 for a couple, $39,750 for a family of four).That’s really good news. But not every low-income enrollee obtained the full value of the coverage available to them. A substantial number chose or remained enrolled in Bronze plans with much higher out-of-pocket costs.Bronze plan holders may be leaving money on the tableAt incomes up to 250% FPL, Silver plans female viagra for sale are enhanced by cost-sharing reduction, which reduces out-of-pocket costs.

CSR is particularly strong at incomes up to 150% FPL, where it reduces the average deductible to $146 and the average annual out-of-pocket maximum – the most an enrollee will pay for in-network care – to $1,208. Bronze plans – in prior years usually the only female viagra for sale free option – have deductibles averaging $7,051 and OOP maxes usually in the $7,000-8,700 range.Thanks to the ARP, every ACA market now has two Silver plans that are free to people with incomes up to 150% FPL, and often several more with single-digit premiums. Still, more than 600,000 enrollees with income below the 150% FPL threshold – 14% of enrollees in that income category – are enrolled in Bronze plans. Many of them may have been enrolled in those Bronze plans in 2021, when Silver plans were rarely free, and let themselves be passively auto-renewed, which happens if you take no action during the open enrollment period.A small percentage of enrollees with income under 150% FPL may be ineligible for premium subsidies – female viagra for sale for example, if they have an offer of insurance from an employer that’s deemed affordable by ACA standards but for some reason prefer to pay full cost for a marketplace plan.

But the vast majority of the more than 600,000 low-income enrollees in Bronze plans are leaving serious money on the table – or, more exactly, exposing themselves to serious costs if they prove to need significant medical care. At low incomes, a new opportunity to switch to SilverFortunately, if you find yourself in this situation – enrolled in a Bronze plan while a free high-CSR Silver plan is available to you – CMS (U.S female viagra for sale. Centers for Medicare female viagra for sale &. Medicaid Services) has created a remedy that went into effect just this March.

As Louise Norris recently explained female viagra for sale on this site:In September 2021, the U.S. Department of Health &. Human Services finalized a new special enrollment period (SEP) in states that use HealthCare.gov (optional for other female viagra for sale states), granting year-round enrollment in ACA-compliant health insurance if an applicant’s household income does not exceed 150% of the federal poverty level (FPL) and if the applicant is eligible for a premium tax credit (subsidy) that will cover the cost of the benchmark plan.This SEP became available on the HealthCare.gov website (and enhanced direct enrollment entity websites) as of March 21, 2022.Some but not all of the 18 state-based exchanges are currently offering this SEP. Several don’t need to, because they offer another type of free health insurance (Medicaid or a Basic Health Program) to enrollees with incomes up to 150% FPL or higher.

See the note at bottom for details.This newly instituted SEP also allows current enrollees with income below female viagra for sale the 150% FPL threshold to switch into a Silver plan at any time. In fact, enrolling low-income people in Silver plans specifically is an express goal of the department of Health and Human Services, spelled out in its finalization of the rule establishing the SEP:HHS proposed making this special enrollment period available to individuals based on household income level because enhanced financial assistance provided by the ARP for tax years 2021 and 2022 is such that many individuals with a household income no greater than 150 percent of the FPL have access to a silver plan with a zero dollar monthly premium.If your income is below 150% FPL in particular, HHS wants you in a Silver plan:… enrollees with a newly-enrolling dependent or other household member may not use the new monthly special enrollment period to change to a plan of a different metal level other than a silver-level QHP to enroll together with their newly-enrolling household member, but can stay in the same plan or change to a silver plan to enroll together with the newly-enrolling household member.There is one downside to switching to a Silver plan during the plan year. Any money you’ve already spent this year on medical care will not count toward your new deductible and out-of-pocket female viagra for sale max. But the deductible, OOP max and copays or coinsurance are generally so much lower in Silver plans than in Bronze that this will rarely be a deterrent – unless you have already spent enough to have reached or nearly your current plan’s OOP max.Why choose Bronze when Silver is free?.

Some low-income Bronze plan enrollees may be aware of female viagra for sale the much lower out-of-pocket costs generally required by a Silver plan, but still have chosen Bronze deliberately. In some cases, a desired insurer’s Silver plan (e.g., with a superior provider network) might be priced well above benchmark, while that insurer’s Bronze plan with the same provider network might be available free or at very low cost.There is also a modest trend toward lower deductibles in Bronze plans. This year, female viagra for sale 10% have $0 deductibles. But a Bronze plan’s female viagra for sale much lower actuarial value – 60% vs.

94% for silver plans at incomes up to 150% FPL – means the higher out-of-pocket costs have to be paid in other ways – for example, in very high hospital copays and highest allowable out-of-pocket maximums.In most cases, even if the Silver plan with desired provider network costs, say, $50/month while a Bronze with the same network is available for free, the Silver plan is likely to be a better value. If you know enough to care enough female viagra for sale about a plan’s provider network to forgo a different insurer’s free Silver plan, odds are that you’ll need enough care to make the Silver premium worth paying. In the example above, you’d be accepting $600 in premiums to get a likely $5,000-7,000 improvement in the plan’s out-of-pocket maximum, and in most cases in its deductible as well.Roughly 50,000 enrollees with income below 150% FPL chose Gold plans. At this income level, Silver plans are higher-value than Gold plans female viagra for sale too.

Deductibles for gold plans average $1,600, and out-of-pocket maximums are usually above $5,000, often much higher.Bottom line. If your income is below the female viagra for sale 150% FPL threshold (again. $19,140 for a single person, $32,580 for a family of four) and you are enrolled in a Bronze or Gold plan, strongly consider switching to Silver. The new SEP for low incomes female viagra for sale makes switching easy.

SEP varies in state-based exchanges (SBEs)Our prior post about the SEP for enrollees with income up to 150% FPL explains:State-run exchanges (there are 18 as of the 2022 plan year) are not required to offer this SEP. But as of early 2022, several state-run exchanges (Colorado, Maine, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California, and Rhode Island) had already debuted the new SEP.Several female viagra for sale other state-run exchanges have no need for this SEP, because they have other programs with year-round availability. This includes:New York and Minnesota, both of female viagra for sale which have Basic Health Programs that cover people with income up to 200% of FPLMassachusetts, which offers Connector Care to people with income up to 300% of FPL (enrollment is open year-round to people who are newly eligible or who have not been covered under the program in the past)DC, which offers Medicaid to adults with income up to 215% of the poverty levelSome of the remaining state-run exchanges may decide to allow this SEP as of 2022, and others may choose not to offer it at all. Some state-run exchanges may find that it’s too operationally challenging to make this SEP available for 2022, and may postpone it until 2023 (assuming that the ARP’s subsidy enhancements are extended).State-run exchanges have flexibility in terms of how they implement this SEP.As noted above, some may choose not to offer this SEP at all.

For those that do offer it, proof of income might be required in order to trigger the SEP, or they may follow the federal government’s female viagra for sale lead and allow the SEP eligibility to be based on the income attested by the consumer.Andrew Sprung is a freelance writer who blogs about politics and healthcare policy at xpostfactoid. His articles about the Affordable Care Act have appeared in publications including The American Prospect, Health Affairs, The Atlantic, and The New Republic. He is the winner of the female viagra for sale National Institute of Health Care Management’s 2016 Digital Media Award. He holds a Ph.D.

In English literature from the University of Rochester.Key takeaways During the open enrollment period for female viagra for sale 2022 health coverage, more than 14.5 million Americans enrolled in private health plans through the health insurance marketplaces nationwide. That was a record high, and a 21% increase over the number of people who enrolled the previous year.The open enrollment period for 2022 was a month longer in most states, and the federal government spent significantly more money on outreach and enrollment assistance. But the primary factor driving the enrollment female viagra for sale growth was affordability. Thanks to the American Rescue Plan (ARP) – which took effect last spring – self-purchased coverage is a lot more affordable for most people than it used to be.Unfortunately, the improved affordability is currently set to expire at the end of 2022.

Unless Congress takes action to extend the subsidy enhancements made by the ARP, the subsidy structure will revert to the basic Affordable Care Act subsidies female viagra for sale as of January 1, 2023.Health insurance would again become unaffordable for manyAlthough the Congressional Budget Office projected last year that the enhanced subsidies would increase marketplace enrollment by 1.7 million Americans in 2022, enrollment actually grew by 2.5 million people. Again, some of that was due to the longer open enrollment window and the additional federal funding for enrollment assistance and outreach. But the female viagra for sale improved affordability of marketplace coverage is the primary reason for the enrollment growth.If the ARP subsidy enhancements are not extended, nearly everyone with marketplace coverage will have to pay higher premiums next year. And the 2.5 million additional enrollees who signed female viagra for sale up this year may no longer be able to afford their coverage in 2023.The subsidy cliff would return, as subsidies would no longer be available to households that earn more than 400% of the federal poverty level.

As we’ve explained here, some Americans with household income a little over 400% of the poverty level had to pay a quarter – or even half – of their annual income for health insurance before the ARP’s subsidy structure was implemented.That’s untenable, obviously. (Before the ARP, people in that situation often went uninsured or relied on less expensive options that are female viagra for sale not comprehensive coverage – such as a health care sharing ministry plan or short-term health insurance.)If the ARP’s subsidy enhancements expire, coverage will also become less affordable for people with income below 400% of the poverty level. Although most of them will continue to be subsidy-eligible, their subsidy amounts will drop, leaving them with higher net premiums each month. This chart shows some examples of female viagra for sale how the ARP increased subsidies.

Those subsidy boosts will disappear at the end of this year unless Congress passes legislation to extend them.HHS. ARP is saving consumers $59 a month on premiumsAcross the 10.3 million people who enrolled through the federally run exchange (HealthCare.gov, which is currently used in 33 states), the average net premium this year is $111/month female viagra for sale. HHS noted that without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, the average net premium would be $170/month, so the ARP is saving the average enrollee $59 per month in 2022. At ACA Signups, Charles Gaba has some alarming graphs showing just how much more people will be paying for their health insurance if the subsidy enhancements aren’t extended.And across all 14.5 million exchange enrollees this female viagra for sale year, 66% are enrolled in Silver or Gold plans, versus 63% in early 2021 (prior to the ARP).

Some of the people who were previously enrolled in Bronze plans have shifted to more-robust Silver and Gold plans this year.Although those percentages are still in the same ballpark, we also have to remember that enrollment is considerably higher this year. The result is female viagra for sale that 2 million additional people have coverage under robust Silver and Gold plans this year (9.6 million, versus 7.6 million last year). This is a direct result of the additional affordability created by the ARP’s subsidy enhancements. People generally prefer the most robust coverage that they can realistically afford, and the ARP made it easier to afford better coverage.It’s particularly important to point out that the ARP subsidies allow people with income up to 150% of the poverty level to enroll in the benchmark Silver plan for free (for 2022 coverage, 150% of the poverty level is female viagra for sale $19,320 in annual income.

For a family of four, it’s female viagra for sale $39,750). For these enrollees, robust cost-sharing reductions make these Silver plans better than a Platinum plan, with very low out-of-pocket costs. Prior to the female viagra for sale ARP, people in this income range had to pay premiums of up to about 4% of their income for the benchmark plan. And without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, many of these people would be unable to afford the coverage they have this year.The availability of free Silver plans for this population has proven to be especially important in the dozen states that have not expanded Medicaid, since people in those states are eligible for marketplace premium subsidies with income as low as 100% of the poverty level (in states that have expanded Medicaid, Medicaid is available to people with income up to 138% of the poverty level, resulting in a much smaller segment of low-income enrollees being subsidy-eligible).

Although enrollment in marketplace plans grew by 21% nationwide in 2022, the female viagra for sale most significant growth tended to be concentrated in the states that have not expanded Medicaid, where it grew by an average of 31%.If Congress doesn’t take action to extend the ARP’s subsidies, all of these gains will be lost. Millions of people will lose their coverage or be forced to shift to less robust coverage, because their current coverage will no longer be affordable in 2023.Special enrollment for low-income households would expire with ARP’s subsidiesIt’s also worth noting that the new special enrollment period for people with income up to 150% of the poverty level would expire at the end of 2022 if the ARP’s subsidies are not extended. When HHS created female viagra for sale this special enrollment period, they clarified that it will only remain in effect as long as people in that income range can enroll in the benchmark plan without paying any premiums.Without the ARP’s subsidy enhancements, that would no longer be the case.Will Congress extend the ARP’s subsidy structure?. Last fall, the U.S.

House of Representatives passed the Build female viagra for sale Back Better Act, which called for a temporary extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements. Under that legislation, the larger and more widely available subsidies would have continued to be in place through 2025 (instead of just through 2022), and the legislation also called for a one-year extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements for people receiving unemployment compensation.Unfortunately, the legislation stalled in the Senate, after being opposed by all 50 Republican Senators, as well as Sen. Joe Manchin, a Democrat female viagra for sale from West Virginia. So the subsidy enhancements for Americans receiving unemployment compensation expired at the end of 2021, and the rest of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements are currently slated to expire at the end of 2022.The Build Back Better Act is a massive piece of legislation, addressing a wide range of issues and costing more than $2 trillion.

But Sen female viagra for sale. Manchin supports the extension of female viagra for sale the ARP’s subsidies, which means a smaller piece of legislation addressing just this issue would be likely to garner his support.How will the ARP subsidy extension uncertainty affect 2023 premiums?. Technically, Congress could take action to preserve the current subsidy structure at any time between now and the end of 2022 (or even in 2023, with subsidy enhancements retroactive to the start of 2023, as was the case with ARP subsidy enhancements in 2021). But health insurers are already starting to sort out the details for 2023 plan designs and pricing, and subsidy structure plays a large role in that process.If the ARP’s subsidies remain in place for 2023, enrollment will continue to be higher than it would otherwise be, and healthy people — who might otherwise forego coverage if it was less affordable — will stay in the insurance pool female viagra for sale.

Health insurance actuaries take all of this into consideration when determining whether to remain in (or enter) various markets, what plans to offer, and how much they have to charge in premiums in order to cover their costs.Since the extension of the ARP’s subsidy enhancements is still up in the air, states and insurers will have to be flexible in terms of how they handle this issue over the coming weeks and months. The ARP was enacted on March 11 last year, so insurers knew female viagra for sale by then what the subsidy parameters would look like for 2022. But we’re already a few weeks past that point this year, and there is no such clarity for 2023.States can have insurers file two sets of rates for 2023, or file a single set of rates that explain whether they’re assuming the ARP subsidies will expire or be extended (Missouri is an example of a state taking this approach). Some states will tell insurers to simply base their rate filings on the current situation — ie, that the ARP female viagra for sale subsidies will not exist in 2023 — and deal with potential revisions later on (Virginia is an example of a state that has instructed insurers to file rates based on the assumption that the ARP subsidies will expire at the end of 2023.

This was clarified in a recent teleconference hosted by the Virginia Bureau of Insurance).States and insurers have previously demonstrated the ability to turn on a dime, as we saw with the rate revisions that were implemented in many states in October 2017, after federal funding for cost-sharing reductions was eliminated at the eleventh hour. So if the ARP subsidies are extended mid-way through the rate filing/review process, insurers will be able to revise their rates accordingly, even at the last minute.The sooner ARP’s subsidy structure is female viagra for sale extended, the betterBut for everyone involved, this process will be smoother if legislation to extend the ARP subsidies is enacted sooner rather than later. This would help consumers — particularly those with income a little over 400% of the poverty level — plan ahead for next year. It would help insurers female viagra for sale nail down their rate proposals and coverage areas.

And it would make the rate review process simpler for state insurance departments.If you buy your own health insurance, you can reach out to your members of Congress about this, asking them to extend the subsidy enhancements that have likely made your coverage more affordable than it used to be.Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has female viagra for sale written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org. Her state health exchange updates are regularly cited by media who cover health reform and by other health insurance experts..

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Justice, one of the viagra 100mg online in canada four Beauchamp and Childress http://www.hubble.film/films/ prima facie basic principles of biomedical ethics, is explored in two excellent papers in the current issue of the journal. The papers stem from a British Medical Association (BMA) essay competition on justice and fairness in medical practice and policy. Although the competition was open to (almost) all comers, of the viagra 100mg online in canada 235 entries both the winning paper by Alistair Wardrope1 and the highly commended runner-up by Zoe Fritz and Caitríona Cox2 were written by practising doctors—a welcome indication of the growing importance being accorded to philosophical reflection about medical practice and practices within medicine itself. Both papers are thoroughly thought provoking and represent two very different approaches to the topic. Each deserves a careful read.The competition was a component of a BMA 2019/2020 ‘Presidential project’ on fairness and justice and asked candidates to ‘use ethical reasoning and theory to tackle challenging, practical, contemporary, problems in health care and help provide a solution based on an explained and defended sense of fairness/justice’.In this guest editorial I’d like to explain why, in 2018 on becoming president-elect of the BMA, I chose the theme of justice and fairness in medical ethics for my 2019–2020 Presidential project—and why in a world of massive and ever-increasing and remediable health inequalities biomedical ethics requires greater international and interdisciplinary efforts to try to reach agreement on the need to achieve greater ‘health justice’ and to reach agreement on what that commitment actually means and on what in practice it requires.First, some background.

As president I was offered the wonderful opportunity to pursue, viagra 100mg online in canada with the organisation’s formidable assistance, a ‘project’ consistent with the BMA’s interests and values. As a hybrid of general medical practitioner and philosopher/medical ethicist, and as a firm defender of the Beauchamp and Childress four principles approach to medical ethics,3 I chose to try to raise the ethical profile of justice and fairness within medical ethics.My first objective was to ask the BMA to ask the World Medical Association (WMA) to add an explicit commitment ‘to strive to practise fairly and justly throughout my professional life’ to its contemporary version of the Hippocratic Oath—the Declaration of Geneva4—and to the companion document the International Code of Medical Ethics.5 The stimulus for this proposal was the WMA’s addition in 2017 of the principle of respect for patients’ autonomy. Important as that addition is, it is widely perceived (though in my own view mistakenly) as being too much focused on individual viagra 100mg online in canada patients and not enough on communities, groups and populations. The simple addition of a commitment to fairness and justice would provide a ‘balancing’ moral commitment.Adding the fourth principleIt would also explicitly add the fourth of those four prima facie moral commitments, increasingly widely accepted by doctors internationally. Two of them—benefiting our patients (beneficence) and doing so with as little harm as possible (non-maleficence)—have been an integral part of medical ethics since Hippocratic times.

Respect for autonomy and justice are very much viagra 100mg online in canada more recent additions to medical ethics. The WMA, having added respect for autonomy to the Declaration of Geneva, should, I proposed, complete the quartet by adding the ‘balancing’ principle of fairness and justice.Since the Declaration is unlikely to be revised for several years, it seems likely that the proposal to add to it an explicit commitment to practise fairly and justly will have to wait. However, an explicit commitment to justice viagra 100mg online in canada and fairness has, at the BMA’s request, been added to the draft of the International Code of Medical Ethics and it seems reasonable to hope and expect that it will remain in the final document.Adding a commitment to fairness and justice is the easy part!. Few doctors would on reflection deny that they ought to try to practise fairly and justly. It is far more difficult to say what is actually meant by this.

Two additional components of my Presidential project—the essay competition and a conference (which with luck will have been held, virtually, shortly before publication of this editorial)—sought to help elucidate just what is meant by practising fairly and justly.One of the most striking features of the essay competition was the readiness of many writers to point to injustices in the context of medical practice and policy and describe ways of remedying them, but without giving a specific account of justice and fairness on the basis of viagra 100mg online in canada which the diagnosis of injustice was made and the remedy offered.Wardrope’s winning essay comes close to such an approach by challenging the implied premise that an account of justice and fairness must provide some such formal theory. In preference, he points to the evident injustice and unsustainability of humans’ degradation of ‘the Land’ and its atmosphere and its inhabitants and then challenges some assumptions of contemporary philosophy and ethics, especially what he sees as their anthropocentric and individualistic focus. Instead, he invokes Leopold Aldo’s ‘Land Ethic’ (as well as drawing in aid Isabelle Stenger’s focus on ‘the intrusion of viagra 100mg online in canada Gaia’). In his thoughtful and challenging paper, he seeks to refocus our ethics—including our medical ethics and our sense of justice and fairness—on mankind’s exploitative threat, during this contemporary ‘anthropocene’ stage of evolution, to the continuing existence of humans and of all forms of life in our ‘biotic community’. As remedy, the author, allying his approach to those of contemporary virtue ethics, recommends the beneficial outcomes that would be brought about by a sense of fairness and justice—a developed and sensitive ‘ecological conscience’ as he calls it—that embraces the interests of the entire biotic community of which we humans are but a part.Fritz and Cox pursue a very different and philosophically more conventional approach to the essay competition’s question and offer a combination and development of two established philosophical theories, those of John Rawls and Thomas Scanlon, to provide a philosophically robust and practically beneficial methodology for justice and fairness in medical practice and policy.

Briefly summarised, they recommend a two-stage approach viagra 100mg online in canada for healthcare justice. First, those faced with a problem of fairness or justice in healthcare or policy should use Thomas Scanlon’s proposed contractualist approach whereby reasonable people seek solutions that they and others could not ‘reasonably reject’. This stage would involve committees of decision-makers and representatives of relevant stakeholders looking at the immediate and longer term impact on existing stakeholders of proposed solutions. They would then check those solutions against viagra 100mg online in canada substantive criteria of justice derived from Rawls’ theory (which, via his theoretical device of the ‘veil of ignorance’, Rawls and the authors argue that all reasonable people can be expected to accept!. ).

The Rawlsian criteria relied viagra 100mg online in canada on by Fritz and Cox are equity of access to healthcare. The ‘difference principle’ whereby avoidable inequalities of primary goods can only be justified if they benefit the most disadvantaged. The just savings principle, of particular importance for ensuring intergenerational justice and sustainability. And a criterion of increased openness, transparency and viagra 100mg online in canada accountability.It would of course be naïve to expect a single universalisable solution to the question ‘what do we mean by fairness and justice in health care?. €™ As the papers by Wardrope1 and Fritz and Cox2 demonstrate, there can be very wide differences of approach in well-defended accounts.

My own hope for my project is viagra 100mg online in canada to emphasise the importance first of committing ourselves within medicine to practising fairly and justly in whatever branch we practise. And then to think carefully about what we do mean by that and act accordingly.Following AristotleFor my own part, over 40 years of looking, I have not yet found a single substantive theory of justice that is plausibly universalisable and have had to content myself with Aristotle’s formal, almost content-free but probably universalisable theory, according to which equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally in proportion to the relevant inequalities—what some health economists refer to as horizontal and vertical justice or equity.6Beauchamp and Childress in their recent eighth and ‘perhaps final’ edition of their foundational ‘Principles of biomedical ethics’1 acknowledge that ‘[t]he construction of a unified theory of justice that captures our diverse conceptions and principles of justice in biomedical ethics continues to be controversial and difficult to pin down’.They still cite Aristotle’s formal principle (though with less explanation than in their first edition back in 1979) and they still believe that this formal principle requires substantive or ‘material’ content if it is to be useful in practice. They then describe six different theories of justice—four ‘traditional’ (utilitarian, libertarian, communitarian and egalitarian) and two newer theories, which they suggest may be more helpful in the context of health justice, one based on capabilities and the other on actual well-being.They again end their discussion of justice with their reminder that ‘Policies of just access to health care, strategies of efficiencies in health care institutions, and global needs for the reduction of health-impairing conditions dwarf in social importance every other issue considered in this book’ ……. €˜every society must ration its resources but many societies can close gaps in fair rationing more conscientiously than they have viagra 100mg online in canada to date’ [emphasis added]. And they go on to stress their own support for ‘recognition of global rights to health and enforceable rights to health care in nation-states’.For my own part I recommend, perhaps less ambitiously, that across the globe we extract from Aristotle’s formal theory of justice a starting point that ethically requires us to focus on equality and always to treat others as equals and treat them equally unless there are moral justifications for not doing so.

Where such justifications exist we should say what they are, explain the moral assumptions that justify them and, to the extent possible, seek the agreement of those affected.IntroductionIt did not occur to the Governor that there might be more than one definition of what is good … It did not occur to him that while the courts were writing one definition of goodness in the law books, fires were writing quite another one on viagra 100mg online in canada the face of the land. (Leopold, ‘Good Oak’1, pp 10–11)As I wrote the abstract that would become this essay, wildfires were spreading across Australia’s east coast. By the time I was invited to write the essay, back-to-back winter storms were flooding communities all around my home. The essay has been written in moments of respite viagra 100mg online in canada between shifts during the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra. Every one of these events was described as ‘unprecedented’.

Yet each is becoming increasingly likely, and that due to our interactions with our environment.Public discourse surrounding these events is dominated by questions of justice and fairness. How to balance competing imperatives of protecting individual lives against risk of spreading contagion viagra 100mg online in canada. How best to allocate scarce resources like intensive care beds or mechanical ventilators. The conceptual tools of clinical ethics are viagra 100mg online in canada well tailored to these sorts of questions. The rights of the individual versus the community, issues of distributive justice—these are familiar to anyone with even a passing acquaintance with its canonical debates.What biomedical ethics has remained largely silent on is how we have been left to confront these decisions.

How human activity has eroded Earth’s life support systems to make the ‘unprecedented’ the new normal. A medical ethic fit for the Anthropocene—our (still tentative) geological epoch defined by human influence on natural systems—must be able not just to react to the consequences of our exploitation of the viagra 100mg online in canada natural world, but reimagine our relationship with it.Those reimaginations already exist, if we know where to look for them. The ‘Land Ethic’ of the US conservationist Aldo Leopold offers one such vision.i Developed over decades of experience working in and teaching land management, the Land Ethic is most famously formulated in an essay of the same name published shortly before Leopold’s death fighting a wildfire on a neighbour’s farm. It begins with a reinterpretation of the viagra 100mg online in canada ethical relationship between humanity and the ‘land community’, the ecosystems we live within and depend upon. Moving us from ‘conqueror’ to ‘plain member and citizen’ of that community1 (p 204).

Land ceases to be a resource to be exploited for human need once we view ourselves as part of, and only existing within, the land community. Our moral evaluations shift viagra 100mg online in canada consonantly:A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.1 (pp 224–225)The justice of the Land Ethic questions many presuppositions of biomedical ethics. By valuing the community in itself—in a way irreducible to the welfare of its members—it steps away from the individualism axiomatic in contemporary bioethics.2 Viewing ourselves as citizens of the land community also extends the moral horizons of healthcare from a solely human focus, viagra 100mg online in canada taking seriously the interests of the non-human members of that community. Taking into account the ‘stability’ of the community requires intergenerational justice—that we consider those affected by our actions now, and their implications for future generations.3 The resulting vision of justice in healthcare—one that takes climate and environmental justice seriously—could offer health workers an ethic fit for the future, demonstrating ways in which practice must change to do justice to patients, public and planet—now and in years to come.Healthcare in the AnthropoceneSeemeth it a small thing unto you to have fed upon good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pasture?.

And to have drunk of the clear waters, but ye must foul the residue with your feet?. (Ezekiel 34:18, quoted in Leopold, ‘Conservation in the Southwest’4, p 94)The majority of the development of human societies worldwide—including all of recorded human history—has taken place within a single geological epoch, a viagra 100mg online in canada roughly 11 600 yearlong period of relative warmth and climatic stability known as the Holocene. That stability, however, can no longer be taken for granted. The epoch that has sustained most of human development is giving way to one shaped by the planetary consequences of that development—the Anthropocene.The Anthropocene is marked by accelerating degradation of the ecosystems that have sustained human societies. Human activity is already estimated to have raised global temperatures 1°C above preindustrial levels, and if emissions continue at current levels we are likely to reach 1.5°C viagra 100mg online in canada between 2030 and 2052.5 The global rate of species extinction is orders of magnitude higher than the average over the past 10 million years.6 Ocean acidification, deforestation and disruption of nitrogen and phosphorus flows are likely at or beyond sustainable planetary boundaries.7Yet this period has also seen rapid (if uneven) improvements in human health, with improved life expectancy, falling child mortality and falling numbers of people living in extreme poverty.

The 2015 report of the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health explained this dissonance in stark terms. €˜we have been mortgaging the health of future generations to realise economic and development gains in the present.’7In the instrumental rationality of modernity, nature has featured only viagra 100mg online in canada as inexhaustible resource and infinite sink to fuel social and economic ends. But this disenchanted worldview can no longer hide from the implausibility of these assumptions. It cannot resist what the philosopher Isabelle Stengers has called ‘the intrusion of Gaia’.8 The present viagra—made more likely by deforestation, land use change and biodiversity loss9—is just the most immediately salient of these intrusions. Anthropogenic environmental changes are increasing undernutrition, increasing range and transmissibility of many vectorborne and waterborne diseases like dengue fever and cholera, increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events like heatwaves and wildfires, and driving population exposure to air pollution—which already accounts for over 7 million deaths annually.10These intrusions will shape healthcare in viagra 100mg online in canada the Anthropocene.

This is because health workers will have to deal with their consequences, and because modern industrialised healthcare as practised in most high-income countries—and considered aspirational elsewhere—was borne of the same worldview that has mortgaged the health of future generations. The health sector in the USA is estimated to account for 8% of the country’s greenhouse gas footprint.11 Pharmaceutical production and waste causes more local viagra 100mg online in canada environmental degradation, accumulating in water supplies with damaging effects for local flora and fauna.12 Public health has similarly embraced short-term gains with neglect of long-term consequences. Health messaging was instrumental to the development and popularisation of many disposable and single-use products, while a 1947 report funded by the Rockefeller Foundation (who would later fund the landmark 2015 Lancet report on planetary health) popularised the high-meat, high-dairy ‘American’ diet—dependent on fossil fuel-driven intensive agricultural practices—as the healthy ideal.13Healthcare fit for the Anthropocene requires a shift in perspectives that allows us to see and work with the intrusion of Gaia. But can dominant approaches in bioethics incorporate that shift?. A perfect moral stormWe have built viagra 100mg online in canada a beautiful piece of social machinery … which is coughing along on two cylinders because we have been too timid, and too anxious for quick success, to tell the farmer the true magnitude of his obligations.

(Leopold, ‘The Ecological Conscience’4, p 341)At local, national and international scales, the lifestyles of the wealthiest pose an existential threat to the poorest and most marginalised in society. Our actions now are viagra 100mg online in canada depriving future generations of the environmental prerequisites of good health and social flourishing. If justice means, as Ranaan Gillon parses it, ‘the moral obligation to act on the basis of fair adjudication between competing claims’,14 then this state of affairs certainly seems unjust. However, the tools available for grappling with questions of justice in bioethics seem ill equipped to deal with these sorts of injustice.To illustrate this problem, consider how Gillon further fleshes out his description of justice. In terms of fair distribution of scarce resources, respect for people’s rights, and respect viagra 100mg online in canada for morally acceptable laws.

The first of these—labelled distributive justice—concerns how fairly to allot finite resources among potential beneficiaries. Classic problems of distributive justice in healthcare concern a group of people at a particular time (usually patients), who could each benefit from a particular resource (historically, discussions have often focused on transplant organs. More recently, intensive care beds and ventilators have come to the fore) viagra 100mg online in canada. But there are fewer of these resources than there are people with a need for them. Such discussions are not easy, but they are at least familiar—we viagra 100mg online in canada know where to begin with them.

We can consider each party’s need, their potential to benefit from the resource, any special rights or other claims they may have to it, and so forth. The distribution of benefits and harms in the Anthropocene, however, does not comfortably fit this formalism. It is one thing viagra 100mg online in canada to say that there is but one intensive care bed, from which Smith has a good chance of gaining another year of life, Jones a poor chance, and so offer it to Smith. Another entirely to say that production of the materials consumed in Smith’s care has contributed to the degradation of scarce water supplies on the other side of the globe, or that the unsustainable pattern of energy use will affect innumerable other future persons in poorly quantifiable ways through fuelling climate change. The calculations of distributive justice are well suited to problems where there are a set pool of potential beneficiaries, and the use of the scarce resources available affects only those viagra 100mg online in canada within that pool.

But global environmental problems do not fit this pattern—the effects of our actions are spatially and temporally dispersed, so that large numbers of present and future people are affected in different ways.Nor can this problem be readily addressed by turning to Gillon’s second category of obligations of justice, those grounded in human rights. For while it might be plausible (if not entirely uncontroversial) to say that those communities whose water supplies are degraded by pharmaceutical production have a right to clean water, it is another thing entirely to say that Smith’s healthcare is directly violating that right. It would not be true to say that, viagra 100mg online in canada were it not for the resources used in caring for Smith, that the communities in question would face no threat to water security—indeed, they would likely make no appreciable difference. Similarly for the effects of Smith’s care on future generations facing accelerating environmental change.iiThe issue here is of fragmentation of agency. While it is not the case that Smith’s care is directly responsible for these environmental harms, the cumulative consequences of many such acts—and the ways in which these acts are embedded viagra 100mg online in canada in particular systems of energy generation, waste management, international trade, and so on—are reliably producing these harms.

The injustice is structural, in Iris Marion Young’s terminology—arising from the ways in which social structures constrain individuals from pursuing certain courses of action, and enable them to follow others, with side effects that cumulatively produce devastating impacts.15Gillon describes the third component of justice as respect for morally acceptable laws. But there is little reason to believe that existing legal frameworks provide sufficient guidance to address these structural injustices. While the intricacies of global governance are well beyond my response what I can hope to address here, the stark fact remains that, despite viagra 100mg online in canada the international commitment of the 2015 Paris Agreement to attempt to keep global temperature rise to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that present national commitments—even if these are substantially increased in coming years—will take us well beyond that target.5 Confronted by such institutional inadequacy, respect for the rule of law is inadequate to remedy injustice.The confluence of these particular features—dispersion of causes and effects, fragmentation of agency and institutional inadequacy—makes it difficult for us to reason ethically about the choices we have to make. Stephen Gardiner calls this a ‘perfect moral storm’.16 Each of these factors individually would be difficult to address using the resources of contemporary biomedical ethics. Their convergence makes it seem insurmountable.This perfect storm was not, however, unpredictable.

Van Rensselaer Potter, a professor of Oncology responsible for viagra 100mg online in canada introducing the term ‘bioethics’ into Anglophone discourse, observed that since he coined the phrase, the study of bioethics had diverged from his original usage (governing all issues at the intersection of ethics and the biological sciences) to a narrow focus on the moral dilemmas arising in interactions between individuals in biomedical contexts. Potter predicted that the short-term, individualistic and medicalised focus of this approach would result in a neglect of population-level and ecological-level issues affecting human and planetary health, with catastrophic consequences.17 His proposed solution was a new ‘global bioethics’, grounded in a new understanding of humanity’s position within planetary systems—one articulated by the Land Ethic.The Land EthicA land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the viagra 100mg online in canada community as such.iii (Leopold, ‘The Land Ethic’1, p 204)Developed throughout a career in forestry, conservation and wildlife management, the Land Ethic is less an attempt to provide a set of maxims for moral action, than to shift our perspectives of the moral landscape. In his working life, Aldo Leopold witnessed how actions intended to optimise short-term economic outcomes eroded the environments on which we depend—whether soil degradation arising from intensive farming and deforestation, or disruption of freshwater ecosystems by industrial dairy farming. He also saw that contemporary morality remained silent on such actions, even when their consequences were to the collective detriment of all.Leopold argued that a series of ‘historical accidents’ left our morality particularly ill suited to handle these intrusions of Gaia—with a worldview that considered them ‘intrusions’, rather than the predictable response of our biotic community.

These ‘accidents’ viagra 100mg online in canada were. The unusual resilience of European ecological communities to anthropogenic interference (England survived an almost wholesale deforestation without consequent loss of ecosystem resilience, while similar changes elsewhere resulted in permanent environmental degradation). And the legacy of European settler colonialism, meaning that an ethic arising in these particular conditions viagra 100mg online in canada came to dominate global social arrangements4 (p 311). The first of these supported a worldview in which ‘Land … is … something to be tamed rather than something to be understood, loved, and lived with. Resources are still regarded as separate entities, indeed, as commodities, rather than as our cohabitants in the land community’4 (p 311).

The second enabled the marginalisation of viagra 100mg online in canada other views. In this genealogy, Leopold anticipated the perfect moral storm discussed above. His intent viagra 100mg online in canada with the Land Ethic was to navigate it.There are three key components of the Land Ethic that comprise the first three sections of Leopold’s final essay on the subject. (1) the ‘community concept’ that allows communities as wholes to have intrinsic value. (2) the ‘ethical sequence’ that situates the value of such communities as extending, not replacing, values assigned to individuals.

And (3) the ‘ecological conscience’ that views ethical action not in terms of following a particular viagra 100mg online in canada code, but in developing appropriate moral perception.The community conceptThe most widely quoted passage of Leopold’s opus—already cited above, and frequently (mis)taken as a summary maxim of the ethic—states that:A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.1 (pp 224–225)This passage makes the primary object of our moral responsibilities ‘the biotic community’, a term Leopold uses interchangeably with the ‘land community’. Leopold’s community concept is notable in at least three respects. Its holism—an embrace of the moral significance of communities in a way that is not viagra 100mg online in canada simply reducible to the significance of its individual members. Its understanding of communities as temporally extended, placing importance on their ‘integrity’ and ‘stability’.

And its rejection of anthropocentrism, affording humanity a place as ‘plain member and citizen’ of a viagra 100mg online in canada broader land community.Individualism is so prevalent in biomedical ethics that it is scarcely argued for, instead forming part of the ‘background constellation of values’2 tacitly assumed within the field. We are used to evaluating the well-being of a community as a function of the well-being of its individual members—this is the rationale underlying quality-adjusted life year calculations endemic within health economics, and most discussions of distributive justice adopt some variation of this approach. Holism instead proposes that this makes no more sense than evaluating a person’s well-being as an aggregate of the well-being of their individual organs. While we can sensibly talk about people’s hearts, livers or kidneys, their health is defined in terms viagra 100mg online in canada of and constitutively dependent on the health of the person as a whole. Similarly, holism proposes, while individuals can be identified separately, it only makes sense to talk about them and their well-being in the context of the larger biotic community which supports and defines us.Holism helps us to negotiate the issues that confront individualistic accounts of collective well-being in Anthropocene health injustices.

In the previous section, we found in the environmental consequences of industrialised healthcare that it is viagra 100mg online in canada difficult to identify which parties in particular are harmed, and how much each individual action contributes to those harms. But our intuition that the overall result is unfair or unjust is itself a holistic assessment of the overall outcome, not dependent on our calculation of the welfare of every party involved. Holism respects the intuition that says—no matter the individuals involved—a world where people now exploit ecological resources in a fashion that deprives people in the future of the prerequisites of survival, is worse than one where communities now and in the future live in a sustainable relationship with their environment.The second aspect of Leopold’s community concept is that the community is something that does not exist at a single time and place—it is defined in terms of its development through time. Promoting the ‘integrity’ and ‘stability’ of the community requires that we not just viagra 100mg online in canada consider its immediate interests, but how that will affect its long-term sustainability or resilience. We saw earlier the difficulties in trying to say just who is harmed and how when we approach harm to future generations individualistically.

But from the perspective of the Land Ethic, when we exploit environmental resources in ways that will have predictable damaging results for future generations, the object of viagra 100mg online in canada our harm is not just some purely notional future person. It is a presently existing, temporally extended entity—the community of which they will be part.Lastly, Leopold’s community is quite consciously a biotic—not merely human—community. Leopold defines the land community as the open network of energy and mineral exchange that sustains all aspects of that network:Land… is not merely soil. It is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants, and animals viagra 100mg online in canada. Food chains are the living channels which conduct energy upward.

Death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit viagra 100mg online in canada is not closed. Some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption, some is stored in soils, peats, and forests, but it is a sustained circuit, like a slowly augmented revolving fund of life.4 (pp 268–269)While the components within this network may change, the land community as a whole remains stable when the overall complexity of the network is not disrupted—other components are able to adjust to these changes, or new ones arise to take their place.ivThe normative inference Leopold makes from his understanding of the land community is this. It makes no sense to single out individual entities within the community as being especially valuable viagra 100mg online in canada or useful, without taking into account the whole community upon which they mutually depend. To do so is self-defeating.

By privileging the interests of a few members of the community, we ultimately undermine the prerequisites of their existence.The ethical sequenceThe Land Ethic’s holism is in fact its most frequently critiqued feature. Its emphasis on the value of the biotic community leads some to allege a subjugation of viagra 100mg online in canada individual interests to the needs of the environment. This critique neglects how Leopold positions the Land Ethic in what he calls the ‘ethical sequence’. This is the gradual extension of scope of ethical considerations, both in terms of the complexity of social interactions they cover (from interactions between two people, to the structure of progressively larger social groups), and in the kinds of person they acknowledge as worthy of moral consideration (as viagra 100mg online in canada we resist, for example, classist, sexist or racist exclusions from personhood).This sequence serves less as a description of the history of morality, than a prescription for how we should understand the Land Ethic as adding to, rather than supplanting, our responsibilities to others. We do not argue that taking seriously health workers’ responsibilities for public health and health promotion supplants their duties to the patients they work with on a daily basis.

Similarly, the Land Ethic implies ‘respect for [our] fellow members, and also respect for the community as such’1 (p 204). At times, our viagra 100mg online in canada responsibilities towards these different parties may come into tension. But balancing these responsibilities has always been part of the work of clinical ethics.The ecological conscienceIf the community concept gives a definition of the good, and the ethical sequence situates this definition within the existing moral landscape, neither offers an explicit decision procedure to guide right action. In arguing for the ‘ecological conscience’, Leopold explains his rationale for viagra 100mg online in canada not attempting to articulate such a procedure. In his career as conservationist, Leopold witnessed time and again laws nominally introduced in the name of environmental protection that did little to achieve their long-term goals, while exacerbating other environmental threats.v This is not surprising, given the ‘perfect moral storm’ of Anthropocene global health and environmental threats discussed above.

The cumulative results of apparently innocent actions can be widespread and damaging.Leopold’s response to this problem is to advocate the cultivation of an ‘ecological conscience’. What is viagra 100mg online in canada needed to promote a healthy human relationship with the land community is not for us to be told exactly how and how not to act in the face of environmental health threats, but rather to shift our view of the land from ‘a commodity belonging to us’ towards ‘a community to which we belong’1 (p viii). To understand what the Land Ethic requires of us, therefore, we should learn more about the land community and our relationship with it, to develop our moral perception and extend its scope to embrace the non-human members of our community.Seen in this light, the Land Ethic shares much in common with virtue ethics, where right action is defined in terms of what the moral agent would do, rather than vice versa. But rather than the Eudaimonia of individual human flourishing proposed by Aristotle, the phronimos of the Land Ethic sees their telos coming from their position within the land community. While clinical virtue ethicists have traditionally taken the virtues of medical practice to be grounded in the interaction with individual patients, the realities of healthcare in viagra 100mg online in canada the Anthropocene mean that limiting our moral perceptions in this way would ultimately be self-defeating—hurting those very patients we mean to serve (and many more besides).18 The virtuous clinician must adopt a view of the moral world that can focus on a person both as an individual, and simultaneously as member of the land community.

I will close by exploring how adopting that perspective might change our practice.Justice in the AnthropoceneFailing this, it seems to me we fail in the ultimate test of our vaunted superiority—the self-control of environment. We fall back into the biological category of the potato bug which exterminated the potato, and viagra 100mg online in canada thereby exterminated itself. (Leopold, ‘The River of the Mother of God’4, p 127)I have articulated some of the challenges healthcare faces in the Anthropocene. I have suggested that the tools presently available to clinical ethics may be inadequate to meet them. The Land Ethic invites us to reimagine our position in and relationship viagra 100mg online in canada with the land community.

I want to close by suggesting how the development of an ecological conscience might support a transition to more just healthcare. I will not endeavour to give viagra 100mg online in canada detailed prescriptions for action, given Leopold’s warnings about the limitations of such codifications. Rather, I will attempt to show how the cultivation of an ecological conscience might change our perception of what justice demands. Following the tradition of virtue ethics with which the Land Ethic holds much in common, this is best achieved by looking at models of virtuous action, and exploring what makes it virtuous.19Industrialised healthcare developed within a paradigm that saw the environment as inert resource and held that the scope of clinical ethics ranged only over the clinician’s interaction with their patients. When we begin to see clinician and patient not as standing apart from the environment, but viagra 100mg online in canada as ‘member and citizen of the land community’, their relationship with one another and with the world around them changes consonantly.

The present viagra has only begun to make commonplace the idea that health workers do not simply treat infectious diseases, but interact with them in a range of ways, including as vector—and as a result our moral obligations in confronting them may extend beyond the immediate clinical encounter, to cover all the other ways we may contract or spread disease. But we may be responsible for disease outbreaks with conditions other than erectile dysfunction treatment, and in ways beyond viagra 100mg online in canada simply becoming infected. The development of an ecological conscience would show how our practices of consumption may fuel deforestation that accelerates the emergence of novel pathogens, or support intensive animal rearing that drives antibiotic resistance.18The Land Ethic also challenges us not to abstract our work away from the places in which it takes place. General practitioner surgeries and hospitals are situated within social and land communities alike, shaping and shaped by them. These spaces viagra 100mg online in canada can be used in ways that support or undermine those communities.

Surgeries can work to empower their communities to pursue more sustainable and healthy diets by doubling as food cooperatives, or providing resources and ‘social prescriptions’ for increased walking and cycling. Hospitals can use their extensive real estate to provide publicly accessible green and wild spaces within urban environments, and use their role as major nodes in transport infrastructure to change that infrastructure to support active travel alternatives.ivThe Land Ethic reminds us that a community (human or land) is not healthy if its flourishing cannot be sustainably maintained. An essential component of Anthropocene health justice viagra 100mg online in canada is intergenerational justice. Contemporary industrialised healthcare has an unsustainable ecological footprint. Continuing with such a model of care would serve only to viagra 100mg online in canada mortgage the health of future generations for the sake of those living now.

Ecologically conscious practice must take seriously the sorts of downstream, distributed consequences of activity that produce anthropogenic global health threats, and evaluate to what extent our most intensive healthcare practices truly serve to promote public and planetary health. It is not enough for the clinician to assume that our resource usage is a necessary evil in the pursuit of best clinical outcomes, for it is already apparent that much of our environmental exploitation is of minimal or even negative long-term value. The work of the National Health Service (NHS) Sustainable Development Unit has seen a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the viagra 100mg online in canada NHS from 2007 to 2015 despite an 18% increase in clinical activity,20 while different models of care used in less industrialised nations manage to provide high-quality health outcomes in less resource-intensive fashion.21ConclusionOur present problem is one of attitudes and implements. We are remodelling the Alhambra with a steam-shovel. We shall hardly relinquish the steam-shovel, which after all has many good points, but we are in need of gentler and more viagra 100mg online in canada objective criteria for its successful use.

(Leopold, ‘The Land Ethic’1, p 226)The moral challenges of the Anthropocene do not solely confront health workers. But the potentially catastrophic health effects of anthropogenic global environmental change, and the contribution of healthcare activity to driving these changes provide a specific and unique imperative for action from health workers.Yet it is hard to articulate this imperative in the language of contemporary clinical ethics, ill equipped for this intrusion of Gaia. Justice in the Anthropocene requires us to be able to adopt a perspective from which these changes no longer appear as unexpected intrusions, viagra 100mg online in canada but that acknowledges the land community as part of our moral community. The Land Ethic articulates an understanding of justice that is holistic, structural, intergenerational, and rejects anthropocentrism. This understanding seeks not to supplant, but viagra 100mg online in canada to augment, our existing one.

It aims to do so by helping us to develop an ‘ecological conscience’, seeing ourselves as ‘plain member and citizen’ of the land community. The Land Ethic does not provide a step-by-step guide to just action. Nor does it definitively adjudicate on how to balance the viagra 100mg online in canada interests of our patients, other populations now and in the future, and the planet. It could, however, help us on the first step towards that change—showing how to cultivate the ‘internal change in our intellectual emphasis, loyalties, affections, and convictions’1 (pp 209–210) necessary to realise the virtues of just healthcare in the Anthropocene.AcknowledgmentsThis essay was written as a submission for the BMA Presidential Essay Prize. I am grateful to the organisers and judging panel for the opportunity..

Justice, one of the female viagra for sale four Beauchamp and Childress prima facie basic principles of biomedical buy viagra usa ethics, is explored in two excellent papers in the current issue of the journal. The papers stem from a British Medical Association (BMA) essay competition on justice and fairness in medical practice and policy. Although the competition was open to (almost) all female viagra for sale comers, of the 235 entries both the winning paper by Alistair Wardrope1 and the highly commended runner-up by Zoe Fritz and Caitríona Cox2 were written by practising doctors—a welcome indication of the growing importance being accorded to philosophical reflection about medical practice and practices within medicine itself. Both papers are thoroughly thought provoking and represent two very different approaches to the topic.

Each deserves a careful read.The competition was a component of a BMA 2019/2020 ‘Presidential project’ on fairness and justice and asked candidates to ‘use ethical reasoning and theory to tackle challenging, practical, contemporary, problems in health care and help provide a solution based on an explained and defended sense of fairness/justice’.In this guest editorial I’d like to explain why, in 2018 on becoming president-elect of the BMA, I chose the theme of justice and fairness in medical ethics for my 2019–2020 Presidential project—and why in a world of massive and ever-increasing and remediable health inequalities biomedical ethics requires greater international and interdisciplinary efforts to try to reach agreement on the need to achieve greater ‘health justice’ and to reach agreement on what that commitment actually means and on what in practice it requires.First, some background. As president I was offered the wonderful opportunity to pursue, with the organisation’s formidable assistance, a ‘project’ consistent with the female viagra for sale BMA’s interests and values. As a hybrid of general medical practitioner and philosopher/medical ethicist, and as a firm defender of the Beauchamp and Childress four principles approach to medical ethics,3 I chose to try to raise the ethical profile of justice and fairness within medical ethics.My first objective was to ask the BMA to ask the World Medical Association (WMA) to add an explicit commitment ‘to strive to practise fairly and justly throughout my professional life’ to its contemporary version of the Hippocratic Oath—the Declaration of Geneva4—and to the companion document the International Code of Medical Ethics.5 The stimulus for this proposal was the WMA’s addition in 2017 of the principle of respect for patients’ autonomy. Important as that addition is, it is widely perceived (though female viagra for sale in my own view mistakenly) as being too much focused on individual patients and not enough on communities, groups and populations.

The simple addition of a commitment to fairness and justice would provide a ‘balancing’ moral commitment.Adding the fourth principleIt would also explicitly add the fourth of those four prima facie moral commitments, increasingly widely accepted by doctors internationally. Two of them—benefiting our patients (beneficence) and doing so with as little harm as possible (non-maleficence)—have been an integral part of medical ethics since Hippocratic times. Respect for female viagra for sale autonomy and justice are very much more recent additions to medical ethics. The WMA, having added respect for autonomy to the Declaration of Geneva, should, I proposed, complete the quartet by adding the ‘balancing’ principle of fairness and justice.Since the Declaration is unlikely to be revised for several years, it seems likely that the proposal to add to it an explicit commitment to practise fairly and justly will have to wait.

However, an explicit commitment to justice and fairness has, at female viagra for sale the BMA’s request, been added to the draft of the International Code of Medical Ethics and it seems reasonable to hope and expect that it will remain in the final document.Adding a commitment to fairness and justice is the easy part!. Few doctors would on reflection deny that they ought to try to practise fairly and justly. It is far more difficult to say what is actually meant by this. Two additional components of my Presidential project—the essay competition and a conference (which with luck will have been held, virtually, shortly before publication of this editorial)—sought to help elucidate just what is meant by practising fairly and justly.One of the most striking features of the essay competition was the readiness of many writers to point to injustices in the context of medical female viagra for sale practice and policy and describe ways of remedying them, but without giving a specific account of justice and fairness on the basis of which the diagnosis of injustice was made and the remedy offered.Wardrope’s winning essay comes close to such an approach by challenging the implied premise that an account of justice and fairness must provide some such formal theory.

In preference, he points to the evident injustice and unsustainability of humans’ degradation of ‘the Land’ and its atmosphere and its inhabitants and then challenges some assumptions of contemporary philosophy and ethics, especially what he sees as their anthropocentric and individualistic focus. Instead, he invokes Leopold Aldo’s ‘Land Ethic’ (as well as drawing female viagra for sale in aid Isabelle Stenger’s focus on ‘the intrusion of Gaia’). In his thoughtful and challenging paper, he seeks to refocus our ethics—including our medical ethics and our sense of justice and fairness—on mankind’s exploitative threat, during this contemporary ‘anthropocene’ stage of evolution, to the continuing existence of humans and of all forms of life in our ‘biotic community’. As remedy, the author, allying his approach to those of contemporary virtue ethics, recommends the beneficial outcomes that would be brought about by a sense of fairness and justice—a developed and sensitive ‘ecological conscience’ as he calls it—that embraces the interests of the entire biotic community of which we humans are but a part.Fritz and Cox pursue a very different and philosophically more conventional approach to the essay competition’s question and offer a combination and development of two established philosophical theories, those of John Rawls and Thomas Scanlon, to provide a philosophically robust and practically beneficial methodology for justice and fairness in medical practice and policy.

Briefly summarised, they recommend a two-stage approach female viagra for sale for healthcare justice. First, those faced with a problem of fairness or justice in healthcare or policy should use Thomas Scanlon’s proposed contractualist approach whereby reasonable people seek solutions that they and others could not ‘reasonably reject’. This stage would involve committees of decision-makers and representatives of relevant stakeholders looking at the immediate and longer term impact on existing stakeholders of proposed solutions. They would then check female viagra for sale those solutions against substantive criteria of justice derived from Rawls’ theory (which, via his theoretical device of the ‘veil of ignorance’, Rawls and the authors argue that all reasonable people can be expected to accept!.

). The Rawlsian criteria female viagra for sale relied on by Fritz and Cox are equity of access to healthcare. The ‘difference principle’ whereby avoidable inequalities of primary goods can only be justified if they benefit the most disadvantaged. The just savings principle, of particular importance for ensuring intergenerational justice and sustainability.

And a criterion of increased openness, transparency and accountability.It would of course be naïve to expect a female viagra for sale single universalisable solution to the question ‘what do we mean by fairness and justice in health care?. €™ As the papers by Wardrope1 and Fritz and Cox2 demonstrate, there can be very wide differences of approach in well-defended accounts. My own hope for my female viagra for sale project is to emphasise the importance first of committing ourselves within medicine to practising fairly and justly in whatever branch we practise. And then to think carefully about what we do mean by that and act accordingly.Following AristotleFor my own part, over 40 years of looking, I have not yet found a single substantive theory of justice that is plausibly universalisable and have had to content myself with Aristotle’s formal, almost content-free but probably universalisable theory, according to which equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally in proportion to the relevant inequalities—what some health economists refer to as horizontal and vertical justice or equity.6Beauchamp and Childress in their recent eighth and ‘perhaps final’ edition of their foundational ‘Principles of biomedical ethics’1 acknowledge that ‘[t]he construction of a unified theory of justice that captures our diverse conceptions and principles of justice in biomedical ethics continues to be controversial and difficult to pin down’.They still cite Aristotle’s formal principle (though with less explanation than in their first edition back in 1979) and they still believe that this formal principle requires substantive or ‘material’ content if it is to be useful in practice.

They then describe six different theories of justice—four ‘traditional’ (utilitarian, libertarian, communitarian and egalitarian) and two newer theories, which they suggest may be more helpful in the context of health justice, one based on capabilities and the other on actual well-being.They again end their discussion of justice with their reminder that ‘Policies of just access to health care, strategies of efficiencies in health care institutions, and global needs for the reduction of health-impairing conditions dwarf in social importance every other issue considered in this book’ ……. €˜every society must ration its resources but female viagra for sale many societies can close gaps in fair rationing more conscientiously than they have to date’ [emphasis added]. And they go on to stress their own support for ‘recognition of global rights to health and enforceable rights to health care in nation-states’.For my own part I recommend, perhaps less ambitiously, that across the globe we extract from Aristotle’s formal theory of justice a starting point that ethically requires us to focus on equality and always to treat others as equals and treat them equally unless there are moral justifications for not doing so. Where such justifications exist we should say what they are, explain the moral assumptions that justify them and, to the extent possible, seek the agreement of those affected.IntroductionIt did not occur to the Governor that there might be more than one definition of what female viagra for sale is good … It did not occur to him that while the courts were writing one definition of goodness in the law books, fires were writing quite another one on the face of the land.

(Leopold, ‘Good Oak’1, pp 10–11)As I wrote the abstract that would become this essay, wildfires were spreading across Australia’s east coast. By the time I was invited to write the essay, back-to-back winter storms were flooding communities all around my home. The essay has been written in female viagra for sale moments of respite between shifts during the erectile dysfunction treatment viagra. Every one of these events was described as ‘unprecedented’.

Yet each is becoming increasingly likely, and that due to our interactions with our environment.Public discourse surrounding these events is dominated by questions of justice and fairness. How to balance competing imperatives of protecting individual lives against female viagra for sale risk of spreading contagion. How best to allocate scarce resources like intensive care beds or mechanical ventilators. The conceptual tools of clinical ethics are well tailored to these sorts female viagra for sale of questions.

The rights of the individual versus the community, issues of distributive justice—these are familiar to anyone with even a passing acquaintance with its canonical debates.What biomedical ethics has remained largely silent on is how we have been left to confront these decisions. How human activity has eroded Earth’s life support systems to make the ‘unprecedented’ the new normal. A medical ethic fit for the Anthropocene—our (still tentative) geological epoch defined by human influence on natural systems—must be able not just to react to the consequences of our exploitation of the natural world, but reimagine our relationship with it.Those reimaginations already exist, if we know where to look for them female viagra for sale. The ‘Land Ethic’ of the US conservationist Aldo Leopold offers one such vision.i Developed over decades of experience working in and teaching land management, the Land Ethic is most famously formulated in an essay of the same name published shortly before Leopold’s death fighting a wildfire on a neighbour’s farm.

It begins with a reinterpretation of the ethical relationship between humanity and the ‘land community’, female viagra for sale the ecosystems we live within and depend upon. Moving us from ‘conqueror’ to ‘plain member and citizen’ of that community1 (p 204). Land ceases to be a resource to be exploited for human need once we view ourselves as part of, and only existing within, the land community. Our moral evaluations shift consonantly:A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community female viagra for sale.

It is wrong when it tends otherwise.1 (pp 224–225)The justice of the Land Ethic questions many presuppositions of biomedical ethics. By valuing the community in itself—in a way irreducible to the welfare of its members—it steps away from the individualism axiomatic in contemporary bioethics.2 Viewing ourselves as citizens of the land community also female viagra for sale extends the moral horizons of healthcare from a solely human focus, taking seriously the interests of the non-human members of that community. Taking into account the ‘stability’ of the community requires intergenerational justice—that we consider those affected by our actions now, and their implications for future generations.3 The resulting vision of justice in healthcare—one that takes climate and environmental justice seriously—could offer health workers an ethic fit for the future, demonstrating ways in which practice must change to do justice to patients, public and planet—now and in years to come.Healthcare in the AnthropoceneSeemeth it a small thing unto you to have fed upon good pasture, but ye must tread down with your feet the residue of your pasture?. And to have drunk of the clear waters, but ye must foul the residue with your feet?.

(Ezekiel 34:18, quoted in Leopold, ‘Conservation in the Southwest’4, p 94)The majority of the development of human societies worldwide—including all of recorded human history—has taken place within a single geological epoch, a roughly 11 600 yearlong period of relative female viagra for sale warmth and climatic stability known as the Holocene. That stability, however, can no longer be taken for granted. The epoch that has sustained most of human development is giving way to one shaped by the planetary consequences of that development—the Anthropocene.The Anthropocene is marked by accelerating degradation of the ecosystems that have sustained human societies. Human activity is already estimated to have raised global temperatures 1°C above preindustrial levels, and if emissions continue at current levels we are likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052.5 The global rate of species extinction is orders of magnitude higher than the average over the past 10 million years.6 Ocean acidification, deforestation and disruption of nitrogen and phosphorus flows are likely at or beyond sustainable planetary boundaries.7Yet this period has also seen rapid (if uneven) improvements in human health, with improved life expectancy, falling child mortality and falling numbers of people living female viagra for sale in extreme poverty.

The 2015 report of the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health explained this dissonance in stark terms. €˜we have been mortgaging the health of future generations to realise economic and development gains in the present.’7In female viagra for sale the instrumental rationality of modernity, nature has featured only as inexhaustible resource and infinite sink to fuel social and economic ends. But this disenchanted worldview can no longer hide from the implausibility of these assumptions. It cannot resist what the philosopher Isabelle Stengers has called ‘the intrusion of Gaia’.8 The present viagra—made more likely by deforestation, land use change and biodiversity loss9—is just the most immediately salient of these intrusions.

Anthropogenic environmental changes are increasing undernutrition, female viagra for sale increasing range and transmissibility of many vectorborne and waterborne diseases like dengue fever and cholera, increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events like heatwaves and wildfires, and driving population exposure to air pollution—which already accounts for over 7 million deaths annually.10These intrusions will shape healthcare in the Anthropocene. This is because health workers will have to deal with their consequences, and because modern industrialised healthcare as practised in most high-income countries—and considered aspirational elsewhere—was borne of the same worldview that has mortgaged the health of future generations. The health sector in the USA is estimated to account for 8% of the country’s greenhouse female viagra for sale gas footprint.11 Pharmaceutical production and waste causes more local environmental degradation, accumulating in water supplies with damaging effects for local flora and fauna.12 Public health has similarly embraced short-term gains with neglect of long-term consequences. Health messaging was instrumental to the development and popularisation of many disposable and single-use products, while a 1947 report funded by the Rockefeller Foundation (who would later fund the landmark 2015 Lancet report on planetary health) popularised the high-meat, high-dairy ‘American’ diet—dependent on fossil fuel-driven intensive agricultural practices—as the healthy ideal.13Healthcare fit for the Anthropocene requires a shift in perspectives that allows us to see and work with the intrusion of Gaia.

But can dominant approaches in bioethics incorporate that shift?. A perfect moral stormWe have built a beautiful piece of social machinery … which is coughing along on two cylinders because we have been too timid, and too anxious for quick female viagra for sale success, to tell the farmer the true magnitude of his obligations. (Leopold, ‘The Ecological Conscience’4, p 341)At local, national and international scales, the lifestyles of the wealthiest pose an existential threat to the poorest and most marginalised in society. Our actions now are depriving future generations of the environmental prerequisites of good health and female viagra for sale social flourishing.

If justice means, as Ranaan Gillon parses it, ‘the moral obligation to act on the basis of fair adjudication between competing claims’,14 then this state of affairs certainly seems unjust. However, the tools available for grappling with questions of justice in bioethics seem ill equipped to deal with these sorts of injustice.To illustrate this problem, consider how Gillon further fleshes out his description of justice. In terms of fair distribution of scarce resources, respect for female viagra for sale people’s rights, and respect for morally acceptable laws. The first of these—labelled distributive justice—concerns how fairly to allot finite resources among potential beneficiaries.

Classic problems of distributive justice in healthcare concern a group of people at a particular time (usually patients), who could each benefit from a particular resource (historically, discussions have often focused on transplant organs. More recently, intensive care female viagra for sale beds and ventilators have come to the fore). But there are fewer of these resources than there are people with a need for them. Such discussions are not easy, but female viagra for sale they are at least familiar—we know where to begin with them.

We can consider each party’s need, their potential to benefit from the resource, any special rights or other claims they may have to it, and so forth. The distribution of benefits and harms in the Anthropocene, however, does not comfortably fit this formalism. It is one thing to say that there is but one intensive care bed, from which Smith female viagra for sale has a good chance of gaining another year of life, Jones a poor chance, and so offer it to Smith. Another entirely to say that production of the materials consumed in Smith’s care has contributed to the degradation of scarce water supplies on the other side of the globe, or that the unsustainable pattern of energy use will affect innumerable other future persons in poorly quantifiable ways through fuelling climate change.

The calculations of distributive justice are well suited to problems where female viagra for sale there are a set pool of potential beneficiaries, and the use of the scarce resources available affects only those within that pool. But global environmental problems do not fit this pattern—the effects of our actions are spatially and temporally dispersed, so that large numbers of present and future people are affected in different ways.Nor can this problem be readily addressed by turning to Gillon’s second category of obligations of justice, those grounded in human rights. For while it might be plausible (if not entirely uncontroversial) to say that those communities whose water supplies are degraded by pharmaceutical production have a right to clean water, it is another thing entirely to say that Smith’s healthcare is directly violating that right. It would not be true to say that, were it not for the resources used in caring for Smith, that the communities in question would face no threat to water security—indeed, they female viagra for sale would likely make no appreciable difference.

Similarly for the effects of Smith’s care on future generations facing accelerating environmental change.iiThe issue here is of fragmentation of agency. While it is not the case that Smith’s care is directly responsible for these environmental female viagra for sale harms, the cumulative consequences of many such acts—and the ways in which these acts are embedded in particular systems of energy generation, waste management, international trade, and so on—are reliably producing these harms. The injustice is structural, in Iris Marion Young’s terminology—arising from the ways in which social structures constrain individuals from pursuing certain courses of action, and enable them to follow others, with side effects that cumulatively produce devastating impacts.15Gillon describes the third component of justice as respect for morally acceptable laws. But there is little reason to believe that existing legal frameworks provide sufficient guidance to address these structural injustices.

While the intricacies of global governance are well beyond what I can hope to address here, the stark fact remains that, despite the international commitment of the 2015 Paris Agreement to attempt to keep global temperature rise to 1.5°C above preindustrial levels, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that present national commitments—even if these are substantially increased in coming years—will take us well beyond that target.5 Confronted by such institutional inadequacy, respect for the rule of law is inadequate to remedy injustice.The confluence of these particular features—dispersion of causes and effects, fragmentation http://txresearchanalyst.com/2014/08/231/ of agency and institutional inadequacy—makes it difficult for us to reason ethically about the choices female viagra for sale we have to make. Stephen Gardiner calls this a ‘perfect moral storm’.16 Each of these factors individually would be difficult to address using the resources of contemporary biomedical ethics. Their convergence makes it seem insurmountable.This perfect storm was not, however, unpredictable. Van Rensselaer Potter, a professor of Oncology responsible for introducing the term ‘bioethics’ into Anglophone discourse, observed that since he coined the phrase, the study of bioethics had diverged from his original usage (governing all issues at the intersection of ethics and the biological sciences) to a narrow focus on female viagra for sale the moral dilemmas arising in interactions between individuals in biomedical contexts.

Potter predicted that the short-term, individualistic and medicalised focus of this approach would result in a neglect of population-level and ecological-level issues affecting human and planetary health, with catastrophic consequences.17 His proposed solution was a new ‘global bioethics’, grounded in a new understanding of humanity’s position within planetary systems—one articulated by the Land Ethic.The Land EthicA land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such.iii (Leopold, ‘The Land Ethic’1, p 204)Developed throughout a career in forestry, conservation and wildlife management, the Land Ethic is less an attempt to provide a set of maxims for moral female viagra for sale action, than to shift our perspectives of the moral landscape. In his working life, Aldo Leopold witnessed how actions intended to optimise short-term economic outcomes eroded the environments on which we depend—whether soil degradation arising from intensive farming and deforestation, or disruption of freshwater ecosystems by industrial dairy farming. He also saw that contemporary morality remained silent on such actions, even when their consequences were to the collective detriment of all.Leopold argued that a series of ‘historical accidents’ left our morality particularly ill suited to handle these intrusions of Gaia—with a worldview that considered them ‘intrusions’, rather than the predictable response of our biotic community.

These ‘accidents’ were female viagra for sale. The unusual resilience of European ecological communities to anthropogenic interference (England survived an almost wholesale deforestation without consequent loss of ecosystem resilience, while similar changes elsewhere resulted in permanent environmental degradation). And the legacy of European settler colonialism, meaning that an female viagra for sale ethic arising in these particular conditions came to dominate global social arrangements4 (p 311). The first of these supported a worldview in which ‘Land … is … something to be tamed rather than something to be understood, loved, and lived with.

Resources are still regarded as separate entities, indeed, as commodities, rather than as our cohabitants in the land community’4 (p 311). The second enabled the marginalisation female viagra for sale of other views. In this genealogy, Leopold anticipated the perfect moral storm discussed above. His intent with the Land Ethic was to navigate female viagra for sale it.There are three key components of the Land Ethic that comprise the first three sections of Leopold’s final essay on the subject.

(1) the ‘community concept’ that allows communities as wholes to have intrinsic value. (2) the ‘ethical sequence’ that situates the value of such communities as extending, not replacing, values assigned to individuals. And (3) the ‘ecological conscience’ that female viagra for sale views ethical action not in terms of following a particular code, but in developing appropriate moral perception.The community conceptThe most widely quoted passage of Leopold’s opus—already cited above, and frequently (mis)taken as a summary maxim of the ethic—states that:A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.1 (pp 224–225)This passage makes the primary object of our moral responsibilities ‘the biotic community’, a term Leopold uses interchangeably with the ‘land community’.

Leopold’s community concept is notable in at least three respects. Its holism—an embrace of the moral significance of communities in a way that is female viagra for sale not simply reducible to the significance of its individual members. Its understanding of communities as temporally extended, placing importance on their ‘integrity’ and ‘stability’. And its rejection of anthropocentrism, affording humanity female viagra for sale a place as ‘plain member and citizen’ of a broader land community.Individualism is so prevalent in biomedical ethics that it is scarcely argued for, instead forming part of the ‘background constellation of values’2 tacitly assumed within the field.

We are used to evaluating the well-being of a community as a function of the well-being of its individual members—this is the rationale underlying quality-adjusted life year calculations endemic within health economics, and most discussions of distributive justice adopt some variation of this approach. Holism instead proposes that this makes no more sense than evaluating a person’s well-being as an aggregate of the well-being of their individual organs. While we can sensibly talk about people’s hearts, livers or kidneys, their health is defined in terms of and constitutively dependent on the health female viagra for sale of the person as a whole. Similarly, holism proposes, while individuals can be identified separately, it only makes sense to talk about them and their well-being in the context of the larger biotic community which supports and defines us.Holism helps us to negotiate the issues that confront individualistic accounts of collective well-being in Anthropocene health injustices.

In the female viagra for sale previous section, we found in the environmental consequences of industrialised healthcare that it is difficult to identify which parties in particular are harmed, and how much each individual action contributes to those harms. But our intuition that the overall result is unfair or unjust is itself a holistic assessment of the overall outcome, not dependent on our calculation of the welfare of every party involved. Holism respects the intuition that says—no matter the individuals involved—a world where people now exploit ecological resources in a fashion that deprives people in the future of the prerequisites of survival, is worse than one where communities now and in the future live in a sustainable relationship with their environment.The second aspect of Leopold’s community concept is that the community is something that does not exist at a single time and place—it is defined in terms of its development through time. Promoting the ‘integrity’ and ‘stability’ female viagra for sale of the community requires that we not just consider its immediate interests, but how that will affect its long-term sustainability or resilience.

We saw earlier the difficulties in trying to say just who is harmed and how when we approach harm to future generations individualistically. But from the perspective of the Land Ethic, when we exploit environmental resources in ways that will have predictable damaging results for future generations, the object female viagra for sale of our harm is not just some purely notional future person. It is a presently existing, temporally extended entity—the community of which they will be part.Lastly, Leopold’s community is quite consciously a biotic—not merely human—community. Leopold defines the land community as the open network of energy and mineral exchange that sustains all aspects of that network:Land… is not merely soil.

It is a female viagra for sale fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants, and animals. Food chains are the living channels which conduct energy upward. Death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is female viagra for sale not closed.

Some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption, some is stored in soils, peats, and forests, but it is a sustained circuit, like a slowly augmented revolving fund of life.4 (pp 268–269)While the components within this network may change, the land community as a whole remains stable when the overall complexity of the network is not disrupted—other components are able to adjust to these changes, or new ones arise to take their place.ivThe normative inference Leopold makes from his understanding of the land community is this. It makes no sense to female viagra for sale single out individual entities within the community as being especially valuable or useful, without taking into account the whole community upon which they mutually depend. To do so is self-defeating. By privileging the interests of a few members of the community, we ultimately undermine the prerequisites of their existence.The ethical sequenceThe Land Ethic’s holism is in fact its most frequently critiqued feature.

Its emphasis on female viagra for sale the value of the biotic community leads some to allege a subjugation of individual interests to the needs of the environment. This critique neglects how Leopold positions the Land Ethic in what he calls the ‘ethical sequence’. This is the gradual extension of scope of ethical considerations, both in terms of the complexity of female viagra for sale social interactions they cover (from interactions between two people, to the structure of progressively larger social groups), and in the kinds of person they acknowledge as worthy of moral consideration (as we resist, for example, classist, sexist or racist exclusions from personhood).This sequence serves less as a description of the history of morality, than a prescription for how we should understand the Land Ethic as adding to, rather than supplanting, our responsibilities to others. We do not argue that taking seriously health workers’ responsibilities for public health and health promotion supplants their duties to the patients they work with on a daily basis.

Similarly, the Land Ethic implies ‘respect for [our] fellow members, and also respect for the community as such’1 (p 204). At times, our responsibilities towards these different parties may come into tension female viagra for sale. But balancing these responsibilities has always been part of the work of clinical ethics.The ecological conscienceIf the community concept gives a definition of the good, and the ethical sequence situates this definition within the existing moral landscape, neither offers an explicit decision procedure to guide right action. In arguing for the ‘ecological conscience’, Leopold explains his rationale for not attempting to articulate such a female viagra for sale procedure.

In his career as conservationist, Leopold witnessed time and again laws nominally introduced in the name of environmental protection that did little to achieve their long-term goals, while exacerbating other environmental threats.v This is not surprising, given the ‘perfect moral storm’ of Anthropocene global health and environmental threats discussed above. The cumulative results of apparently innocent actions can be widespread and damaging.Leopold’s response to this problem is to advocate the cultivation of an ‘ecological conscience’. What is needed to promote a healthy human relationship with the land community female viagra for sale is not for us to be told exactly how and how not to act in the face of environmental health threats, but rather to shift our view of the land from ‘a commodity belonging to us’ towards ‘a community to which we belong’1 (p viii). To understand what the Land Ethic requires of us, therefore, we should learn more about the land community and our relationship with it, to develop our moral perception and extend its scope to embrace the non-human members of our community.Seen in this light, the Land Ethic shares much in common with virtue ethics, where right action is defined in terms of what the moral agent would do, rather than vice versa.

But rather than the Eudaimonia of individual human flourishing proposed by Aristotle, the phronimos of the Land Ethic sees their telos coming from their position within the land community. While clinical virtue ethicists have traditionally taken the virtues of medical practice to be grounded in the interaction with individual patients, the realities of healthcare in the Anthropocene mean that limiting our moral perceptions in this way would ultimately be female viagra for sale self-defeating—hurting those very patients we mean to serve (and many more besides).18 The virtuous clinician must adopt a view of the moral world that can focus on a person both as an individual, and simultaneously as member of the land community. I will close by exploring how adopting that perspective might change our practice.Justice in the AnthropoceneFailing this, it seems to me we fail in the ultimate test of our vaunted superiority—the self-control of environment. We fall back into the biological female viagra for sale category of the potato bug which exterminated the potato, and thereby exterminated itself.

(Leopold, ‘The River of the Mother of God’4, p 127)I have articulated some of the challenges healthcare faces in the Anthropocene. I have suggested that the tools presently available to clinical ethics may be inadequate to meet them. The Land Ethic invites us to reimagine our position in and relationship female viagra for sale with the land community. I want to close by suggesting how the development of an ecological conscience might support a transition to more just healthcare.

I will not endeavour to give detailed prescriptions for action, given Leopold’s warnings about the limitations female viagra for sale of such codifications. Rather, I will attempt to show how the cultivation of an ecological conscience might change our perception of what justice demands. Following the tradition of virtue ethics with which the Land Ethic holds much in common, this is best achieved by looking at models of virtuous action, and exploring what makes it virtuous.19Industrialised healthcare developed within a paradigm that saw the environment as inert resource and held that the scope of clinical ethics ranged only over the clinician’s interaction with their patients. When we begin to see clinician and patient not as standing apart from the environment, but as ‘member and citizen of the land community’, female viagra for sale their relationship with one another and with the world around them changes consonantly.

The present viagra has only begun to make commonplace the idea that health workers do not simply treat infectious diseases, but interact with them in a range of ways, including as vector—and as a result our moral obligations in confronting them may extend beyond the immediate clinical encounter, to cover all the other ways we may contract or spread disease. But we may be female viagra for sale responsible for disease outbreaks with conditions other than erectile dysfunction treatment, and in ways beyond simply becoming infected. The development of an ecological conscience would show how our practices of consumption may fuel deforestation that accelerates the emergence of novel pathogens, or support intensive animal rearing that drives antibiotic resistance.18The Land Ethic also challenges us not to abstract our work away from the places in which it takes place. General practitioner surgeries and hospitals are situated within social and land communities alike, shaping and shaped by them.

These spaces female viagra for sale can be used in ways that support or undermine those communities. Surgeries can work to empower their communities to pursue more sustainable and healthy diets by doubling as food cooperatives, or providing resources and ‘social prescriptions’ for increased walking and cycling. Hospitals can use their extensive real estate to provide publicly accessible green and wild spaces within urban environments, and use their role as major nodes in transport infrastructure to change that infrastructure to support active travel alternatives.ivThe Land Ethic reminds us that a community (human or land) is not healthy if its flourishing cannot be sustainably maintained. An essential component of Anthropocene female viagra for sale health justice is intergenerational justice.

Contemporary industrialised healthcare has an unsustainable ecological footprint. Continuing with such a model of care would serve only to mortgage female viagra for sale the health of future generations for the sake of those living now. Ecologically conscious practice must take seriously the sorts of downstream, distributed consequences of activity that produce anthropogenic global health threats, and evaluate to what extent our most intensive healthcare practices truly serve to promote public and planetary health. It is not enough for the clinician to assume that our resource usage is a necessary evil in the pursuit of best clinical outcomes, for it is already apparent that much of our environmental exploitation is of minimal or even negative long-term value.

The work of the National Health Service female viagra for sale (NHS) Sustainable Development Unit has seen a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the NHS from 2007 to 2015 despite an 18% increase in clinical activity,20 while different models of care used in less industrialised nations manage to provide high-quality health outcomes in less resource-intensive fashion.21ConclusionOur present problem is one of attitudes and implements. We are remodelling the Alhambra with a steam-shovel. We shall hardly relinquish the steam-shovel, which after female viagra for sale all has many good points, but we are in need of gentler and more objective criteria for its successful use. (Leopold, ‘The Land Ethic’1, p 226)The moral challenges of the Anthropocene do not solely confront health workers.

But the potentially catastrophic health effects of anthropogenic global environmental change, and the contribution of healthcare activity to driving these changes provide a specific and unique imperative for action from health workers.Yet it is hard to articulate this imperative in the language of contemporary clinical ethics, ill equipped for this intrusion of Gaia. Justice in the Anthropocene requires us to be able to adopt female viagra for sale a perspective from which these changes no longer appear as unexpected intrusions, but that acknowledges the land community as part of our moral community. The Land Ethic articulates an understanding of justice that is holistic, structural, intergenerational, and rejects anthropocentrism. This understanding seeks not to supplant, but to augment, our female viagra for sale existing one.

It aims to do so by helping us to develop an ‘ecological conscience’, seeing ourselves as ‘plain member and citizen’ of the land community. The Land Ethic does not provide a step-by-step guide to just action. Nor does it definitively adjudicate on how to balance the interests of our patients, other populations now female viagra for sale and in the future, and the planet. It could, however, help us on the first step towards that change—showing how to cultivate the ‘internal change in our intellectual emphasis, loyalties, affections, and convictions’1 (pp 209–210) necessary to realise the virtues of just healthcare in the Anthropocene.AcknowledgmentsThis essay was written as a submission for the BMA Presidential Essay Prize.

I am grateful to the organisers and judging panel for the opportunity..